PAPER 3 Flashcards
primary struct
sequence of amino acids in pp chain
2°
determined by H bonds
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
3°
interactions between R groups H covalent ionic hydrophobic interaction
=3D shape
4° structure
association of multiple protein chains
how are amino acids linked
peptide bonds in condensation reactions
globular protein
pp folded into compact sphere shape
soluble due to hydrophilic side chains
ie enzymes
fibrous
not folded, remain in chains
cross linkedin for support
insoluble
haemoglobin
4 pp and haem group
conjugated
collagen
wound round each other and joined with H bonds
enzymes
biological catalysts that reduce the activation energy
lock and key
complementary substrate (s) only fit into AS remo bonds esc released shaped unchanged
induced fit
changed shape to fit more close around the substrate
activation energy
energy required to break bonds and start reaction
=> reduce the amount of energy needed
charged groups on enzymes
random movement = collision
charged groups attract, distorting the substrate and aiding bond breakage or formation
products are released from the AS leaving the enzyme unchanged
what is metabolism of an organism
the sum of all the enzyme catalysed reactions occurring within it
catabolic reactions
breaking down
anabolic
building up
higher temp on enzymes
increased kinetic energy
more collisions
more esc
what did william withering discover
foxglove regulated mrs huttons fast heartbeat
but someone else almost died from it
realised getting dose right was v important
active ingredient in foxglove = digitalin
preclinical testing
animal /lab studies on isolated tissues
assess safety and if it is effective against target disease
phase 1
small group of volunteers w/o disease
different doses
side effects
whether it is being absorbed, distributed etc in the predicted way from the lab tests
phase 2
small group of volunteer patients are treated to look at the drugs effectiveness
phase 3
large group of patients double blind randomised controlled trial placebo used or existing treatment ->test to see if it’s effective ->look for adverse reactions in patients
after licensing
continue to collect data on effectiveness
conditions for bacterial growth
warm
moist
nutrients
pH and temp at optimum for enzymes
CP9
hábitat
place with a distinct set of conditions where an organism lives
population
group of interbreeding individuals of the same species found in an area
community
various populations sharing a habitat
niche
specific role an organism has in its environment
when can 2 species share the same habitat
when they occupy different niches
abiotic factors
solar energy input climate topography o2 concentration edaphic pollution catastrophes
biotic factors
competition ( inter specific = between species, intra specific = within species)
grazing, predation, disease, parasitism ( one organism benefits at the others expense )
mutualism ( relationship where both partners benefit)
anthropogenic factors ( arising from human activity)
CP10
succession
lichens & algae (pioneer species)
break up the rock surface
organic material accumulation in broken up rock ( beginning of soil )
conditions of habitat change
wind blown moss spores start growing
mosses build up organic matter in the soil, can now hold water
shallow rooted plants can grow
as the habitat develops, species start to compete
climax community reached
dominant species
exerts overriding influence over the rest of the species
secondary succession
bare soil ( where an existing community has been cleared ) seeds of many species will already be lying dormant in the soil
how are pioneer species adapted
seeds widely dispersed by wind
rapid growth
short life cycle
abundant seed production
photosynthesis reaction
6CO2+6H2O -> C6H12O6+6CO2
photolysis
uses energy from sunlight to spilt water into H and O
LDR
- light energy raises 2 electrons to a higher energy level
- pass along et molecules in etc
- pass along from ps2 and pass along etc losing energy in the process ( energy used in the synthesis of atp in phosphorylation)
- electrons from ps2 repeat those lost from ps1 and continue along etc
- photolysis = h+, e- (from etc) combines with NADP to form rNADP, e- (from photolysis) replaced those lost from ps2
LIR
1) CO2 + RuBP combine to form GP
2) GP is reduced to GALP ( hydrogen comes from rNAD + ATP from LDR )
3) 2/12 GALPs involved in creation of a hexose sugar
4) 10/12 GALPs involved with the recreation of RuBP ( phosphorylation using ATP )
CP11
NPP
NPP = GPP - R
NPP
rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up the new plant biomass
GPP
rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules by an ecosystem
lysozyme
kills bacteria by breaking down their cell walls
inflammatory response
damaged WBCs and release histamine
- > cause arterioles to dilate = increase blood flow at the infected site
- > increase permeability of the capillaries = cells in the capillary walls separate slightly, the vessels leak. Plasma fluid, WBCs + antibodies leak from the blood into the tissue causing odema
types of wbcs
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
action if a neutrophils
- bacterium w/ antigens on surface are engulfed by neutrophil/ macrophage
- antigen enclosed in vacuole
- lysosomes fuse with vacuole, releasing enzymes that destroy the foreign material
interferon
protein that prevents microbes from multiplying
inhibits microbial protein synthesis & limits the formation of new microbe particles
where are B cells produced / activated
produced - bone marrow
activated - binding to a complementary receptor
t cell production and activation
produced - bone marrow
mature - thymus gland
t helper activaron
b cell division
t killer activation
apoptosis
programmed cell death
immunity
Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response
Natural; acquired through exposure to pathogens
Artificial; acquired through vaccination
passive immunity
Passive immunity is acquired without an immune response; antibodies are gained from another source, not produced by the infected person
Natural: - across placenta / through breast milk. ( through mother) Active: injection of antibodies
evolutionary race
bacteria reproduce very fast ( lots of mutations)
population usually in billions ( lots of mutations)
some of these random mutations will be advantageous to the cell containing them
