PAPER 1 - Memory Flashcards
What is the capacity of STM ?
7 +/- 2 items
Who researched STM capacity ?
Jacobs Miller
What is the duration of STM ?
18 - 30 seconds
Who researched STM duration ?
Brown ; Peterson and Peterson
What is the capacity of LTM ?
unlimited
What is the duration of LTM ?
potential to last a lifetime
Who researched the duration of LTM ?
Bahrick et al
What is CAPACITY ?
the amount of information a memory store can hold
What is DURATION ?
the length of time the memory store holds the information
What is CODING ?
the way which the information is stored
What is SEMANTIC MEMORY ?
contains our knowledge of the world, including facts but in the broadest possible sense
What is EPISODIC MEMORY ?
refers to our ability to recall events, they are quite complex because they are ‘time-stamped’ and require a conscious effort to recall
What is PROCEDURAL MEMORY ?
memory of actions of skills but don`t require a conscious effort to perform.
What did Baddeley (1966) investigate ?
acoustic v semantic encoding
immediate recall of acoustically sim and dis-sim and semantically sim and dis-sim words
What were the results of Baddeley (1966) coding experiment
- stm : words that sound similar are harder to recall but meaning had little effect
- ltm : semantically similar are harder to recall
What is the order of the Multi-Store Model of Memory ?
input - sensory register - attention - stm store - rehearsal - ltm store
Who researched the MSM ?
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
What did Glanzer and Cunitz do to research the MSMoM ?
presented participants with a list of words and asked them to immediately recall them.
What were the results of Glancer and Cunitz’s experiment ?
- words at the beginning are recalled (primary effect)
- words in the middle are forgotten (asymptote)
- words at the end are recalled (recency effect)
What are the 4 components to the WMM ?
- central executive
- visuo-spactial sketchpad
- phonological loop (articulatory contol system) (phonological store)
- episodic buffer (added in 2000)
Who designed the WMM ?
baddeley and hitch
What is one strength, linked with different areas, about the WMM ?
- different ares of the brain are activated depending on the task
- Posner = PET scans, visual = posterior, auditory = lateral
- support research
What is another strength, linking to support evidence, about the WMM ?
- support evidence from duel task research
- hitch and baddeley found performance decreased when participants had to do task that required the same slave systems.
- we can multitask if they require the same slave system e.g. articulatory and phonological
What is a weakness, about ecological validity, about the WMM ?
- lacks ecological validity
- research is lab based - lacks mundane realism
- difficult to apply to everyday life
What is another weakness, to do with the central executive, about the WMM ?
- the functioning of the central executive is vague
- little is known about it
- suggests theory is over-simplistic
Define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
previous learning interferes with current learning
Define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
recent learning interferes with the recall of past learning
WHO STUDIED ?
Retroactive transfer
UNDERWOOD & POSTMAN (1960)
forgetting
WHO STUDIED ?
The effect the environment has on recall
(scuba-divers one)
GODDEN & BADDELEY (1975)
forgetting
WHO STUDIED ?
Evidence for state-dependent forgetting
(alcohol one)
GOODWIN ET AL. (1969)
forgetting
WHO STUDIED ?
Drugged rats
OVERTON (1962)
forgetting
WHO STUDIED ?
The Weapon Focus Phenomenon
- the effect anxiety has on memory recall
LOFTUS (1979)
anxiety
WHO STUDIED ?
Real life event
- Canada shooting
YUILLE AND CUTSHALL (1986)
anxiety
WHO STUDIED ?
Influence of leading questions & misleading questions
(car crash one)
LOFTUS AND PALMER (1974)
WHO STUDIED ?
Post-event discussion
GABBERT ET AL. (2003)
What are the 4 parts to the Cognitive Interview
- context reinstatement
- report everything
- recall in reverse order
- recall from changed perspective
WHO STUDIED ?
Comparing CI to standard interviews
GEISELMAN (1985)
What are the STRENGTHS of the study of STM duration ?
- Brown; Peterson Peterson
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
HIGH CONTROL
- lab study
- variables controlled
- reliable / valid
ADDS SUPPORT
- MSM
What is the WEAKNESS of the study of STM duration ?
- Brown; Peterson & Peterson
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- not realistic
- hard to generalise
What are the STRENGTHS of the study of LTM duration ?
- Bahrick et al
MUNDANE REALISM
- we recall names in every day life
- generalisable
HIGH CONTROL
- lab study
- reliable / valid
ADDS SUPPORT
- MSM
What is the WEAKNESS of the study of coding ?
- Baddeley
may not have been testing LTM as he only asked the pps to recall after 20 mins
What is the STRENGTH of the research for MSM ?
- Glanzer & Cunitz
INDICATES DIFFERENCE
- stm and ltm
- emperical support = more credible
What is the WEAKNESS of the research for MSM ?
- Glanzer & Cunitz
TOO SIMPLISTIC
- there may be stores within stm and ltm
- WMM
What are the STRENGTHS of the WMM ?
- Baddeley & Hitch
SUPPORT RESEARCH
- different area active for different tasks
- Posner PET
SUPPORT RESEARCH
- baddeley and hitch
- two tasks within same SLAVE SYSTEM then the performance of one would be affected
What are the WEAKNESSES of the WMM ?
- Baddeley & Hitch
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- lab based
- hard to generalise
VAGUE
- functioning of central executive
- over-simplistic
What is the STRENGTH of the study of retroactive transfer ?
- Underwood & Postman
HIGH CONTROL
- lab study
- reliable / valid
What is the WEAKNESS of the study of retroactive transfer ?
- Underwood & Postman
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- hard to generalise
What are the STRENGTHS of state-dependent forgetting ?
- Goodwin et al
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- done in real world
HIGH CONTROL
- highly controlled (measured levels of alcohol)
- reliable / valid
What are the WEAKNESSES of state-dependent forgetting ?
- Goodwin et al
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
- pps may have guessed the outcome and behaved in certain way
ETHICS
- didn’t consent
but. .. - weren’t put in danger
What are the STRENGTHS of the weapon focus phenomenon ?
- Loftus
RESEARCH EVIDENCE
- loftus & burns
- pps watched violent or non-violent film
- those who watched violent were LESS ACCURATE
METHODOLOGY
- lab studies
- control
- reliable / valid
What are the WEAKNESSES of the weapon focus phenomenon ?
- Loftus
ETHICS
- pps were deceived
- may have been upset from bloodstained knife
NO ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- pps knew it was an experiment
- supported by Yuille and Cutshall who did a real-life study and found different results
What are the STRENGTHS of real-life event anxiety ?
- Yuille & Cutshall
RESEARCH SUPPORT
- christianson & hubinette
- victims had better recall than onlookers
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
- reliable
What are the WEAKNESSES of real-life event anxiety ?
- Yuille & Cutshall
METHODOLOGY
- natural experiment
- little control
- difficult to determine cause and effect
GENERALISING
- Canada
- could be specific to Canadians
What are the STRENGTHS of the cognitive interview ?
- Geiselman
SUPPORT RESEARCH
- Fisher
- trained detectives in Florida
- 47% more info collected
SUPPORT RESEARCH
- Stein & Memon
- Brazil
- current method used torture
- CI increased amount of info gained
What are the WEAKNESSES of the cognitive interview ?
- Geiselman
didn’t help with identifying a suspect
- limited use
children under the age of 6 report events less accurately
- can’t be used for every one
What is MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL ?
REPETITION to help us hold information in STM, eventually it will be transferred to LTM
What is ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL ?
involves a more MEANINGFUL ANALYSIS of information and leads to BETTER RECALL.
What is the WEAKNESSES of context dependent forgetting ?
- Godden and Baddeley
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
CONTROL OF VARIABLES
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
