Paper 3 - Eating Behaviour Flashcards
1
Q
What is the advantage of SWEET foods?
A
Gives you high energy and is non poisonous(hunters)
2
Q
What study did STEINER do to test sweet foods?
A
Gave newborn babies sugar and observed positive facial expressions
3
Q
What did LOGUE find in the human body?
A
The human tongue has more receptors for identifying sweet foods than any others
4
Q
What is SALT needed for?
A
Needed for neural and muscular activity and water balance
5
Q
What study did GILLIAN HARRIS ET AL do?
A
- Infants from 4-6months who had been breastfed, had a preference for salty cereal.
- Breast milk is LOW in salt, not a learnt behaviour so it must be innate
6
Q
What is FAT needed for?
A
Contains 2x as many calories as carbs and protein and is essential for energy –> hunting
7
Q
What did FOLEY & LEE find?
A
- Compared primate feeding with brain size and found that eating meat led to a more complex brain
8
Q
What did FINCH & STAFFORD believe?
A
Humans adapted to eat diverse foods
9
Q
What is neophobia?
A
An innate predisposition to avoid anything new
- reduces the risk of unfamiliar objects until we know they are safe
10
Q
What is taste aversion?
A
An innate ability to dislike and avoid certain foods that are potentially toxic or harmful
11
Q
What did SELIGMAN say about taste aversion?
A
Humans are more likely to have taste aversion or fears to things which posed a greatest threat to our ancestors survival
12
Q
What study did GARCIA do?
A
Gave rats sugar water with poison making them ill, so then they didn’t drink water
13
Q
Give an example of positive reinforcement in eating behaviours
A
- pudding
- reward
- praise
14
Q
Give an example of negative reinforcement in eating behaviours
A
- eat vegetables and you wont have to do your chores
15
Q
Give an example of punishment in eating behaviours
A
- You must sit at the table and finish your dinner
16
Q
Who’s food preference has the most powerful effects on young children?
A
PARENTS
BROWN & OGDEN - food preferences are most obvious during childhood
17
Q
What study did BIRCH do for PEER INFLUENCES
A
- arranged for participant children to be sat at school meal times next to 3/4 children who had different veg preferences to their own
- after 4 days, veg preferences changes and this change was still evident after weeks
18
Q
What happens with MEDIA INFLUENCES
A
- young people who watch a moderate amount of TV may encounter many adverts high in fat, salt and sugar foods
- these adverts are usually marked by fun themes and characters
19
Q
What did PAUL ROZIN say about CULTURAL INFLUENCES
A
- these are the single most reliable predictor of food preference(particularly family eating patterns)
20
Q
What did VABO & HANSEN say about CULTURAL INFLUENCES
A
- we learn around the family table (when, what and how much to eat)
- we learn the cultural rules of preference early
- determines what children are exposed to in the first place
21
Q
NEURAL
What did BAILER & KAYE find about SEROTONIN
A
- low levels of serotonin breakdown byproducts in people with AN
- after short term weight recovery, levels return to normal
- after long term weight recovery, increase beyond normal levels
22
Q
NEURAL
What did ATTIA find about SEROTONIN
A
- studied patients who were not at their pre illness weight
- they did not respond well to drugs that stimulate serotonin activity
- pattern of results indicates under activity of seretonin system in AN
23
Q
NEURAL
A03
What does NUNN ET AL argue against
A
argues that under activity of serotonin by itself doesn’t distinguish those who do and don’t have anorexia
- it can be better explained by considering the interaction between serotonin and another neurotransmitter (adrenaline)
24
Q
NEURAL
What does HVA stand for and how is it distributed in people with AN
A
- Homovanillic acid
increased in patients with AN
25
NEURAL
| What did WALTER ET AL find about DOPAMINE
- HVA levels lowered in recovered AN patients compared to control participants
26
NEURAL
| What did BAILER ET AL find about DOPAMINE
- administered a dopamine increasing drug - AMPHETAMINE
- healthy patients --> euphoria
- AN patients --> anxiety
* *as eating increases dopamine, maybe AN patients restrict food to reduce anxiety **
27
NEURAL
| What is the limbic system dysfunction?
- regulates emotions, memories and arousal
dysfunction in these areas leads to defects in emotional processing
- could lead to pathological thoughts and behaviours typical in patients with AN
28
EVALUATION FOR NEURAL EXPLANATIONS
| ***Advantages***
1) challenges the belief that the AN individuals behaviour is somehow "their fault"
2) also offers the possibility of treating AN by regulating the brain areas involved in the behaviours that are characteristic of the disorder
- LIPMAN - used deep brain simulation to change brain activity in patients with chronic, sever and treatment resistant AN.
- treatment led to improvements in mood, emotional regulation and a better quality of life for most
29
EVALUATION FOR NEURAL EXPLANATIONS
| ***Disadvantages***
1) In many US states, the treatment for AN under insurance plans is restricted because AN is still not recognised as a biological disorder
30
BIOLOGICAL
| What does the GENETIC explanation show
- evidence from twin studies shows that AN runs in families
- the concordance rate between twins indicates the proportion of twin pairs in which both have AN, relative to pairs where only one has it
31
BIOLOGICAL
| What did HOLLAND ET AL find in his twin study
- studied 5 pairs of FEMALE twins
--> MZ - 56% --> DZ - 5%
replicated the study in 1995
--> MZ - 65% --> DZ - 32%
32
BIOLOGICAL
| What did STROBER ET AL find out about FAMILY STUDIES
he found that first degree relatives (parents, siblings, children) have a 10x greater risk of developing AN in their lifetime than relatives of unaffected.
--> other research has shown that there is an increased risk in developing other eating disorders for individuals who are related to someone with AN (bulimia)
33
BIOLOGICAL
| What did TOZZI argue against STROBER
suggests that we may inherit a general vulnerability to eating disorders rather than AN specifically
--> diathesis stress model - born with potential genetics, triggered by stimulus from environment
34
BIOLOGICAL
| Candidate Genes are...
A gene that may be involved in causing anorexia
35
BIOLOGICAL
| What was ZEELAND ET AL study and what did he find
- compared 1205 AN patients with 1948 control patients by sequencing 152 candidate genes suspected to be linked to AN
- only found one gene - EPHX2 --> codes for an enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism --> many patients with AN do have abnormally high levels of cholesterol
36
BIOLOGICAL
| what are GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS)
look entirely at a collection of human genes rather than just one
37
BIOLOGICAL
| What was BORASKA study and what did he find
5551 AN patients and 21080 matched controls
- found no genes that were significantly found to relate to AN
- researchers argue that this wasn't because there are no genetic influences, but the study wasn't sensitive enough to detect them
38
BIOLOGICAL
| What is a LIMITATION of Gene studies
- many have been put forward just to fall through in later research and research for a single gene is futile
- also time consuming - BORASKA - 21080 people
39
EVALUATION FOR BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS
| ** Disadvantage**
It is a REDUCTIONIST APPROACH
- genetic explanations ignore the role of the media and environment in AN
- the media idolises an ultra thin body type(VS models)
VAUGHN ET AL - found adolescent girls whose AN disorder got more severe over a 16 month period reported reading more fashion magazines
40
What is the first stage in the role of ghrelin/leptin cycle
1) we start to feel hungry --> eating begins
- the LH detects levels of glucose in the liver
- as the levels fall, LH is activated and we feel hungry
41
What is the second stage in the role of ghrelin/leptin cycle
2) Glucose + Leptin + Ghrelin -
- Leptin increases which causes our appetite to be suppressed so we stop feeling hungry
- Ghrelin levels drop which also stops us from feeling hungry
42
What is the third stage in the role of ghrelin/leptin cycle
3) VHM satiety centre activated ("off switch")
- ventro medial hypothalamus detects the increase in leptin and the levels of glucose in liver
- then acts as an off switch causing us to feel full
FEEL FULL --> FEEDING STOPS
43
What is the fourth stage in the role of ghrelin/leptin cycle
4) Glucose - Leptin - Ghrelin +
- Leptin levels drop so we start to feel hungry again
- Ghrelin levels increase which tells our body we've gone without food for a while
- -> when levels rise above a certain point, our arcuate nucleus sends signals to the LH to secrete the neurotransmitter NEUROPEPTIDE Y which make us feel hungry
44
What is the final stage in the role of ghrelin/leptin cycle
5) LH hunger centre activated
- LH acts as an "on switch"
- as glucose levels drop, the LH triggers our motivation to eat.
45
What are the 5 characteristics of the psychosomatic family
- rigidity
- enmeshment
- autonomy
- conflict avoidance
- overprotectiveness
46
FST
| What is the definition for family
A family is an emotional unit where all members are part of a whole, not individuals
47
FST
| What is RIGIDITY
Where the family resents change and works hard to make sure that things stay as they are.
- the adolescents desire for independence is not accepted
48
FST
| What is ENMESHMENT
Where family members are very close, so they lack boundaries.
- families spend lots of time together and may invade privacy
49
FST
A03
What did MANZI ET AL find in his study
found that there was a difference between supportive families and those who felt stifle emotional development
- found cohesion supported family interactions, whereas enmeshment was rooted in manipulation and control
* * this was applied across multiple cultural groups**
50
FST
| What is AUTONOMY
Due to features of the psychosomatic family, the AN sufferer seeks a feeling of independence/ freedom --> often achieved through self starvation
51
FST
| What is CONFLICT AVOIDANCE
the main priority of the family is to prevent any discussions of problems or arguments that may arise
- differences of opinions go unrecognised and the family refuses to accept that there is anything to discuss
52
FST
A03 --> support
What did LATZER & GABER do in their study and what did they find
carried out an observational study
- compared 40 AN families to 40 normal families
- found that families with AN struggled to decide what they argued about
53
FST
| What is OVERPROTECTIVENESS
family members often worry about looking after each other.
| - do not like to give members independence and may become obsessively concerned with the safety of others
54
FST
| Who was the psychosomatic family proposed by
MINUCHIN ET AL
55
EVALUATION OF FST
| *** LIMITATION ***
1) Inconsistent evidence
- ARAGONA ET AL - studied 30 portugese families and found that families were no more or less enmeshed or rigid than a control family
- -> HOWEVER - they concluded that this was because they used a different way of measuring enmeshment
- they used self report rather than observations
* * ALSO, enmeshment, rigidity etc may be subjective **
56
EVALUATION OF FST
| *** SUPPORT ***
1) Treatment applications
- some therapy has had success treating AN
Behavioural FST (BFST) attempts to disentangle family relationships and reduce parental control
ROBIN ET AL - 11 female ppts - 16 month therapy and 6 had recovered - after another year - 3 more
** Limitation - what some people may think of as recovered, others may not (physically fine, mentally not)
57
EVALUATION OF FST
| *** LIMITATION ***
1) Gender Bias
- GREMILLION - claims there is a bias in FST as it focuses on the mother/daughter relationship
- therapy tends to focus on dysfunctional mothers rather than the role of the father
- -> he argues that fathers do have a significant role - some can be overly controlling
58
SLT
| Explain modelling
- through observation of a model (real life/cartoon)
- provides examples of behaviour to follow and can modify social norms by establishing what is 'usual and accepted' behaviour
59
SLT
| what does effective modelling depend on...
the four meditational processes
1) attention
2) retention
3) motor reproduction
4) motivation
60
SLT
| what are some factors that make a person identify with a model
- wealth
- attractiveness
- fame
- similar age
- gaining respect
61
SLT
| what is vicarious reinforcement
the consequences of an observed behaviour make an individual more or less likely to imitate it
62
SLT
| give 2 examples of vicarious reinforcement
1) if a model is rewarded for losing weight, it makes it more likely that the observer will imitate the model (indirect)
2) family members - spend lots of time together so reinforcement repeats
63
SLT
| outline what research suggests about maternal role models
suggests that problematic eating behaviour is common in families where there is also an individual with an eating disorder
* research has shown that the mother is the particular model weight
64
SLT
| what did HILL ET AL find similarities in
he found similarities between mothers and daughters restraint and dieting behaviours among children as young as 10.
65
SLT
| What did EISENBERG find about PEER INFLUENCES
found that dieting among friends was significantly related to unhealthy weight control behaviour such as diet pills or purging
--> However - SHROFF & THOMPSON- found no correlation
66
SLT
| outline what the role of the media does
communicates idealised images of the perfect body type, which in western cultures is one of extreme thinness --> a size 0 is a body shape to aspire to
67
SLT
| What was ANNE BECKER's study
natural experiment - effects of TV on eating in Fiji
- Tv was only available in the 1990's
- found that the most significant predictor of eating disorders amongst Fijian women was social media exposure.
- this was defined by how many friends had access to TV, Dvd etc and this was more influential than the individual spent watching themselves
SUPPORT - BEMIS - reviewed 20 year old playboy centrefolds and found the weight of models progressively decreased
68
SLT
| Who did a key study on BARBIE
DITTMAR - studied the influence of Barbie who is an example of extreme thinness - waist is 39% smaller than a normal person
69
SLT
| what was DITTMAR's procedure
```
162 british girls aged 5-8
split into 3 groups
- Barbie
- Emme doll
- Control pics of flowers
```
70
SLT
| What were DITTMAR's findings
- girls who saw Barbie were significantly more dissatisfied than girls who saw Emme dolls/ control picture
Barbie dolls are powerful aspirational role models
--> they identify with Barbie because of the glamour, affluence and success
** as a result they could internalise with Barbies ultra thin image which could lead to AN **
