Paper 2B The Changing Economic World Flashcards
1
Q
what is development?
A
the progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare
2
Q
what is the development gap?
A
the difference in development between more and less developed countries.
3
Q
name 2 economic factors of measuring development.
A
gross national income
gni per head
4
Q
name all 7 social factors of measuring development.
A
birth rate
death rate
infant mortality rate
people per doctor
literacy rate
access to safe water
life expectancy
5
Q
what is GNI?
A
Gross National Income is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
6
Q
what is the GNI per head?
A
GNI divided by the population of a country.
7
Q
what is the birth rate?
A
the number of live births per thousand of the population per year
8
Q
what is the death rate?
A
the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
9
Q
what is the infant mortality rate?
A
the number of babies who die before they are 1 year old, per thousand babies born
10
Q
what is the people per doctor?
A
the average number of people for each doctor
11
Q
what is the literacy rate?
A
the percentage of adults who can read and write
12
Q
what is access to safe water?
A
the percentage of people who can get clean drinking water
13
Q
what is the life expectancy?
A
the average age a person can expect to live to.
14
Q
how can GNI per head be misleading?
A
-it is an average which doesn’t show the variations in a country
15
Q
how can social indicators also be misleading?
A
they are used on their own, as a country develops, over factors may develop before.
16
Q
how is the GNI per head in HIC?
A
they are wealthy countries where GNI per head is high
17
Q
how is the GNI per head in LIC?
A
they are the poorest countries where the GNI per head is very low
18
Q
how is the GNI per head in NEE?
A
they are rapidly getting richer as their economy moves form primary industry to secondary industry. it’s wealth is constantly changing.
19
Q
how is HDI calculated?
A
using income, life expectancy and education level
20
Q
what does the combination of a country’s HDI tell you?
A
the country’s level of economic development and quality of life.
21
Q
what is the DTM
A
Demographic Transition Model
22
Q
describe stage 1 in the DTM
A
-very high birth rate
-very high death rate
-zero population growth
-population size is low and steady
e.g. tribes in Brazil
23
Q
describe stage 2 in the DTM
A
-high birth rate
-rapidly falling death rate
-very high population growth rate
-population size is rapidly increasing
e.g. Gambia
24
Q
describe stage 3 in the DTM
A
-rapidly falling birth rate
-slowly falling death rate
-high population growth rate
-increasing population size
e.g. India
25
describe stage 4 in the DTM
-low birth rate
-low death rate
-zero population growth
-high population size
e.g. UK
26
describe stage 5 in the DTM
-slowly falling birth rate
-low death rate
-negative population growth
-slowly falling population size
e.g. Japan
27
describe stage 1 in terms of its development
it is the least developed
-birth rate is high as there is no contraception
-infant mortality rates are high
-death rate is high due to bad healthcare and famine
-low life expectancy
28
describe stage 2 it terms of its development
not very developed (LIC)
-birth rate is high
-economy is based in agriculture
-lots of children
-better healthcare increases life expectancy
-death rates fall
29
describe stage 3 in terms of its development
more developed (NEE)
-birth rates falls- contraception
-more women work instead of having children
-economy moves to manufacturing
-improved healthcare means the death rate falls
-life expectancy increases
30
describe stage 4 in terms of its development
most developed (HIC)
-low birth rates
-high standard of living
-healthcare is good
-death rate low
-life expectancy high
31
Name 4 physical factors that can affect how developed a country is
-poor climate
-poor farming land
-few raw materials
-natural disasters
32
how does a poor climate cause uneven development?
-if people have hot, cold or dry climates, little will grow
-little food can be produced, leading to malnutrition and a low quality of life
-there are fewer crops to sell
-less money to spend on goods and services
-government gets less money for taxes
-less money spent on developing country
33
how does a poor farming land cause uneven development?
-if there is steep or poor soil, growing crops is difficult
-they cannot graze animals to produce food
34
how does having few raw materials cause uneven development?
-countries have fewer products to export
-make less money, cannot spend on developing country
-some cannot afford infrastructure to export raw materials if they have lots (roads and ports cannot be built)
35
how does having lots of natural disasters cause uneven development?
-countries have to spend lots of money rebuilding
-they reduce the quality of life
-reducing the amount of money the government has to spend on developing the country
36
Name 3 economic factors that can cause uneven development
-poor trade links
-lots of debt
-economy based around primary industry
37
how can poor trade links cause uneven development?
-trades a small amount of goods and services between few countries
-makes little money to spend on development
38
how can lots of debt cause uneven development?
-poor countries borrow money from countries and international organisations
-the money has to be paid back so there's less money for development
39
how can an economy based on primary products cause uneven development?
-countries exporting primary products are less developed- not manufactured goods
-they are sold for less profit
-the prices can fall below the production cost
-wealthy countries can also force the costs to go down when they buy from poorer countries.
40
name 2 historical causes of uneven development
-colonisation
-conflict
41
how did colonisation cause uneven development?
-countries who were colonised where at a lower level of development
-colonisers removed raw materials and sold back manufactured goods
-so profits went to colonisers, increasing inequality
-it also prevented colonised countries from developing their own industries.
42
how did conflict cause uneven development?
-war can slow or reduce development
-money is spent on arms and training soldiers
-people are killed and infrastructure is damaged
-services are disrupted
-increasing infant mortality rates and decline in literacy rates
43
what 3 main consequences are caused from uneven development?
-wealth
-health
-international migration
44
how is wealth a consequence of uneven development?
-people in more developed countries have higher incomes
-wealth impacts people's standard of living as the wealthy can afford goods and services, making lives more comfortable and convenient
45
how is health a consequence of uneven development?
-healthcare is more better in more developed countries
-people in HICs live longer
-infant mortality is high in less developed countries
-In LICs and NEEs, the lack of adequate healthcare means that people die from diseases that can be easily treated in HICs
46
how is international migration a consequence of uneven development?
-LICs and NEEs move to HICs to escape conflict and improve quality of life
-people move for better paid jobs and a high quality of life
-migrant workers contribute to the economies of the HICs, increasing the development gap
47
Name all 7 strategies of reducing the development gap.
-investment
-aid
-fairtrade
-intermediate technology
-microfinance loans
-industrial development
-debt relief
48
how does investment reduce the development gap?
-FDI (foreign direct investment) is when people or companies buy property or invest in other countries
-FDI leads to better access to finance and tech, it improves infrastructure, industry and increases services
49
how does aid reduce the development gap?
-money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foreign government
-money is used for developing country e.g. dams, wells, schools etc
e.g. in 2018-19 the UK gave over £180 million to south Sudan funding 17 projects including improving access to water, healthcare and education
-aid helps, however it can run or it is wasted by corrupt governments.
50
how does FairTrade reduce the development gap?
-farmers in LICs getting a fair price for the goods they produce, to provide for their families
-companies wanting to sell products labelled 'fair trade' have to pay producers a fair price
-however, sometimes only some of the money reaches producers.
51
how does using intermediate technology reduce the development gap?
-includes tools, machines and systems that improve the quality of life
-they are simple to use, cheap and affordable to maintain and buy
-e.g. solar powered LED lighbulbs in Nepal allowing people to work and children to study after work- it is safer than kerosene lamps
-allows skills, incomes and industrial output to increase
52
how do microfinance loans reduce the development gap?
small loans are given to people in LICs to start their own business and become financially stable and independent
-e.g. people can invest in more live stock
-however, they can cause problems by encouraging people to get in debt
-it cannot reduce poverty on a large scale.
53
how does industrial development reduce the development gap?
-countries with low levels of development have agriculture as their main portion of their economy
-this boosts GNI and development, as productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved.
54
how does debt relief reduce the development gap?
when some or all of the country's debt is cancelled, so the country has more money to spend on development
e.g. in 2005 Zambia had $4 billion of debt cancelled, they started making money to start a free healthcare scheme for people in rural areas
55
Why did Jamaica have an uneven development gap?
-they are based on minerals, agriculture and some manufacturing
-it had suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployment
56
how did tourism grow in Jamaica?
-international air developments
-cruise liners
57
what were some benefits of tourism in Jamaica?
-generated taxes, employment and income
-tourism contributes to 24% of Jamaica's GDP
-more families can afford to send children to school and university as employment increases.
-provides 200,000 jobs for people (shops, hotels, banking and manufacturing)
-led to infrastructure developing in tourist areas
-conservation has provided jobs to protect habitats
-ecotourism is rising
58
what were some problems of tourism in Jamaica?
-average cruise tourist spends small amount ($70) per day
-lots of pollution from untreated sewage from hotels
-improvements to infrastructure have slowed down in remote areas
-lots of environmental problems, such as waste and emissions.
59
Describe India's location and importance. (generally)
-rapidly developing NEE
-2nd largest population in world
-major role of trade and politics in south Asia
-good trade links within the Indian ocean to south east Asia and the Middle East
60
why is India important globally?
-it exports services services and manufactured goods around the world
61
what is some polictical context for India?
-it was a British colony until 1947
-now has a democratically elected government
62
what is some social context for India?
-it has a medium level of development
-there are large inequalities as some people are very rich, while others very poor
-over 20% of the population lives in poverty
-education is improving, adult literacy rate is less than 75%
63
what is some cultural context for India?
-has a rich and diverse culture
-has over 22 officially recognised languages
-has many religions
-'Bollywood' films which are exported worldwide
64
what is some environmental context for India?
-has a varied landscape- Himalayas in North and Thar Desert in NW, as well as large areas of forest
-floodplains along many rivers provide fertile farmland
-it has a long coastline attracting tourists
-has many ports, increasing trade
65
how much % of the population works in the primary industry?
50%
e.g. agriculture
66
how much % of the population works in the secondary industry?
22%
e.g. manufacturing
67
how much % of the population works in the tertiary and quaternary industry?
29%
e.g. service and knowledge
but 54% of the gdp
68
How much of India's GDP do primary, secondary and tertiary and quaternary industries produce?
primary- 17%
secondary- 30%
tertiary and quaternary- 53%
69
what are TNC's?
Transnational corporations
-companies that operate in more than one country
70
Describe TNC factories and the features?
-located in lower income countries
-labour is cheaper
-fewer environmental and labour regulations
-make more profit
71
Describe TNC offices and headquaters and the features?
-located in high income countries
-more people with administrative skills
-(education is better)
72
give an example of a TNC that operates in India
Unilever
-one of the world's biggest food and consumer goods manufacturers
73
give some advantages of TNC's
-provide employment- Unilever employs 16000 people in India
-they have to pay tax of about 40% of their income to Indian government
-some run programs to increase development in India
e.g. Project Shakti helps poor women in rural areas become entrepreneurs by providing loans and products to sell products to sell- 75,000 women
74
give some disadvantages of TNC's
-some profits from TNCs leave India
-TNCs may close operations in LICs and NEEs, causing job losses
-they can relocate factories to a different area of a country, taking advantage of local government incentives
-TNCs can cause environmental problems from factories
-TNC working conditions are poor and dangerous with bad wages.
75
How are India's political relationships?
-Pakistan and China both disagree with India over who owns some of the land on the border
-leading to tension between the 3 countries, increasing risk of conflict
-India has build relationships with other nations in region
-India is working with neighbours to build the TAPI pipeline carrying natural gas from Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan through to India
76
How are India's trading relationships?
-trade is very important to India's economy
-the governments limits imports and exports since 1991-they have reduced barriers to trade by reducing tariffs and forming free trade agreements
-e.g. Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements with Bangladesh, China, South Korea and Sri Lanka.
-TNC's account for a large proportion of global trade as more foreign companies start up in India- trade increases.
77
Explain what Short-term aid is and give an example
Money and supplies are given to help countries cope with emergencies
-it helps people survive disasters
e.g. in 2001, the UK sent £10m and rescue teams to help clean up the devastating aftermath
78
Explain what Long-term aid is and give an example
Money is invested in longer-term projects to help countries become more developed
-helps India develop, by improving infrastructure or education
e.g. Until 2015 the UK sent £200 million to India to improve education, healthcare and sanitation in the poorest areas
79
Explain what Top-down aid is and give an example
An organisation or the government decides how aid should be used
-improves the economy, but may not help the poorest people
e.g. The dam in Gujarat provides water for drinking and generates hydro-electric power, but its construction displaced over 300,000 people
80
Explain what Bottom-up aid is and give an example
Money or supplies are given directly to local communities so they decide how to use it
-used where it is needed most, improves health, skills and income in poor communities
e.g. the SEWA (self-employed women's association) has trained local women to maintain and repair water pumps in Gujarat, increasing skills.
81
Give two ways economic development has impacted India.
-quality of life
-environment
82
how has India's quality of life been impacted by economic development?
-jobs and wages have increased, improving their life
-clean water access has increased
-however, some industrial jobs can be dangerous or have poor working conditions, reducing worker's quality of life
83
how has India's environment been impacted by economic development?
-their energy consumption has increased
-fossil fuels are affordable, releasing lots of of pollution and greenhouse gases
-The capital Delhi has the worst pollution in the world
-demand for resources leads to habitat destruction
-increases income from this means people an afford to protect the environment rather than exploiting it unsustainably.
84
How has the Uk's economy changed?
used to be based on manufacturing, now it is tertiary and Quaternary industries growing
85
name important industries which are growing in the UK's economy
-services (retail and entertainment -4 million people employed)
-information technology (IT companies- 670,000 employed)
-finance (e.g. HSBC)
-research (research and development) - using skilled graduates
86
where are science and business parks usually found?
-on the outskirts of cities near to housing and good transport links
-near universities so they can work with university researchers
87
why have the number of science and business parks grown?
-large and growing demand for high-tech products
-UK has high number of respected research universities for these places to form links with
-groups of related businesses in one place can boost each other
88
name the 3 main causes of economic development in the UK
de-industrialisation
globalisation
government policies
89
how has de-industrialisation caused economic change in the UK?
-as industries decline, jobs are lost in manufacturing
-other countries industrialised and produce cheaper products, so UK industries close
90
how has globalisation caused economic change in the UK
-lots of manufacturing has moved overseas, reducing labour costs
-TNC's move their tertiary and Quaternary businesses to the UK
91
how has government policies caused economic change in the UK?
-industries become owned and therefore are run by the government, leading to job losses
-lots of tax restrictions have been removed, to more investors move to the UK, helping to attract tertiary and quaternary industries
-membership of trade agreements and organisations makes it easier for companies in the UK to operate across the world.
92
what impacts have industries created on the enviroment?
-factories release greenhouse gases
-extracting raw materials destroy habitats and release toxic chemicals into water sources
93
how are modern industrial developments helping the enviroment?
they are being more sustainable
-increasing energy and water costs
-strict env regulations
-more awareness
94
to improve the transport network, what is the UK improving?
-roads
-railways
-airports
-ports
95
how have roads improved the UK's transport network?
-capacity on motorways is being increased with extra lanes
e.g. the M4 had new road capacity added
96
how have railway improved the UK's transport network?
-crossrail will increase central London's rail capacity
-HS2 line increases capacity and allows faster journeys between Birmingham and London
97
how have airports improved the UK's transport network?
-new runway in Heathrow airport- over 700 planes a day
-this increases noise and air pollution, and increases greenhouse gases
98
how have ports improved the UK's transport network?
Example: Liverpool2
* a new container terminal constructed at the port of Liverpool.
* The project doubles its capacity to over £1.5 million a year
* £300 million
* 2016
* Created thousands of jobs, boosted NW economy and reduced pressures on congested roads.
99
how is the UK connected to the wider world?
-trade
-culture
-transport
-electronic communication
100
how has trade made strong connections for the UK globally?
-UK trades globally, exports are worth over £160 billion per year
-major links to europe, asia and usa
101
culture- strong links to other countries UK
-strong creative industries means it's culture is exported globally
-immigration helps shape the culture in food, music and art
102
transport- strong links to other countries UK
-channel tunnel provides route to mainland europe
-large airports act as an international hub
103
electronic communications- strong links to other countries UK
-telephones and internet improve communication
-the trans-atlantc cables link europe with usa- routed via uk
104
Name two economic and political links from the UK with other countries
The EU and The Commonwealth
105
how has the EU provided the UK links to other countries?
-27 countries
-goods and people can move freely between these countries
-we left in 2020
106
how has the commonwealth provided the UK links to other countries?
-54 states
-promotes co-operation between member countries
e.g. trade, aid and sport
107
what is the case study for population decline in the UK?
South Lakeland, Cumbria
or
The Outer Herbides
108
describe how The Outer Herbides is experiencing population decline.
-decreased by 0.8% from 2005 to 2015
-decline in jobs from agriculture and manufacturing
-economic impacts such as shops closing, affecting employment and the local economy
-social impacts such as younger people are leaving, more old people, straining the medical services and social care
-schools and other services may close
-outward migration of young people
-falling number of school children
-ageing population
-seasonal tourism
-more investment needed in infrastructure
109
what is the case study for population growth in the UK?
North Somerset in South west England
110
describe how Somerset is experiencing population growth.
-increased by 7.8% from 2005 to 2015
-people moving because of the easy access to Bristol
-economic impacts such as house prices increasing, employment and wages are above the national average
-social impacts such as congested roads, pressured services
-elderly people moving increasing pressure on healthcare
111
what is the North-South divide?
-growth of post-industrial service industry benefiting the south
-economic and social indicators positively helping the south more than the north
112
what is some evidence for the North-South divide?
-wages are lower in the north
-health is worse in the north-life expectancy is different
-education, such as GCSE are better in the south than in the midlands or north
-not everything is worse in north
113
give 3 ways the government is trying to reduce the North-South divide in the UK?
-developing more powers
-enterprise zones
-northern powerhouse
114
how is developing more powers reducing the North-South divide in the UK?
-more money can be spent on schemes that best benefit the local community
-better transport or regeneration projects turn disused buildings into modern office spaces to attract businesses to the area.
115
how is creating enterprise zones reducing the North-South divide in the UK?
-50 have been created in the UK
-companies get:
reduced taxes, simpler planning rules, financial benefits and
improved infrastructure
-these encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs and income helping reduce the gap
116
describe an example of an enterprise zone in the UK.
Lancashire
-deindustrialisation lead to factory closures and job losses
-created 50,000 new jobs by 2023
-the new hub supported over 400 new businesses
-new M6 helped transportation
-BT investment for superfast broadband in the area
-rural areas can enter the quaternary sector of industry
117
how is the northern powerhouse reducing the North-South divide in the UK?
-the government's plan to reduce the divide by attractung investment into the north and improving transport links between northern cities.
-money towards superfast broadband and improving schools
-been noticed that it doesn't focus on smaller towns and cities, only large cities such as manchester
