Paper 2: Topic 7 Ecology - Food production Flashcards
Define food security
Food security is having enough food to feed a population
State 6 biological factors which are threatening food security
- The increasing birth rate has threatened food security in some countries
- Changing diets in developed countries means scarce food
- Resources are transported around the world
- New pests and pathogens that affect farming environmental changes that affect food production, such as widespread famine occurring in some countries if rains fail
- The cost of agricultural inputs
- Conflicts that have arisen in some parts of the world which affect the availability of water or food.
State 6 possible causes for famine
- Droughts
- Crop failure
- Increasing costs of farming
- New pathogens and pets
- Armed conflict
- Natural disasters
State 4 reasons why there are greater demands on our food supplies now compared to the past
- Growing Human population (increasing birth rate and longer lifespans)
- Changing diets
- New pests and pathogens affecting farming
- Environmental changes e.g. warmer winters, less rain
State 3 methods that Governments are trying to improve food security
- Increasing productivity
- Preventing over-fishing
- Supporting biotechnology to develop food production methods
State the cause of the reduction of fish stocks in the UK
Over-fishing
Give 4 reasons why over-fishing is of concern to Governments
- It reduces the fish population
- So there is less fish to feed the Human population
- It also has an effect on food chains
- Some species of fish are at risk of becoming extinct e.g. North West Atlantic cod
State 4 ways fish stocks can be maintained and conserved
- Setting and enforcement of fishing quotas
- Specifying minimum and maximum mesh sizes (nets with larger mesh size so the younger fish can escape and continue to grow and reproduce)
- Restriction on fishing times e.g. limit the number of days or have closed seasons (when the fish are breeding)
- Setting up no-take zones
State 3 ways food production can be made more efficient in farming
- Restrict the movement of the animals
- Keep them in a temperature-controlled environment
- Feed the animals high protein diets
Explain why restricting animal movement increases food productivity
- If the animals are caged or not allowed to move freely then they will use less energy for movement
- This will mean more energy is available to generate biomass
- So the animals will grow larger and /or produce more milk or eggs etc
Explain why keeping animals in a temperature-controlled environment increases food productivity
- If the animals are kept at an optimal temperature then they will use less energy for maintaining their body temperature
- This will mean more energy is available to generate biomass
- So the animals will grow larger and /or produce more milk or eggs etc
Explain why feeding animals a high protein diet increases food productivity
- This will mean more amino acids are available to generate biomass
- So the animals will grow larger and /or produce more milk or eggs etc
Define intensive farming
Agriculture (both arable and pastoral) on a large scale
State 5 negative impacts that intensive farming may have on ecosystems
- Use of large scale machinery cause air pollution
- Use of chemical fertilisers can lead to eutrophication
- Use of pesticides can disrupt food chains and decrease biodiversity
- Use of antibiotics in animal livestock can lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- Use of large scale machinery can lead to removal of hedgerows and destruction of habitats
Give 5 differences between organic farming (OF) and intensive farming (IF)
- OF uses natural fertilisers e.g. manure vs IF which uses chemical fertilisers
- OF uses natural pesticides e.g. ladybirds to eat aphids vs IF which uses chemical pesticides
- OF uses crop rotation vs IF which uses large scale monocultures
- OF allows fields to lie fallow to replenish nutrients vs IF constantly uses all land and applies more chemical fertilisers each season
- OF keeps free range stock vs IF uses cages and barns to restrict the movement of livestock
Describe the effect organic and intensive farming have on biodiversity
- OF conserves and protects biodiversity
- IF reduces biodiversity
Define the term herbicide
a substance that is toxic to plants, used to destroy unwanted vegetation
Define the term insecticide
a substance that is toxic to insects
Define the term pesticide
a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals
Name a food source produced by Biotechnology
Mycoprotein