Book: Brazis et al. (2017) Localization in Clinical Neurology (7th ed.)

Question 1

Involuntarily triggered “passive” attention to external stimuli and basic drives involves the inferior parietal lobe, posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus, and the inferior portion of the prefrontal cortex. Especially among right-handed individuals, this type of attention tends to be…

Answer 1

lateralized to the right hemisphere.

Question 2

Visual hallucinations may be associated with a variety of psychiatric, medical, neurologic, and ocular disorders, as well as drug-induced states. When cortical regions are involved, simple visual hallucinations tend to be associated with disturbance of the occipital lobes, and complex visual hallucinations tend to be associated with disturbance of which area of the brain?

Answer 2

temporal lobes.

Question 3

Depending on the type, perseverative behavior may occur following damage to what part of the brain?

Answer 3

1.frontosubcortical and mesolimbic regions.
2. left temporoparietal cortex.
3. right cortical hemisphere.

Question 4

When memory is impaired because of severe cortical damage, which of the following are preserved?

Answer 4

1. skill-based learning
2. attention, language, visuospatial skills
3. general intellect

Question 5

Confabulation is more likely to occur when there is damage to which part of the brain?

Answer 5

thalamus

Question 6

Amygdalo-hippocampal areas of the medial temporal lobe are important for

Answer 6

retaining information about events and facts.

Question 7

Active, voluntarily generated attention entails the superior parietal lobule and superior dorsal prefrontal cortex that make up the so-called _____ system.

Answer 7

dorsal

Question 8

Modulation of emotional behavior involves which structures of the brain?

Answer 8

limbic structures of the temporal lobe.

Question 9

Attention to previously stored information that is involved in self-relevant, affective decisions, or decisions that involve constructing a mental scene based on memory activates regions of the posterior cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and medial temporal regions in a system referred to as the

Answer 9

default mode network.

Question 10

Whereas distractibility is more often seen with right hemisphere lesions than with left hemisphere lesions, left frontal lesions are more likely than right hemisphere lesions to produce deficits of

Answer 10

divided attention.

Question 11

Aphasias that primarily impairs speech comprehension involves damage to the _____ cortex.

Answer 11

temporal

Question 12

The ability to evaluate the importance of internal and external stimuli for one’s well-being can be compromised by lesions to which part of the brain?

Answer 12

1. orbitofrontal regions
2. subregions of the cingulate gyrus
3. temporal cortical areas.

Question 13

Visual agnosias result from _____ lesions.

Answer 13

temporooccipital

Question 14

The ability to read can be impaired by lesions in very different cortical areas. Alexias with differing symptoms may occur following damage to

Answer 14

1. left medial occipitotemporal cortex and left parietal lobe (i.e., angular gyrus).
2. perisylvian areas that leads to Broca’s aphasia.
3. cortical and thalamic tissue that impairs saccadic eye movement.

Question 15

Lesions of the right hemisphere may impair what behavior?

Answer 15

1. speech discourse.
2. the ability to get a joke.
3. perception of emotional overtones.

Question 16

Auditory hallucinations

Answer 16

are poorly localized.

Question 17

When visual hallucinations are associated with seizures, they tend to be

Answer 17

stereotyped

Question 18

Difficulty with tasks that require understanding of spatial relations may occur following damage to the _____ lobe.

Answer 18

right parietal

Question 19

Impaired capacity to recognize sounds despite adequate hearing may be verbal, nonverbal, or generalized. Such a disorder is called…

Answer 19

auditory agnosia.

Question 20

Aphasias that primarily impair speech fluency involve damage to the _____ cortex.

Answer 20

frontal

Question 21

The neocortex has ____ layers.

Answer 21

6

Question 22

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is chiefly concerned with planning, initiation, and execution of movements?

Answer 22

pre-Rolandic

The pre-Rolandic portion of the cerebral cortex is chiefly concerned with planning, initiation, and execution of movements.

Question 23

What portion of the cerebral cortex is chiefly involved in the processing of sensory information?

Answer 23

RETRO-Rolandic.

Question 24

The cerebellum and the sensory nuclei of the brainstem, including the vestibular complex, provide the motor system with…

Answer 24

Essential feedback information.

Question 25

Activation of primary, secondary, and multimodal sensory areas is

Answer 25

highly stimulus-specific.

Question 26

What is the right cerebral hemisphere dominant for?

Answer 26

directed attention and spatial skills.

Question 27

Brodmann constructed a map of the cortex’s cytoarchitecture which shows how different areas of the cortex

Answer 27

have differing cellular composition.

Question 28

What is the left cerebral hemisphere dominant for?

Answer 28

temporal sequencing and linguistic thought.

Question 29

Information about interior homeostasis travels from the brainstem and hypothalamus through the medial thalamus to reach the insula and other structures that make up the

Answer 29

limbic lobe.

Question 30

Secondary sensory areas process unimodal sensory information, whereas tertiary sensory cortex lying between different secondary sensory areas

Answer 30

integrate multimodal sensory information.

Question 31

Functional recovery following cortical lesions is mediated by

Answer 31

functional reorganization of the cortex.

Question 32

Because cortical plasticity following a lesion is mediated by extensive multisynaptic arrays that are susceptible to metabolic disturbances that interfere with the processing of neurotransmitters, toxic metabolic insults, and systemic illnesses affecting the whole brain especially impair functions that

Answer 32

have returned following a focal lesion.

Question 33

Compared to patients with brainstem and spinal cord lesions, patients with cortical lesions are often

Answer 33

less aware of the extent of deficit.

Question 34

Because most hemispheric functions are subserved by extensive networks that are often complementary and redundant, a single lesion

Answer 34

may be clinically silent and become symptomatic only when an additional lesion impairs the function of the network.

Question 35

Compared to lesions of the brainstem or spinal cord, lesions of similar size in the cortex result in

Answer 35

less pronounced deficits.

Question 36

T/F: Because most cortical functions are subserved by extensive networks, and individual variability in areas of the cortex that represent a particular function, attempting to pinpoint the exact square centimeter of the cortex that always accounts for a deficit is futile.

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

Adequate localization of a cortical lesion requires analysis of multimodal deficits (such as alexia that can result from impairment of one or more functions necessary for reading), and going beyond the obvious disturbance to understand

Answer 37

its structure and the primary defect responsible for it.

Question 38

Compared to more slowly evolving lesions, sudden lesions generally cause

Answer 38

more severe deficits.

Question 39

Localized tissue damage results in signs and symptoms that

Answer 39

may change as a function of time since onset.

Question 40

Compared to deficits caused by lesions to the brainstem and spinal cord, deficits caused by cortical lesions produce more _____ effects.

Answer 40

heterogeneous effects

Question 41

Of the three classic frontal lobe syndromes, inappropriate affect and poor judgment are most associated with lesions of the

Answer 41

orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Question 42

Acalculia may develop following lesions to the _____ lobe.

Answer 42

right parietal &
left temporal & left parietal

Question 43

Impaired tactile and visuospatial coordination, plus a degree of hemineglect may explain why some patients have difficulty dressing. Such dressing apraxia may be associated with damage to the _____ lobe.

Answer 43

right parietal

Question 44

Agraphia tends to be most prominent when the lesion is localized to the ____ lobe.

Answer 44

right parietal

Question 45

When a patient has difficulty arranging parts of an object in their correct spatial relationship and neglect the left half of the model, as in some forms of constructional apraxia, the lesion is most likely in the _____ lobe.

Answer 45

right parietal

Question 46

When a patient imitates without having been asked, spontaneously uses objects, or otherwise shows evidence of an environmental dependency syndrome, a possible location of a frontal lobe lesion is the

Answer 46

inferior portion of one or both anterior frontal regions.

Question 47

When expressive speech, naming, and repetition are impaired, but with preserved language comprehension, then cortical damage may be localized to the left

Answer 47

inferior frontal gyrus and surrounding tissue.

Question 48

Grasp, suck, and snout reflexes may betoken a large lesion of the

Answer 48

frontal lobes.

Question 49

Large left-sided perisylvian lesions caused by middle cerebral artery infarction can cause

Answer 49

anosagnosia.

Question 50

Damage to the dominant prefrontal convexity may impair

Answer 50

working memory.