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paper 3 article definitions Flashcards

1
Q

organoid

A

is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in 3 dimensions that shows realistic micro anatomy. they are derived from one or a few cells from a tissue, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can self organise in 3 dimensional culture owing to their self renewal and differentiation capacities.

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2
Q

in vitro

A

in glass.
refers to the growth of biological material in scientific glassware such as petri dishes and test tubes. the opposite in vivo, which means in the body

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3
Q

modelling

A

acquiring and learning of insights into, in this case mammalian development and disease, by observing the growth and development of organs

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4
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells from an embryo

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5
Q

gastruloid

A

a 3d assembly of embryonic stem cells that, under appropriate culture conditions develop an embryo like organisation which can be used to model mammalian development and disease.

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6
Q

birth defect

A

also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause;.

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7
Q

pathological condition

A

an abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases

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8
Q

macroscopic

A

visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

mechanism

A

underlying cause

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10
Q

regenerative medicine

A

medicinal treatment disease by replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function

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11
Q

severity

A

how extensive harmful debilitating the disease is

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12
Q

medicine

A

a drug or other preparation for the treatment or prevention of disease

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13
Q

pharmaceuticals

A

a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal drug

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14
Q

tease apart

A

to make sense of

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15
Q

embryo

A

is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism

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16
Q

patterning events

A

stages in the development of a fertilised egg as it develops into an embryo. they consist of regions of cells differentiating into distinct regions of the embryo and eventually the adult organism. this differentiation is caused by differentials in chemical concentrations

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17
Q

conserved

A

found in every step of the evolutionary tree

e.g this characteristic was conserved through out the evolution of human

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18
Q

diverse

A

showing a great deal of variety

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19
Q

recapitulates

A

repeats

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20
Q

redundancy

A

the state of no longer being useful

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21
Q

buffered

A

protected from the negative (deleterious effects of mutations

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22
Q

mouse line

A

mice of known genotype that are bred within themselves to ensure that the offspring share the genotype of the parents.

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23
Q

delineating

A

indicating the exact position of (a boarder or boundary)

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24
Q

physiological

A

relating to the way in which a living organism or its parts function

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25
pluripotent
capable of giving rise to many cell types. cannot give rise to cells that form the placenta and umbilical cord
26
derived
having come from a specific source
27
blastocyst
an embryo in the very early stages of development. at this stage it is just a hollow ball of cells
28
well grounded
based on substantial evidence
29
culture
the medium surrounding a cell when in vitro. the chemical nature can be manipulated to influence the growth and development of the cells
30
cardiomyocytes
these are cardiac muscle cells
31
retinoic acid
a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development. retionic acid is required in chordate animals, which includes all higher animals from fish to humans. during early embryonic development, retinoic acid generated in a specific region of the embryo helps determine position along the embryonic anterior / posterior axis by serving as an intercellular signalling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo. it acts through HOX genes, which ultimately control anterior/ posterior patterning in early developmental stages.
32
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. originally discovered by their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body. the important functioning of BMP signals in physiology is emphasised by the multitude of roles for dysregulated BMP signalling in pathological processes. cancerous diseases often involves mis-regulation of the BMP signalling system
33
activin A
``` a protein (more exactly a complex of proteins) that enhances FSH biosynthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. many other functions have been found to be exerted by activin including roles in cell proloiferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine function ```
34
vascular endothelial growth factor
a singling protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels
35
growth factor
a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing and cellular differentiation. usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes
36
cell fate specification
the differentiation of cells into different types
37
Wnt / B catenin
this is the name of 2 proteins that have very different roles in the body. each was discovered separately, but more recently these proteins have been discovered to have exactly the same structure, in other words they are the same protein and that protein has 2 wildly different roles in the body
38
fibroblast growth factor
a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development
39
compromise
the acceptance of outcomes that are lower than is desirable
40
topographical
representing the physical distribution of parts or features on the surface
41
aggregates
a whole formed by combining separate elements
42
3 embryonic germ layers
these are the 3 distinct groups of cells that form in layers through the process of gastrulation (this occurs in all multicellular organisms except for sponges). Gastrulation is the first stage of differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
43
spontaneous
occurring without apparent external cause
44
precursor
a substance from which another is formed by a metabolic reaction
45
protocol
set of governing procedures
46
artificial
made by human beings
47
matrices
a mould in which something is built or grown
48
interface
the point at which the air and cell culture meet
49
oesophageal
relating to the oesophagus
50
Keratinocytes
an epidermal cell that produces keratin (a protein
51
stratified
arranged into layers
52
tissue fragments
group of cells joined together to form sections of tissues
53
counterpart
the tissue of organs inside a living body
54
optic cup
a cuplike outgrowth of the brain of an embryo that develops into the retina
55
gut organoid
an organoid of the digestive system
56
potential
having the capacity to develop into something in the future
57
probing
investigating
58
pathologies
the cause and effects of disease
59
Zika virus
are spread mainly by mosquitoes and cause zika virus disease. for most people it's a very mild infection and is not harmful. but it may be more serious for pregnant women as there is evidence it causes birth defects, in particular, abnormally small heads (microcephaly)
60
microcephaly
a condition where the head (circumference) is smaller than normal
61
world health organisation
a specialised agency of the united nations that is concerned with international public health
62
cortical
relating to the cerebral cortex
63
liver cirrhosis
cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long term damage. this damage is characterised by the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue. cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcohol, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and non alcoholic fatty liver disease
64
tissue rejection
transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue
65
abrogate
to do away with
66
immunosuppressant drugs
drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system to reduce the likelihood of tissue rejection
67
reproducibility
the ability to be repeated when reattempted by the same or different laboratory
68
drug screening
a drug screen is the collection and analysis of blood, urine, hair, or saliva to detect the presence of chemicals and contaminants left behind in the body due to drug use.
69
reliable
consistently good outcomes
70
quantifiable
too be able to be expressed as a quantity
71
tractable
easy to control or influence
72
p19 embryonal carcinoma cell line
p19 cell is an embryonic carcinoma cell line derived from an embryo derived teratocarcinoma in mice. the cell line is pluripotent and can differentiate into cell types of all 3 germ layers. also it is the most characterised embryonic carcinoma (EC) cell line that can be induced into cardiac muscle cells and neuronal cells by different specific treatments. indeed, exposing aggregated P19 cells in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces differentiation into cardiac and skeletal muscle. also, exposing p19 cells to retinoic acid (RA) can differentiate them into neuronal cells.
73
carcinoma
a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs such as the liver or kidneys
74
morphological
referring to the obnservable structures and form of living cell, tissue, organ or organism.
75
permissible
allowed or permitted
76
primitive streak
a structure that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development. it forms on the dorsal (back) face of the developing embryo towards the caudal or posterior end. the presence of the primitive streak will establish bilateral symmetry, determine the site of gastrulation and initiate germ layer formation
77
neurulated
having gone through the process of forming the neural plate which becomes the neural tube which develops into the brain and spinal cord
78
sentience
the ability to perceive one's environment and experience sensations such as pain and suffering, or pleasure and comfort.
79
bioethical
relating to the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine
80
disseminate
to share and distribute
81
translate
turn findings in the lab into progress in understanding diseases and in regenerate medicine
82
bridge the gap
to connect the groups of people and make the gap in understanding smaller.
83
pathological
science of the cause and effects of disease structural and functional changes in tissue and organs of the body caused by a disease . relating to or caused by a disease
84
body axis
imaginary reference line used in anatomy to describe orientation and location of anatomical structure
85
binary cell fate decision
when a cell chooses between one of 2 possible fates. | feature prominently in neural development
86
stem cell
a cell that can replicate itself and differentiate into other cell types
87
suggest how human development could go wrong producing birth defects at the level of gene expression
wrong genes expressed. gene expressed in wrong location. gene expressed at wrong time of development
88
suggest how human development could go wrong producing birth defects at the level of gamete formation
meiosis. anaphase 1 or 2 chromosomes not correctly distributed. chromosomes lacking genes or additional genes. too much / to little protein made

Biology (13 decks)

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