Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Digestive system & enzymes (LV) Flashcards
Define the terms
a) enzyme
b) active site
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered or used up itself in the reaction
Active site: a small dent on the surface of the enzyme where the substrate binds to form and ESC and where the chemical reaction takes place.
State what type of molecule enzymes are
Proteins
A large molecule made from many amino acids joined together
Hint: remember all proteins are made by ribosomes
State 4 factors that affect the activity of enzymes
pH
temperature
concentration of enzyme
concentration of substrate
Define the term substrate
A chemical that is used in the reaction and is converted to the product
Define the term product
The chemical that is made at the end of a chemical reaction
State the two different types of chemical reaction
Catabolic
Anabolic
Define the terms
a) catabolic reaction
b) anabolic reaction
a) catabolic:
A chemical reaction that breaks down the substrate(s) into smaller product(s)
b) anabolic:
A chemical reaction that builds up smaller substrates into a larger molecule (the product)
Define the term metabolism
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place inside a cell which includes all the catacbolic and anabolic reactions
Describe the structure of an enzyme
An enzyme has a dip on its surface (called the active site)
The active site has a complementary shape to its specific substrate
Explain why enzymes are specific
Each enzyme has an active site that is unique to specific substrates for one chemical reaction
The active site is only complementary to one substrate
Hence each enzyme can only catalyse one specific reaction
Describe the relationship between the active site and the substrate
They are complementary to each other
Hint: do NOT say they are the same as each other
Name the model that describes how enzymes work
Lock and key theory
IMPORTANT:
When annotating a diagram remember to add descriptions onto your diagram e.g.
- the active site is complementary to the substrate
- the substrate is specific to the enzyme’s active site
Explain the lock and key theory model
The active site on an enzyme acts as a lock
The complementary substrate acts as a key that fits into the active site (lock)
This forms the enzyme-substrate complex
The chemical reaction then takes place
The substrate is converted to the product
The product is released
The enzyme remains unaltered and can carry out further identical reactions
Define the term enzyme-substrate complex
An enzyme that has it specific substrate bound to it’s active site
Explain the effect of low temperatures on enzyme activity
- At low temperatures both the substrate and enzyme have very little kinetic energy
- There are very few collisions between the substrate and the active site
- Very few enzyme-substrate complexes form
- Hence very little product is made in any given period of time
- The enzyme is described as inactive
- The rate of reaction is very low
Explain the effect of high temperatures on enzyme activity
- At high temperatures both the substrate and enzyme have a high amount of kinetic energy
- There are many collisions between the substrate and the active site
- However the high temperature changes the shape of the enzyme
- This alters the shape of the active site
- The substrate is no longer complementary to the active site
- NO enzyme-substrate complexes form
- NO product is made in any given period of time
- The enzyme is described as denatured
- The rate of reaction is zero
Why is it incorrect to say an enzyme is dead?
All enzymes are just proteins
They are not living and so can’t be killed
They are just specialised chemical molecules
Describe the effect the optimum temperatures on enzyme activity
- At the optimum temperatures both the substrate and enzyme have very high kinetic energy
- There are many collisions between the substrate and the active site
- High numbers of enzyme-substrate complexes form
- Hence a lot of product is made in any given period of time
- The enzyme is described as working at its maximum rate
- The rate of reaction is at its maximum
What is the typical optimum temperature for human enzymes?
37oC
Describe how an enzyme is denatured and the effect this has
How an enzyme is denatured:
- At high temperatures the bonds holding the enzyme in its specific shape break
- This changes the shape of the enzyme including the shape of the active site
The effect of denatureing an enzyme:
- The active site is no longer complementary to its substrate
- So no reaction can take place and no product is made
Name an human enzyme that works at an optimal pH of 1-2 (acidic)
Pepsin
Remember this enzyme is found in the stomach and must be able to work efficiently in acidic conditions due to the hydrochloric acid in the stomach
State 2 human enzymes that work at an optimal pH of 7 (neutral)
Amylase
Catalase
Lipase
Carbohydrases
Proteases (except trypsin)
How do you calculate the rate of reaction?
Amount of product formed divided by the time
In an experiment how can you control the temperature to ensure you are carrying out a fair test?
Use a thermostatically controlled water bath
Hint: don’t just say water bath
In an experiment how can you control the pH to ensure you are carrying out a fair test?
Use buffer solutions to keep the pH of the experiment constant
Buffers work by keeping the pH constant