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Biology > paper 3 article definitions > Flashcards

paper 3 article definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

organoid

A

is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in 3 dimensions that shows realistic micro anatomy. they are derived from one or a few cells from a tissue, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can self organise in 3 dimensional culture owing to their self renewal and differentiation capacities.

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2
Q

in vitro

A

in glass.
refers to the growth of biological material in scientific glassware such as petri dishes and test tubes. the opposite in vivo, which means in the body

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3
Q

modelling

A

acquiring and learning of insights into, in this case mammalian development and disease, by observing the growth and development of organs

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4
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells from an embryo

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5
Q

gastruloid

A

a 3d assembly of embryonic stem cells that, under appropriate culture conditions develop an embryo like organisation which can be used to model mammalian development and disease.

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6
Q

birth defect

A

also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause;.

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7
Q

pathological condition

A

an abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases

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8
Q

macroscopic

A

visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

mechanism

A

underlying cause

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10
Q

regenerative medicine

A

medicinal treatment disease by replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function

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11
Q

severity

A

how extensive harmful debilitating the disease is

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12
Q

medicine

A

a drug or other preparation for the treatment or prevention of disease

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13
Q

pharmaceuticals

A

a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal drug

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14
Q

tease apart

A

to make sense of

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15
Q

embryo

A

is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism

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16
Q

patterning events

A

stages in the development of a fertilised egg as it develops into an embryo. they consist of regions of cells differentiating into distinct regions of the embryo and eventually the adult organism. this differentiation is caused by differentials in chemical concentrations

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17
Q

conserved

A

found in every step of the evolutionary tree

e.g this characteristic was conserved through out the evolution of human

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18
Q

diverse

A

showing a great deal of variety

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19
Q

recapitulates

A

repeats

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20
Q

redundancy

A

the state of no longer being useful

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21
Q

buffered

A

protected from the negative (deleterious effects of mutations

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22
Q

mouse line

A

mice of known genotype that are bred within themselves to ensure that the offspring share the genotype of the parents.

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23
Q

delineating

A

indicating the exact position of (a boarder or boundary)

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24
Q

physiological

A

relating to the way in which a living organism or its parts function

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25
Q

pluripotent

A

capable of giving rise to many cell types. cannot give rise to cells that form the placenta and umbilical cord

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26
Q

derived

A

having come from a specific source

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27
Q

blastocyst

A

an embryo in the very early stages of development. at this stage it is just a hollow ball of cells

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28
Q

well grounded

A

based on substantial evidence

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29
Q

culture

A

the medium surrounding a cell when in vitro. the chemical nature can be manipulated to influence the growth and development of the cells

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30
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

these are cardiac muscle cells

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31
Q

retinoic acid

A

a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development. retionic acid is required in chordate animals, which includes all higher animals from fish to humans. during early embryonic development, retinoic acid generated in a specific region of the embryo helps determine position along the embryonic anterior / posterior axis by serving as an intercellular signalling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo. it acts through HOX genes, which ultimately control anterior/ posterior patterning in early developmental stages.

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32
Q

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)

A

a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. originally discovered by their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body. the important functioning of BMP signals in physiology is emphasised by the multitude of roles for dysregulated BMP signalling in pathological processes. cancerous diseases often involves mis-regulation of the BMP signalling system

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33
Q

activin A

A 
a protein (more exactly a complex of proteins) that enhances FSH biosynthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. many other functions have been found to be exerted by activin including roles in cell
proloiferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine function
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34
Q

vascular endothelial growth factor

A

a singling protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels

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35
Q

growth factor

A

a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing and cellular differentiation. usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes

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36
Q

cell fate specification

A

the differentiation of cells into different types

37
Q

Wnt / B catenin

A

this is the name of 2 proteins that have very different roles in the body. each was discovered separately, but more recently these proteins have been discovered to have exactly the same structure, in other words they are the same protein and that protein has 2 wildly different roles in the body

38
Q

fibroblast growth factor

A

a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development

39
Q

compromise

A

the acceptance of outcomes that are lower than is desirable

40
Q

topographical

A

representing the physical distribution of parts or features on the surface

41
Q

aggregates

A

a whole formed by combining separate elements

42
Q

3 embryonic germ layers

A

these are the 3 distinct groups of cells that form in layers through the process of gastrulation (this occurs in all multicellular organisms except for sponges). Gastrulation is the first stage of differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

43
Q

spontaneous

A

occurring without apparent external cause

44
Q

precursor

A

a substance from which another is formed by a metabolic reaction

45
Q

protocol

A

set of governing procedures

46
Q

artificial

A

made by human beings

47
Q

matrices

A

a mould in which something is built or grown

48
Q

interface

A

the point at which the air and cell culture meet

49
Q

oesophageal

A

relating to the oesophagus

50
Q

Keratinocytes

A

an epidermal cell that produces keratin (a protein

51
Q

stratified

A

arranged into layers

52
Q

tissue fragments

A

group of cells joined together to form sections of tissues

53
Q

counterpart

A

the tissue of organs inside a living body

54
Q

optic cup

A

a cuplike outgrowth of the brain of an embryo that develops into the retina

55
Q

gut organoid

A

an organoid of the digestive system

56
Q

potential

A

having the capacity to develop into something in the future

57
Q

probing

A

investigating

58
Q

pathologies

A

the cause and effects of disease

59
Q

Zika virus

A

are spread mainly by mosquitoes and cause zika virus disease. for most people it’s a very mild infection and is not harmful. but it may be more serious for pregnant women as there is evidence it causes birth defects, in particular, abnormally small heads (microcephaly)

60
Q

microcephaly

A

a condition where the head (circumference) is smaller than normal

61
Q

world health organisation

A

a specialised agency of the united nations that is concerned with international public health

62
Q

cortical

A

relating to the cerebral cortex

63
Q

liver cirrhosis

A

cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long term damage. this damage is characterised by the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue. cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcohol, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and non alcoholic fatty liver disease

64
Q

tissue rejection

A

transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient’s immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue

65
Q

abrogate

A

to do away with

66
Q

immunosuppressant drugs

A

drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system to reduce the likelihood of tissue rejection

67
Q

reproducibility

A

the ability to be repeated when reattempted by the same or different laboratory

68
Q

drug screening

A

a drug screen is the collection and analysis of blood, urine, hair, or saliva to detect the presence of chemicals and contaminants left behind in the body due to drug use.

69
Q

reliable

A

consistently good outcomes

70
Q

quantifiable

A

too be able to be expressed as a quantity

71
Q

tractable

A

easy to control or influence

72
Q

p19 embryonal carcinoma cell line

A

p19 cell is an embryonic carcinoma cell line derived from an embryo derived teratocarcinoma in mice. the cell line is pluripotent and can differentiate into cell types of all 3 germ layers. also it is the most characterised embryonic carcinoma (EC) cell line that can be induced into cardiac muscle cells and neuronal cells by different specific treatments. indeed, exposing aggregated P19 cells in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces differentiation into cardiac and skeletal muscle. also, exposing p19 cells to retinoic acid (RA) can differentiate them into neuronal cells.

73
Q

carcinoma

A

a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs such as the liver or kidneys

74
Q

morphological

A

referring to the obnservable structures and form of living cell, tissue, organ or organism.

75
Q

permissible

A

allowed or permitted

76
Q

primitive streak

A

a structure that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development. it forms on the dorsal (back) face of the developing embryo towards the caudal or posterior end. the presence of the primitive streak will establish bilateral symmetry, determine the site of gastrulation and initiate germ layer formation

77
Q

neurulated

A

having gone through the process of forming the neural plate which becomes the neural tube which develops into the brain and spinal cord

78
Q

sentience

A

the ability to perceive one’s environment and experience sensations such as pain and suffering, or pleasure and comfort.

79
Q

bioethical

A

relating to the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine

80
Q

disseminate

A

to share and distribute

81
Q

translate

A

turn findings in the lab into progress in understanding diseases and in regenerate medicine

82
Q

bridge the gap

A

to connect the groups of people and make the gap in understanding smaller.

83
Q

pathological

A

science of the cause and effects of disease
structural and functional changes in tissue and organs of the body caused by a disease . relating to or caused by a disease

84
Q

body axis

A

imaginary reference line used in anatomy to describe orientation and location of anatomical structure

85
Q

binary cell fate decision

A

when a cell chooses between one of 2 possible fates.

feature prominently in neural development

86
Q

stem cell

A

a cell that can replicate itself and differentiate into other cell types

87
Q

suggest how human development could go wrong producing birth defects at the level of gene expression

A

wrong genes expressed. gene expressed in wrong location. gene expressed at wrong time of development

88
Q

suggest how human development could go wrong producing birth defects at the level of gamete formation

A

meiosis. anaphase 1 or 2 chromosomes not correctly distributed. chromosomes lacking genes or additional genes. too much / to little protein made

Biology (13 decks)

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