PAPER 3 - Schizophrenia Flashcards
What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?
- hallucinations
- delusions
- catatonic behaviour
- disorganised speech
What are the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?
- affective flattening
- anhedonia
- speech poverty
- avolition
Describe HALLUCINATIONS
- hearing voices
- feeling bugs
- smelling things
Describe DELUSIONS
- being followed
- paranoid
- hacked phone
- secret messages on tv
Describe CATATONIC BEHAVIOUR
- loss in motivation
- unhygienic
- abnormal activity - dress in winter clothes in summer
Describe DISORGANISED SPEECH
- abnormal speech
- word salad
- gibberish
Describe AFFECTIVE FLATTENING
- reduced range of emotional intensity
- body language / eye contact
- prosody - speech cues (volume / tone)
Describe ANHEDONIA
- reduction in pleasure of activities
- persuasive = all-embracing
- social = loss of social activity
- physical = food + body contact
Describe SPEECH POVERTY
- not being able to speak fluently
- thoughts are blocked
Describe AVOLITION
- disinterest in activities
- stay at home
- isolation
What is DIAGNOSTIC RELIABILITY ?
a diagnosis of SZ must be repeatable
What is TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY ?
clinicians reaching the same conclusion at 2 different points in time
What is INTER-RATER RELIABILITY ?
different clinicians reaching the same conclusion
How is inter-rater reliability measured ?
kappa score
What is considered perfect inter-rater reliability ?
kappa score of 1
What was the kappa score for SZ in the DSM-V ?
0.46 = not reliable
How does culture impact the diagnosis of SZ ?
culture has an influence on the diagnostic process
Who researched the cultural differences in diagnosis of SZ ?
- Copeland
2. Luhrman
Describe Copeland’s research into cultural differences
- 134 US psychiatrists
- 194 UK psychiatrists
- description of patient
- 69% US diagnosed SZ
- 2% UK diagnosed SZ
Describe Luhrman’s research into cultural differences
- 60 SZ adults (Ghana, India, US)
- African & Indian = positive experiences w/ voices
- US = no positive experiences
- voices might not be an inevitable feature of SZ
What is VALIDITY ?
are we measuring what we’re claiming to measure ?
What is CRITERION VALIDITY ?
is the diagnosis an accurate reflection of the disorder ?
When does GENDER BIAS occur in the diagnosis of SZ ?
- when accuracy of diagnosis is dependent on gender of the individual
- clinicians basing judgements on stereotypical beliefs
Who studied gender bias ?
- Broverman
2. Longenecker
Describe Broverman’s research into gender bias
- US clinicians
- equated healthy ‘adult’ behaviour to healthy ‘male’ behaviour
- tendency for women to be seen as less mentally healthy (androcentric)
Describe Longenecker’s research into gender bias
- since 1980s men diagnosed with SZ more
- more genetically vulnerable OR high functioning of women (Cotton et al)
- interpersonal function = bias clinician to under-diagnose
- symptoms are masked
What is SYMPTOM OVERLAP ?
- symptoms of SZ are found in other disorders
- depression, bipolar disorder
Who researched symptom overlap ?
- Ellason and Ross
2. Read
Describe Ellason and Ross’ research into symptom overlap
those with dissociative identity disorder had more SZ symptoms than SZ patients
Describe Read’s research into symptom overlap
most people diagnosed with SZ have SUFFICIENT SYMPTOMS of other disorders e.g. AVOLITION - DEPRESSION
What is CO-MORBIDITY ?
the extent 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time
