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Aqa Gcse Chemistry > Paper 2 - Topic 10, Using Resources > Flashcards

Paper 2 - Topic 10, Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an alloy

A

A metal compound made by combining two or more metals together, this process is carried out to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion

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2
Q

What is bioleaching

A

Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

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3
Q

What is borosilicate glass

A

Glass made from boron trioxide and melts at higher temps to soda lime glass

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4
Q

What are composites

A
  • composites usually made of two materials, a matrix or binder surrounding and binding together fibres or fragments of the other material, this is called reinforcement
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5
Q

What is corrosion

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment eg rusting

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6
Q

What is desalination

A

The process of removing salt from seawater

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7
Q

What is displacement

A

A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound

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8
Q

What is electrolysis

A

The splitting up of an ionic compound using electricity, the electric current is passed through a substance causing chemical reactions at the electrodes and the decomposition of the materials

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9
Q

What is electroplating

A

The process of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal by electrolysis to improve the metals corrosion resistance

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10
Q

What are finite resources

A

Non-renewable resources that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a quick enough pace to keep up with consumption

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11
Q

What is galvanise

A

A process used to protect against corrosion by coating the metal with a protective layer of zinc

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12
Q

What is ground water

A

Water held underground in the soil and crevices in rock

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13
Q

What is the life cycle assessment (LCA)

A

LCA are carried out to access the environmental impacts of products in each of these stages:
- extracting and processing raw materials
- manufacturing and packaging
- use and operation during its lifetime
- disposal at the end of its useful life

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14
Q

What are NPK fertilisers

A

Fertilisers which contain compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the fertilisers improve agricultural productivity

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15
Q

What is an ore

A

A rock from which metal can be extracted

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16
Q

What is phytomining

A

Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds from the soil, the plants are harvested then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds

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17
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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18
Q

What are raw materials

A

The basic material from which a product is made

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19
Q

What are renewable resources

A

A natural resource which can be used repeatedly and will not run out due to being naturally replenished

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20
Q

What is sacrificial protection

A

The protection of iron or steel against corrosion by using a more reactive metal, zinc is often used

21
Q

What is soda-lime glass

A

Glass made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

22
Q

What is sterilisation

A

The process used to remove bacteria or living microorganisms from something, used during the treatment of water

23
Q

What is sustainable development

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

24
Q

What is the haber process

A

The process used to manufacture ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gas

25
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A

Polymers which do not melt when heated, polymer molecules are linked to each other by strong cross-links

26
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A

Polymers which melt when heated and can be remoulded into different shapes, the polymer molecules are attracted to each other by weak intermolecular forces

27
Q

In the Uk, how is potable water produced

A
  • choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
  • passing the water through filter beds to remove any solids
  • sterilising to kill microbes
28
Q

What are the sterilising agents for potable water

A
  • chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light
  • chlorine = toxic gas so the amount added to water has to be carefully monitored
  • using UV light to kill microbes avoids adding chemicals to water but is more expensive
29
Q

How is desalination carried out

A

Desalination can be done by distillation, or by a process that uses membranes such as reverse osmosis (processes require lots of energy)

30
Q

What is reverse osmosis

A

Sea water is passed through a membrane that only allows the water molecules though, it needs high pressure to push the water through the membrane and the high pressure requires a lot of energy to produce

31
Q

How is wastewater produced

A
  • urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce lots of waste water that require treatment before being released into environment
32
Q

How is waste water treated

A
  • sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of organic matter and harmful microbes
  • industrial waste requires removes or organic matter and harmful chemicals
33
Q

What are the processes involved in sewage treatment

A
  • screening and grit removal
  • sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • aerobic biological treatment of effluent
34
Q

What do new methods of mining avoid in terms of disadvantages of traditional mining

A

Avoids mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

35
Q

What is the main advantage and disadvantage of phytomining and bioleaching

A

+ methods require less energy than traditional methods and can work on low concentration ores
- slow to carry out

36
Q

How do we reduce the use of resources

A

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduces the use of limited resources, energy consumption, waste and environmental impacts

37
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling

A

+ less acid rain, metal ore reserves last longer, saved less mining/quarrying, less waste, less landfill and creates local employment
- collection problems, transport problems (cost of transport), difficult to separate metal from applicances

38
Q

Describe the alloy bronze

A
  • alloy of copper and tin
  • used for making statues and decorative objects
39
Q

Describe the alloy brass

A
  • an alloy of copper and zinc
  • used for producing water taps and door fittings
40
Q

Describe the alloy gold

A
  • usually an alloy of silver copper and zinc (proportion of gold in the alloy measured in carats, 24 carat = pure gold)
  • used for jewlerry
41
Q

Describe the alloy aluminium

A
  • magnesium alloys
  • low density and used in aerospace manufacturing
42
Q

Describe the alloy steel

A
  • alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals
  • high carbon steel = strong but brittle
  • low carbon steel = softer and easily shaped
  • stainless steel is hard and resistant to corrosion
43
Q

How are the properties of polymers determined

A
  • depend on what monomers they are made from and the conditions in which they are made
44
Q

How are clay ceramics made

A

Clay ceramics (pottery and brick) are made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace

45
Q

What are the key stages of the Haber process

A
  1. Purified H2 and N 2 are passed over iron catalyst at a high temp and high pressure
  2. Iron speeds up the rate of reaction so that a lower temp can be used in the process
  3. Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to form ammonia (N 2 + 3H 2 reversible reaction 2NH 3
  4. The reaction is reversible so ammonia breaks down again into nitrogen and hydrogen
  5. On cooling, ammonia liquifies and is removed, remaining hydrogen and nitrogen is recycled, no material is wasted
  6. Ammonia is used for production of nitrogen-containing fertilisers
46
Q

Why does the Haber process use high temperature and high pressure

A
  • the reaction is exothermic so optimum temp of 450 degrees C is used, a lower temp would give a higher yield but the rate of ammonia production would be too slow
  • a pressure of 200 atm is used, using a higher pressure would give a higher yield but is too expensive to produce the energy needed for high pressure
47
Q

Why does the haber process used high temperature and pressure

A
  • temp: optimum temp = 450 degrees C, using a lower temp would give higher yield but the rate of ammonia production is too slow
  • pressure: 200 atm used, higher pressure would give higher yield but is too expensive to produce energy needed to produce high pressure
48
Q

How is industrial production of NPK fertilisers achieved

A

Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium salts, the ammonium sulfate, phosphate and nitrate can be used by reaction of ammonia with the requisite acids

49
Q

How is the phosphate rock utilised in the production of fertilisers

A
  • phosphate rock is reacted with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
  • phosphate rock can be reacted with sulphuric acid to produce a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
  • phosphate rock can be reacted with phosphoric acid to produce calcium phosphate

Aqa Gcse Chemistry (10 decks)

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