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Geography > Paper 2B The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Paper 2B The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

what is development?

A

the progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare

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2
Q

what is the development gap?

A

the difference in development between more and less developed countries.

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3
Q

name 2 economic factors of measuring development.

A

gross national income
gni per head

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4
Q

name all 7 social factors of measuring development.

A

birth rate
death rate
infant mortality rate
people per doctor
literacy rate
access to safe water
life expectancy

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5
Q

what is GNI?

A

Gross National Income is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

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6
Q

what is the GNI per head?

A

GNI divided by the population of a country.

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7
Q

what is the birth rate?

A

the number of live births per thousand of the population per year

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8
Q

what is the death rate?

A

the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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9
Q

what is the infant mortality rate?

A

the number of babies who die before they are 1 year old, per thousand babies born

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10
Q

what is the people per doctor?

A

the average number of people for each doctor

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11
Q

what is the literacy rate?

A

the percentage of adults who can read and write

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12
Q

what is access to safe water?

A

the percentage of people who can get clean drinking water

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13
Q

what is the life expectancy?

A

the average age a person can expect to live to.

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14
Q

how can GNI per head be misleading?

A

-it is an average which doesn’t show the variations in a country

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15
Q

how can social indicators also be misleading?

A

they are used on their own, as a country develops, over factors may develop before.

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16
Q

how is the GNI per head in HIC?

A

they are wealthy countries where GNI per head is high

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17
Q

how is the GNI per head in LIC?

A

they are the poorest countries where the GNI per head is very low

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18
Q

how is the GNI per head in NEE?

A

they are rapidly getting richer as their economy moves form primary industry to secondary industry. it’s wealth is constantly changing.

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19
Q

how is HDI calculated?

A

using income, life expectancy and education level

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20
Q

what does the combination of a country’s HDI tell you?

A

the country’s level of economic development and quality of life.

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21
Q

what is the DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model

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22
Q

describe stage 1 in the DTM

A

-very high birth rate
-very high death rate
-zero population growth
-population size is low and steady
e.g. tribes in Brazil

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23
Q

describe stage 2 in the DTM

A

-high birth rate
-rapidly falling death rate
-very high population growth rate
-population size is rapidly increasing
e.g. Gambia

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24
Q

describe stage 3 in the DTM

A

-rapidly falling birth rate
-slowly falling death rate
-high population growth rate
-increasing population size
e.g. India

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25
Q

describe stage 4 in the DTM

A

-low birth rate
-low death rate
-zero population growth
-high population size
e.g. UK

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26
Q

describe stage 5 in the DTM

A

-slowly falling birth rate
-low death rate
-negative population growth
-slowly falling population size
e.g. Japan

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27
Q

describe stage 1 in terms of its development

A

it is the least developed
-birth rate is high as there is no contraception
-infant mortality rates are high
-death rate is high due to bad healthcare and famine
-low life expectancy

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28
Q

describe stage 2 it terms of its development

A

not very developed (LIC)
-birth rate is high
-economy is based in agriculture
-lots of children
-better healthcare increases life expectancy
-death rates fall

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29
Q

describe stage 3 in terms of its development

A

more developed (NEE)
-birth rates falls- contraception
-more women work instead of having children
-economy moves to manufacturing
-improved healthcare means the death rate falls
-life expectancy increases

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30
Q

describe stage 4 in terms of its development

A

most developed (HIC)
-low birth rates
-high standard of living
-healthcare is good
-death rate low
-life expectancy high

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31
Q

Name 4 physical factors that can affect how developed a country is

A

-poor climate
-poor farming land
-few raw materials
-natural disasters

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32
Q

how does a poor climate cause uneven development?

A

-if people have hot, cold or dry climates, little will grow
-little food can be produced, leading to malnutrition and a low quality of life
-there are fewer crops to sell
-less money to spend on goods and services
-government gets less money for taxes
-less money spent on developing country

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33
Q

how does a poor farming land cause uneven development?

A

-if there is steep or poor soil, growing crops is difficult
-they cannot graze animals to produce food

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34
Q

how does having few raw materials cause uneven development?

A

-countries have fewer products to export
-make less money, cannot spend on developing country
-some cannot afford infrastructure to export raw materials if they have lots (roads and ports cannot be built)

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35
Q

how does having lots of natural disasters cause uneven development?

A

-countries have to spend lots of money rebuilding
-they reduce the quality of life
-reducing the amount of money the government has to spend on developing the country

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36
Q

Name 3 economic factors that can cause uneven development

A

-poor trade links
-lots of debt
-economy based around primary industry

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37
Q

how can poor trade links cause uneven development?

A

-trades a small amount of goods and services between few countries
-makes little money to spend on development

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38
Q

how can lots of debt cause uneven development?

A

-poor countries borrow money from countries and international organisations
-the money has to be paid back so there’s less money for development

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39
Q

how can an economy based on primary products cause uneven development?

A

-countries exporting primary products are less developed- not manufactured goods
-they are sold for less profit
-the prices can fall below the production cost
-wealthy countries can also force the costs to go down when they buy from poorer countries.

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40
Q

name 2 historical causes of uneven development

A

-colonisation
-conflict

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41
Q

how did colonisation cause uneven development?

A

-countries who were colonised where at a lower level of development
-colonisers removed raw materials and sold back manufactured goods
-so profits went to colonisers, increasing inequality
-it also prevented colonised countries from developing their own industries.

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42
Q

how did conflict cause uneven development?

A

-war can slow or reduce development
-money is spent on arms and training soldiers
-people are killed and infrastructure is damaged
-services are disrupted
-increasing infant mortality rates and decline in literacy rates

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43
Q

what 3 main consequences are caused from uneven development?

A

-wealth
-health
-international migration

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44
Q

how is wealth a consequence of uneven development?

A

-people in more developed countries have higher incomes
-wealth impacts people’s standard of living as the wealthy can afford goods and services, making lives more comfortable and convenient

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45
Q

how is health a consequence of uneven development?

A

-healthcare is more better in more developed countries
-people in HICs live longer
-infant mortality is high in less developed countries
-In LICs and NEEs, the lack of adequate healthcare means that people die from diseases that can be easily treated in HICs

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46
Q

how is international migration a consequence of uneven development?

A

-LICs and NEEs move to HICs to escape conflict and improve quality of life
-people move for better paid jobs and a high quality of life
-migrant workers contribute to the economies of the HICs, increasing the development gap

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47
Q

Name all 7 strategies of reducing the development gap.

A

-investment
-aid
-fairtrade
-intermediate technology
-microfinance loans
-industrial development
-debt relief

48
Q

how does investment reduce the development gap?

A

-FDI (foreign direct investment) is when people or companies buy property or invest in other countries
-FDI leads to better access to finance and tech, it improves infrastructure, industry and increases services

49
Q

how does aid reduce the development gap?

A

-money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foreign government
-money is used for developing country e.g. dams, wells, schools etc
e.g. in 2018-19 the UK gave over £180 million to south Sudan funding 17 projects including improving access to water, healthcare and education
-aid helps, however it can run or it is wasted by corrupt governments.

50
Q

how does FairTrade reduce the development gap?

A

-farmers in LICs getting a fair price for the goods they produce, to provide for their families
-companies wanting to sell products labelled ‘fair trade’ have to pay producers a fair price
-however, sometimes only some of the money reaches producers.

51
Q

how does using intermediate technology reduce the development gap?

A

-includes tools, machines and systems that improve the quality of life
-they are simple to use, cheap and affordable to maintain and buy
-e.g. solar powered LED lighbulbs in Nepal allowing people to work and children to study after work- it is safer than kerosene lamps
-allows skills, incomes and industrial output to increase

52
Q

how do microfinance loans reduce the development gap?

A

small loans are given to people in LICs to start their own business and become financially stable and independent
-e.g. people can invest in more live stock
-however, they can cause problems by encouraging people to get in debt
-it cannot reduce poverty on a large scale.

53
Q

how does industrial development reduce the development gap?

A

-countries with low levels of development have agriculture as their main portion of their economy
-this boosts GNI and development, as productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved.

54
Q

how does debt relief reduce the development gap?

A

when some or all of the country’s debt is cancelled, so the country has more money to spend on development
e.g. in 2005 Zambia had $4 billion of debt cancelled, they started making money to start a free healthcare scheme for people in rural areas

55
Q

Why did Jamaica have an uneven development gap?

A

-they are based on minerals, agriculture and some manufacturing
-it had suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployment

56
Q

how did tourism grow in Jamaica?

A

-international air developments
-cruise liners

57
Q

what were some benefits of tourism in Jamaica?

A

-generated taxes, employment and income
-tourism contributes to 24% of Jamaica’s GDP
-more families can afford to send children to school and university as employment increases.
-provides 200,000 jobs for people (shops, hotels, banking and manufacturing)
-led to infrastructure developing in tourist areas
-conservation has provided jobs to protect habitats
-ecotourism is rising

58
Q

what were some problems of tourism in Jamaica?

A

-average cruise tourist spends small amount ($70) per day
-lots of pollution from untreated sewage from hotels
-improvements to infrastructure have slowed down in remote areas
-lots of environmental problems, such as waste and emissions.

59
Q

Describe India’s location and importance. (generally)

A

-rapidly developing NEE
-2nd largest population in world
-major role of trade and politics in south Asia
-good trade links within the Indian ocean to south east Asia and the Middle East

60
Q

why is India important globally?

A

-it exports services services and manufactured goods around the world

61
Q

what is some polictical context for India?

A

-it was a British colony until 1947
-now has a democratically elected government

62
Q

what is some social context for India?

A

-it has a medium level of development
-there are large inequalities as some people are very rich, while others very poor
-over 20% of the population lives in poverty
-education is improving, adult literacy rate is less than 75%

63
Q

what is some cultural context for India?

A

-has a rich and diverse culture
-has over 22 officially recognised languages
-has many religions
-‘Bollywood’ films which are exported worldwide

64
Q

what is some environmental context for India?

A

-has a varied landscape- Himalayas in North and Thar Desert in NW, as well as large areas of forest
-floodplains along many rivers provide fertile farmland
-it has a long coastline attracting tourists
-has many ports, increasing trade

65
Q

how much % of the population works in the primary industry?

A

50%
e.g. agriculture

66
Q

how much % of the population works in the secondary industry?

A

22%
e.g. manufacturing

67
Q

how much % of the population works in the tertiary and quaternary industry?

A

29%
e.g. service and knowledge
but 54% of the gdp

68
Q

How much of India’s GDP do primary, secondary and tertiary and quaternary industries produce?

A

primary- 17%
secondary- 30%
tertiary and quaternary- 53%

69
Q

what are TNC’s?

A

Transnational corporations
-companies that operate in more than one country

70
Q

Describe TNC factories and the features?

A

-located in lower income countries
-labour is cheaper
-fewer environmental and labour regulations
-make more profit

71
Q

Describe TNC offices and headquaters and the features?

A

-located in high income countries
-more people with administrative skills
-(education is better)

72
Q

give an example of a TNC that operates in India

A

Unilever
-one of the world’s biggest food and consumer goods manufacturers

73
Q

give some advantages of TNC’s

A

-provide employment- Unilever employs 16000 people in India
-they have to pay tax of about 40% of their income to Indian government
-some run programs to increase development in India
e.g. Project Shakti helps poor women in rural areas become entrepreneurs by providing loans and products to sell products to sell- 75,000 women

74
Q

give some disadvantages of TNC’s

A

-some profits from TNCs leave India
-TNCs may close operations in LICs and NEEs, causing job losses
-they can relocate factories to a different area of a country, taking advantage of local government incentives
-TNCs can cause environmental problems from factories
-TNC working conditions are poor and dangerous with bad wages.

75
Q

How are India’s political relationships?

A

-Pakistan and China both disagree with India over who owns some of the land on the border
-leading to tension between the 3 countries, increasing risk of conflict
-India has build relationships with other nations in region
-India is working with neighbours to build the TAPI pipeline carrying natural gas from Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan through to India

76
Q

How are India’s trading relationships?

A

-trade is very important to India’s economy
-the governments limits imports and exports since 1991-they have reduced barriers to trade by reducing tariffs and forming free trade agreements
-e.g. Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements with Bangladesh, China, South Korea and Sri Lanka.

-TNC’s account for a large proportion of global trade as more foreign companies start up in India- trade increases.

77
Q

Explain what Short-term aid is and give an example

A

Money and supplies are given to help countries cope with emergencies
-it helps people survive disasters
e.g. in 2001, the UK sent £10m and rescue teams to help clean up the devastating aftermath

78
Q

Explain what Long-term aid is and give an example

A

Money is invested in longer-term projects to help countries become more developed
-helps India develop, by improving infrastructure or education
e.g. Until 2015 the UK sent £200 million to India to improve education, healthcare and sanitation in the poorest areas

79
Q

Explain what Top-down aid is and give an example

A

An organisation or the government decides how aid should be used
-improves the economy, but may not help the poorest people
e.g. The dam in Gujarat provides water for drinking and generates hydro-electric power, but its construction displaced over 300,000 people

80
Q

Explain what Bottom-up aid is and give an example

A

Money or supplies are given directly to local communities so they decide how to use it
-used where it is needed most, improves health, skills and income in poor communities
e.g. the SEWA (self-employed women’s association) has trained local women to maintain and repair water pumps in Gujarat, increasing skills.

81
Q

Give two ways economic development has impacted India.

A

-quality of life
-environment

82
Q

how has India’s quality of life been impacted by economic development?

A

-jobs and wages have increased, improving their life
-clean water access has increased
-however, some industrial jobs can be dangerous or have poor working conditions, reducing worker’s quality of life

83
Q

how has India’s environment been impacted by economic development?

A

-their energy consumption has increased
-fossil fuels are affordable, releasing lots of of pollution and greenhouse gases
-The capital Delhi has the worst pollution in the world
-demand for resources leads to habitat destruction
-increases income from this means people an afford to protect the environment rather than exploiting it unsustainably.

84
Q

How has the Uk’s economy changed?

A

used to be based on manufacturing, now it is tertiary and Quaternary industries growing

85
Q

name important industries which are growing in the UK’s economy

A

-services (retail and entertainment -4 million people employed)
-information technology (IT companies- 670,000 employed)
-finance (e.g. HSBC)
-research (research and development) - using skilled graduates

86
Q

where are science and business parks usually found?

A

-on the outskirts of cities near to housing and good transport links
-near universities so they can work with university researchers

87
Q

why have the number of science and business parks grown?

A

-large and growing demand for high-tech products
-UK has high number of respected research universities for these places to form links with
-groups of related businesses in one place can boost each other

88
Q

name the 3 main causes of economic development in the UK

A

de-industrialisation

globalisation

government policies

89
Q

how has de-industrialisation caused economic change in the UK?

A

-as industries decline, jobs are lost in manufacturing
-other countries industrialised and produce cheaper products, so UK industries close

90
Q

how has globalisation caused economic change in the UK

A

-lots of manufacturing has moved overseas, reducing labour costs
-TNC’s move their tertiary and Quaternary businesses to the UK

91
Q

how has government policies caused economic change in the UK?

A

-industries become owned and therefore are run by the government, leading to job losses
-lots of tax restrictions have been removed, to more investors move to the UK, helping to attract tertiary and quaternary industries
-membership of trade agreements and organisations makes it easier for companies in the UK to operate across the world.

92
Q

what impacts have industries created on the enviroment?

A

-factories release greenhouse gases
-extracting raw materials destroy habitats and release toxic chemicals into water sources

93
Q

how are modern industrial developments helping the enviroment?

A

they are being more sustainable
-increasing energy and water costs
-strict env regulations
-more awareness

94
Q

to improve the transport network, what is the UK improving?

A

-roads
-railways
-airports
-ports

95
Q

how have roads improved the UK’s transport network?

A

-capacity on motorways is being increased with extra lanes
e.g. the M4 had new road capacity added

96
Q

how have railway improved the UK’s transport network?

A

-crossrail will increase central London’s rail capacity
-HS2 line increases capacity and allows faster journeys between Birmingham and London

97
Q

how have airports improved the UK’s transport network?

A

-new runway in Heathrow airport- over 700 planes a day
-this increases noise and air pollution, and increases greenhouse gases

98
Q

how have ports improved the UK’s transport network?

A

Example: Liverpool2
* a new container terminal constructed at the port of Liverpool.
* The project doubles its capacity to over £1.5 million a year
* £300 million
* 2016
* Created thousands of jobs, boosted NW economy and reduced pressures on congested roads.

99
Q

how is the UK connected to the wider world?

A

-trade
-culture
-transport
-electronic communication

100
Q

how has trade made strong connections for the UK globally?

A

-UK trades globally, exports are worth over £160 billion per year
-major links to europe, asia and usa

101
Q

culture- strong links to other countries UK

A

-strong creative industries means it’s culture is exported globally
-immigration helps shape the culture in food, music and art

102
Q

transport- strong links to other countries UK

A

-channel tunnel provides route to mainland europe
-large airports act as an international hub

103
Q

electronic communications- strong links to other countries UK

A

-telephones and internet improve communication
-the trans-atlantc cables link europe with usa- routed via uk

104
Q

Name two economic and political links from the UK with other countries

A

The EU and The Commonwealth

105
Q

how has the EU provided the UK links to other countries?

A

-27 countries
-goods and people can move freely between these countries
-we left in 2020

106
Q

how has the commonwealth provided the UK links to other countries?

A

-54 states
-promotes co-operation between member countries
e.g. trade, aid and sport

107
Q

what is the case study for population decline in the UK?

A

South Lakeland, Cumbria
or
The Outer Herbides

108
Q

describe how The Outer Herbides is experiencing population decline.

A

-decreased by 0.8% from 2005 to 2015
-decline in jobs from agriculture and manufacturing
-economic impacts such as shops closing, affecting employment and the local economy
-social impacts such as younger people are leaving, more old people, straining the medical services and social care
-schools and other services may close

-outward migration of young people
-falling number of school children
-ageing population
-seasonal tourism
-more investment needed in infrastructure

109
Q

what is the case study for population growth in the UK?

A

North Somerset in South west England

110
Q

describe how Somerset is experiencing population growth.

A

-increased by 7.8% from 2005 to 2015
-people moving because of the easy access to Bristol
-economic impacts such as house prices increasing, employment and wages are above the national average
-social impacts such as congested roads, pressured services
-elderly people moving increasing pressure on healthcare

111
Q

what is the North-South divide?

A

-growth of post-industrial service industry benefiting the south
-economic and social indicators positively helping the south more than the north

112
Q

what is some evidence for the North-South divide?

A

-wages are lower in the north
-health is worse in the north-life expectancy is different
-education, such as GCSE are better in the south than in the midlands or north

-not everything is worse in north

113
Q

give 3 ways the government is trying to reduce the North-South divide in the UK?

A

-developing more powers
-enterprise zones
-northern powerhouse

114
Q

how is developing more powers reducing the North-South divide in the UK?

A

-more money can be spent on schemes that best benefit the local community
-better transport or regeneration projects turn disused buildings into modern office spaces to attract businesses to the area.

115
Q

how is creating enterprise zones reducing the North-South divide in the UK?

A

-50 have been created in the UK
-companies get:
reduced taxes, simpler planning rules, financial benefits and
improved infrastructure
-these encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs and income helping reduce the gap

116
Q

describe an example of an enterprise zone in the UK.

A

Lancashire
-deindustrialisation lead to factory closures and job losses
-created 50,000 new jobs by 2023
-the new hub supported over 400 new businesses
-new M6 helped transportation
-BT investment for superfast broadband in the area
-rural areas can enter the quaternary sector of industry

117
Q

how is the northern powerhouse reducing the North-South divide in the UK?

A

-the government’s plan to reduce the divide by attractung investment into the north and improving transport links between northern cities.
-money towards superfast broadband and improving schools
-been noticed that it doesn’t focus on smaller towns and cities, only large cities such as manchester

Geography (9 decks)

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