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Geography > Paper 2A Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Paper 2A Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanization?

A

the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

how is the rate of urbanisation different in HIC?

A

-they are more economically developed, most have already experienced urbanisation
-so the rate is low, usually under 1%

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3
Q

how is the rate of urbanisation different in NEE?

A

-countries where economic development is increasingly rapidly.
-rate is typically around 2%

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4
Q

how is the rate of urbanisation different in LIC?

A

-less economically developed
-high rates - up to 6%

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5
Q

What is rural to urban migration

A

the movement of people form the countryside to cities

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6
Q

what are push factors

A

factors that encourage people to leave an area

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7
Q

give some examples of push factors

A

-natural disasters can damage property or farmland which is costly
-mechanised agricultural equipment needs less workers so there are fewer jobs.
-desertification makes land unproductive so people can’t support themselves.

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8
Q

what are pull factors

A

factors which encourage people to move to an area

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9
Q

give some examples of pull factors

A

-more jobs in urban areas that are better paid
-better healthcare and education opportunities
-family members may live in that area already
-people may have a better quality of life

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10
Q

what is natural increase

A

when birth rates exceeds death rates, more people are bring born than dying so the population grows.

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11
Q

what is the location and importance of mumbai?

A

-located on the western coast of India
-estimated population of 20 million people
-it is India’s biggest city and the 4th largest in the world
-it has a large economic importance

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12
Q

what is the regional importance of mumbai?

A

-3 million people commute from surrounding areas for work here
-the population is always growing, attracting the young workforce
-city contributes to 40% total income of the whole state of Maharashtra
-Hi-tech industry is growing online banking, call centres and software.

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13
Q

what is the national importance of Mumbai?

A

-one of India’s dominant urban centres
-one of the largest and most densely populated cities in the world.
-70% of India’s maritime trade
-25% of India’s industrial output
-the reserve bank of india is in mumbai, as well as other leading banks
-Bollywood is their largest film industry
-highest % of internet access of any Indian city.
-transport hub with links to all major industrial cities in India

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14
Q

what is the international importance of Mumbai?

A

-city receives the largest amount of foreign investment of any other city in India
-largest number of international companies in Asia
-its tourism industry is booming.

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15
Q

Why is Mumbai growing?

A

grown due to natural increase and migration

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16
Q

How is natural increase making Mumbai’s population grow rapidly?

A

-birth rates exceeding death rates
-Mumbai has a fertility rate of around 2 children per women
-1 million extra people are born each year (5%)

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17
Q

Pull factors leading to migration to Mumbai

A

pull factors:
-educational opportunities (schools + unis)
-better healthcare (dentists + hospitals)
-water, electricity and sewage services
-friends and family have already moved
-better jobs with higher wages

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18
Q

Push factors leading to migration to Mumbai

A

-education and health is lower in rural areas
-agricultural jobs are harder to find
-only large farms can afford chemicals and machines
-young people see farming as hard work (long hours and low pay)

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19
Q

List Mumbai’s social opportunities

A

-healthcare and education
-water supply
-energy

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20
Q

How has access to healthcare and education improved Mumbai?

A

-The city has more hospitals than any other city in India
-admits over 60,000 patients yearly

-there are over 1000 primary and secondary schools in Mumbai
-Mumbai’s literacy rate is 89.7% in comparison to India’s 74.%
-it has a world-renowned university.

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21
Q

How has access to a water supply improved Mumbai?

A

-has a central water supply managed by the government
-however the rapid growth has pressured water supplies
-people in non-notified slums do not have water supplies

-squatter settlements have put pressure on sewage systems- hundreds of people share a single toilet.
-The MUMBAI SLUM SANITATION PROJECT aims to improve sanitation facilities for up to a million people across the city.

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22
Q

How has access to energy improved Mumbai?

A

-many squatter settlements don’t have access to this, and rely on bottled gas for cooking and heating -expensive and very dangerous
-fumes can cause health problems
-in 2016 they agreed to make safe electrical connections to these places in Mumbai

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23
Q

Challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai.

How have squatter settlements caused challenges in Mumbai?

A

-the overcrowding blocks are still in demand because they are cheap to rent
-they are poorly constructed
-Dharavi is Mumbai’s biggest squatter settlement, 1.2 million people in a square mile
-it lies between two railway lines- used to be used as a rubbish tip
CONDITIONS ARE CHALLENGING:
-people live by open sewers
-children play with sewage waste
-average of 4,000 cases of typhoid and
diphtheria each day
-water is rationed- no supply
-average of 1 toilet per 1,450 people
-under 60 life expectancy

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23
Q

How has urban growth in Mumbai caused economic opportunities?

A

-it is the commercial and financial capital of India
-has the largest number of TNC headquarters in Asia
-home to the Indian stock market
-has the busiest port and airports in India
-specialized tech industries (aerospace, medical research, computers etc)
-high demands for goods and services- creating employment opportunities
-25% of India’s industrial production is in Mumbai.

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24
How has not having access to clean water, sanitation systems and energy caused challenges in Mumbai?
-60% of Mumbai''s population rely on communal taps -only 60% of households are connected to sewage systems. -800 million litres of untreated sewage enter the river every day -80% of waste is recycled in Mumbai -work is hazardous
25
How has bad access to health and education services caused challenges in Mumbai?
-urbanisation puts lots of pressure on health and education services. -schools are overcrowded -shortage of teachers
26
How has unemployment and crime caused challenges in Mumbai?
-economic growth has not been fast enough to create enough jobs for the available workforce -unemployment is common -most people work in the low paid, little job security and dangerous "informal sector". -these workers don't pay tax on their earnings to the government -3rd highest crime rate city in India -nearly 1/3 of the population have been victims of crime
27
How has enviromental issues caused challenges in Mumbai?
-waste disposal causes millions of tonnes of waste to enter the Mithi river annually. -many water pipes run close to sewers, they leak and contaminate water -Mumbai had the 6th highest level of air pollution in India -people are dependent on public transport, they are often overcrowded -lots of traffic congestion -train and bus networks do not have enough capacity to meet demand. 3500 people die on Mumbai's railway track each year.
28
How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai?
VISION MUMBAI- to improve Dharavi -construction of sewage treatment and water recycling -street lighting -solar panels on roof for electricity -pedestrianised areas -CCTV to improve security
29
How is the population distribution in the UK
VERY UNEVEN
30
How is the population in upland areas such as north Scotland?
-sparsely populated -few natural resources
31
How is the population in coastal areas?
-attract human settlements -can build ports
32
How is the population in low land areas?
-most urban areas develop here -easier to build on and climate is milder here
33
what are the four distinct zones in cities and describe their features.
The Central Business District (CBD) is usually in the middle of a city, most services are here. The inner city has a mix of land uses, mainly houses but also businesses and recreational parks. The suburbs are found near the edge of the city- mainly residential areas The rural-urban fringe is on the edge of the city- farmland and open spaces- new houses, large retail and business parks.
34
Change in UK cities- Birmingham What is it's national importance?
-located near the geographic centre of England -UK's second largest city -5 major universities -national transport connections through road, rail and Grand Central station and HS2 -£31 billion of investment in infrastructure in the next decade -nearly 35 million people visited in 2015
35
What is Birmingham's international importance?
-60,000 students in the five major unis from across the globe -rated among on the top 15 cities in Europe to locate a business -international transport connections, airport -home to 31,000 companies -home to global law, accountancy, property, banking and insurance businesses. -large employers include BBC, Jaguar Land rover -60,000 work in leisure and tourism industries
36
Why is it's population important?
-one of the most culturally diverse cities in the UK's -Europe 'youngest' city
37
Birmingham's migration and migration history
-source regions include: Poland, Africa, India, and the Middle East. -Has a long history of welcoming migrants- Jewish people fleeing Russia and Nazi's -Many polish refugees came to Birmingham after WW2 -increasing migration from new EU member states -migration gives us rich cultural heritage and multi- cultural communities -can be seen through restaurants (Chinatown) and events (Diwali celebrations)
38
Birmingham's Opportunities - Education and Culture
-5 unis -young and vibrant city -well educated population, largest number of business start ups outside of London.- retail, leisure, finance, tech. -Uni has a BioBub for medical research -good transport links allows migrants to move and access these opportunities -strong historical and cultural factors e.g. Hippodrome, museums, art galleries, NEC and ICC brings in tourists. -regenerated city centre -Bullring is one of the biggest shopping centres in Europe
39
-Integrated transport system
-rail links are good -good connectivity by road and buses -improvement of cycle ways and walkways Grand Central Station is a world-class station -improves the physical environment -the new John Lewis created 650 jobs. HS2 -high speed rail will cut journey times from Birmingham to London by over 30 minutes
40
-Making Birmingham Green
-has over 500 parks and green spaces e.g. Botanical Gardens 'BIRMINGHAM GREEN VISION': -tree planting and urban greenways -green roofs and walls -enhancing cycleways -developing recreational spaces -encouraging outdoor leisure activities
40
Birmingham's Challenges -Urban deprivation
-declining industry has led to brownfield sites -a spiral of decline results from this loss of industry -in 2015, it was ranked the 3rd most deprived city in England -it is heavily clustered around the city centre.
41
-Environmental Challenges
-air pollution due to vehicles and modern heating systems is a problem. -hopefully new cycle routes should encourage people to cycle, reduce traffic and harmful vehicle emissions.
42
-Urban Sprawl/Housing
-as population increases, the demand for housing increases -building on brownfield (expensive as they require clearing) and greenfield sites (cheaper but has long term environmental implications). -there is a range of land use demand on the rural urban fringe: transport, settlements, retail parks and leisure developments. -there is always huge pressure on transport and the environment due to people moving to the centre form outskirts.
43
-Waste Disposal
-landfill sites are used too much -causing methane production- greenhouse gas However to manage this there are recycling centres and energy recovery sites.
44
Birmingham's Regeneration What was the plan called?
Birmingham's Big City Plan
45
Why did Birmingham need regeneration?
-during it's industrial period, it developed as a major industrial area -At it's peak, Longbridge produced over 1/3 of a million cars in 1965. -from 1970 a decline started
46
Where were the 5 areas that the plan proposed to transform by 2030? And what were they changing about them?
-Westside (commercial space, new library, 4* hotel) -Snow Hill (office spaces, public spaces and transport links, 4000 new homes and 10,000 jobs) -Eastside (HS2 station, Development of City Uni, 2000 new homes, 30,000 new jobs) -New Street Station (turning it into a world-class station, improving links and environment, new John Lewis -650 jobs) -Southern Gateway (retail markers, 1000 homes, city centre pathways, leisure facilities, 300 jobs)
47
What was the Longbridge Regeneration Plan?
-aimed to completely regenerate the former MG Rover car plant site
48
How many new homes and jobs did the Longbridge Plan aim to create?
-1300 new homes -7500 jobs
49
What did the Longbridge Regeneration Plan plan to do?
-a tech park -£70 million town centre -Hotel, restaurants and leisure developments -Bourneville College -£66 million -Office spaces -residential developments -warehousing and industrial facilities.
50
Advantages of Regeneration
-Job creation -Improvement to living environment -Increased economic input and output revenue -Increased leisure facilities.
51
Disadvantages of Regeneration
-Houses become unaffordable for existing residents -Increased noise pollution -Increased air pollution -Increased congestion
52
Sustainable Urban Living -What does sustainable urban living mean?
-living in way that lets people meet their needs now without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future.
53
How can cities be more sustainable?
they can: -conserve water -conserve energy
54
What and how do water conservation schemes help sustainability?
They only take as much water from the environment that can be naturally replaced. -collecting rainwater -installing toilets that flush less water -installing water meters- pay for water used -encouraging people to use less water (turn off taps when not in use)
55
What and how do energy conservation schemes help sustainability?
They reduce the use of fossil fuels which may run out and contribute to climate change. -promoting renewable energy use -being energy efficient in homes e.g. solar panels -making sure that new homes meet the minimum energy efficiency requirements -encouraging people to use cars less and more public transport.
56
How can creating green spaces help a city become more sustainable?
these ensure that people want to stay where they live and work -provide naturally cooler areas where people can relax in hot weather -encourage people to exercise more and use other transport methods e.g. bike -make people happier- break from noise of city. environmental benefits: -reduce air pollution -reduce risk of flooding (reducing surface runoff)
57
How can recycling waste help a city become more sustainable?
-more recycling means fewer resources are used -reducing amount going into landfill - which is unsustainable and it can release greenhouse gases
58
what do waste recycling schemes include:
-kerbside collections of recyclable materials -building facilities to recycle larger items -website where items are offered for free instead of being thrown away.
59
Traffic management -why is traffic congestion a big problem in urban areas? (environmental, economic and social problems)
Environmental problems: -more traffic, increases air pollution- releases greenhouse gases- climate change Economic problems: -congestion can make people late for work and delay deliveries- companies lose money Social problems: -high chance of accidents -causes frustration for drivers -health issues for cyclists, walkers (breath in fumes) -delay emergency vehicles.
60
How can public transport reduce traffic congestion? (example)
-less congestion -less pollution from running cars e.g. in London: -the underground system takes 3 million people off the roads each day -self-service bikes are available to hire and cheaper than other public transport methods.
61
How can traffic flow be managed?
-ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets keep traffic away form city centre- making it safer and less polluted -bus priority lanes stop them being in stuck in traffic. -parking restrictions make sure parked cars don't block traffic flow on narrow roads -congestion chargers discourages drivers from entering the city centre at peak times.
62
Example of managed traffic flow.
Curitiba's Bus rapid transit (BRT) system uses dedicated bus lanes to ensure that journeys are quick -over 700,000 passengers each day -main shopping centre is pedestrianised-encouraging people to leave their cars at home.
63
BedZed key facts
-UK's first large-scale mixed use sustainable community -100 homes -there is 1 car per 3 people -save on energy, water and car emissions -most of the houses and flats are solar heated- excess is sent to local grid -energy efficient appliances and lighting -highly insulated and well ventilated -Eco-village saves water- dual flush toilets, water efficient taps and showers

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