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PAPER 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

primary struct

A

sequence of amino acids in pp chain

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2
Q

2°

A

determined by H bonds
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

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3
Q

3°

A 
interactions between R groups 
H
covalent 
ionic 
hydrophobic interaction

=3D shape

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4
Q

4° structure

A

association of multiple protein chains

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5
Q

how are amino acids linked

A

peptide bonds in condensation reactions

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6
Q

globular protein

A

pp folded into compact sphere shape
soluble due to hydrophilic side chains
ie enzymes

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7
Q

fibrous

A

not folded, remain in chains
cross linkedin for support
insoluble

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8
Q

haemoglobin

A

4 pp and haem group

conjugated

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9
Q

collagen

A

wound round each other and joined with H bonds

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10
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts that reduce the activation energy

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11
Q

lock and key

A 
complementary substrate (s) only fit into AS
remo bonds 
esc 
released 
shaped unchanged
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12
Q

induced fit

A

changed shape to fit more close around the substrate

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13
Q

activation energy

A

energy required to break bonds and start reaction

=> reduce the amount of energy needed

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14
Q

charged groups on enzymes

A

random movement = collision
charged groups attract, distorting the substrate and aiding bond breakage or formation
products are released from the AS leaving the enzyme unchanged

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15
Q

what is metabolism of an organism

A

the sum of all the enzyme catalysed reactions occurring within it

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16
Q

catabolic reactions

A

breaking down

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17
Q

anabolic

A

building up

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18
Q

higher temp on enzymes

A

increased kinetic energy
more collisions
more esc

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19
Q

what did william withering discover

A

foxglove regulated mrs huttons fast heartbeat
but someone else almost died from it
realised getting dose right was v important
active ingredient in foxglove = digitalin

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20
Q

preclinical testing

A

animal /lab studies on isolated tissues

assess safety and if it is effective against target disease

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21
Q

phase 1

A

small group of volunteers w/o disease
different doses
side effects
whether it is being absorbed, distributed etc in the predicted way from the lab tests

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22
Q

phase 2

A

small group of volunteer patients are treated to look at the drugs effectiveness

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23
Q

phase 3

A 
large group of patients 
double blind randomised controlled trial 
placebo used or existing treatment 
->test to see if it’s effective 
->look for adverse reactions in patients
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24
Q

after licensing

A

continue to collect data on effectiveness

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25
Q

conditions for bacterial growth

A

warm
moist
nutrients

pH and temp at optimum for enzymes

26
Q

CP9

A
27
Q

hábitat

A

place with a distinct set of conditions where an organism lives

28
Q

population

A

group of interbreeding individuals of the same species found in an area

29
Q

community

A

various populations sharing a habitat

30
Q

niche

A

specific role an organism has in its environment

31
Q

when can 2 species share the same habitat

A

when they occupy different niches

32
Q

abiotic factors

A 
solar energy input 
climate 
topography 
o2 concentration 
edaphic 
pollution 
catastrophes
33
Q

biotic factors

A

competition ( inter specific = between species, intra specific = within species)
grazing, predation, disease, parasitism ( one organism benefits at the others expense )
mutualism ( relationship where both partners benefit)
anthropogenic factors ( arising from human activity)

34
Q

CP10

A
35
Q

succession

A

lichens & algae (pioneer species)
break up the rock surface
organic material accumulation in broken up rock ( beginning of soil )
conditions of habitat change
wind blown moss spores start growing
mosses build up organic matter in the soil, can now hold water
shallow rooted plants can grow
as the habitat develops, species start to compete
climax community reached

36
Q

dominant species

A

exerts overriding influence over the rest of the species

37
Q

secondary succession

A 
bare soil ( where an existing community has been cleared ) 
seeds of many species will already be lying dormant in the soil
38
Q

how are pioneer species adapted

A

seeds widely dispersed by wind
rapid growth
short life cycle
abundant seed production

39
Q

photosynthesis reaction

A

6CO2+6H2O -> C6H12O6+6CO2

40
Q

photolysis

A

uses energy from sunlight to spilt water into H and O

41
Q

LDR

A
  • light energy raises 2 electrons to a higher energy level
  • pass along et molecules in etc
  • pass along from ps2 and pass along etc losing energy in the process ( energy used in the synthesis of atp in phosphorylation)
  • electrons from ps2 repeat those lost from ps1 and continue along etc
  • photolysis = h+, e- (from etc) combines with NADP to form rNADP, e- (from photolysis) replaced those lost from ps2
42
Q

LIR

A

1) CO2 + RuBP combine to form GP
2) GP is reduced to GALP ( hydrogen comes from rNAD + ATP from LDR )
3) 2/12 GALPs involved in creation of a hexose sugar
4) 10/12 GALPs involved with the recreation of RuBP ( phosphorylation using ATP )

43
Q

CP11

A
44
Q

NPP

A

NPP = GPP - R

45
Q

NPP

A

rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up the new plant biomass

46
Q

GPP

A

rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules by an ecosystem

47
Q

lysozyme

A

kills bacteria by breaking down their cell walls

48
Q

inflammatory response

A

damaged WBCs and release histamine

  • > cause arterioles to dilate = increase blood flow at the infected site
  • > increase permeability of the capillaries = cells in the capillary walls separate slightly, the vessels leak. Plasma fluid, WBCs + antibodies leak from the blood into the tissue causing odema
49
Q

types of wbcs

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

50
Q

action if a neutrophils

A
  • bacterium w/ antigens on surface are engulfed by neutrophil/ macrophage
  • antigen enclosed in vacuole
  • lysosomes fuse with vacuole, releasing enzymes that destroy the foreign material
51
Q

interferon

A

protein that prevents microbes from multiplying

inhibits microbial protein synthesis & limits the formation of new microbe particles

52
Q

where are B cells produced / activated

A

produced - bone marrow

activated - binding to a complementary receptor

53
Q

t cell production and activation

A

produced - bone marrow

mature - thymus gland

54
Q

t helper activaron

A
55
Q

b cell division

A
56
Q

t killer activation

A
57
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

58
Q

immunity

A

Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response

Natural; acquired through exposure to pathogens
Artificial; acquired through vaccination

59
Q

passive immunity

A

Passive immunity is acquired without an immune response; antibodies are gained from another source, not produced by the infected person

Natural:
 - across placenta / through breast milk. 
( through mother) 
Active:
injection of antibodies
60
Q

evolutionary race

A

bacteria reproduce very fast ( lots of mutations)
population usually in billions ( lots of mutations)
some of these random mutations will be advantageous to the cell containing them

bio (13 decks)

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