Paper 2: Socio-cultural influences and well-being in physical activity and sport Flashcards
Definition of skill
a learning action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about predetermined results with minimal certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
E.g. shooting in basketball and passing in netball
Definition of Ability
inherited from your parents, they are stable traits that determine an individuals potential to learn or acquire a skill
E.g. balance, agility and co-ordination
Definition of Performance Goals
• compare themselves against what they have already done or suggest what they are going to do
E.g. 100m runner, aim to time their ‘dip’ well when crossing the line.
Definition of Outcome Goals
(1) involve comparison with other competitors
E.g. football player, wish to win the match, wish to score two goals to increase their teams goal difference
Benefits of Performance and Outcome goals
• Performers should set themselves short term and long term goals
• In doing so they have targets to achieve and can remain motivated to achieve their next goal
Drawback of Performance or Outcome Goals
(1) beginners may be better avoiding outcome goals as they rely on factors that cannot be controlled, for example other performers.
(1) failure will demotivate them
(1) winning maybe an unrealistic goal for some performers
SMART targets of goal setting are
S pecific
M easureable
A ccepted
R ealistic
T ime bound
processing model
Input – information from the display (senses), selective attention.
Decision making – selection of appropriate response from memory. The role of long term and short term memory.
Output – information sent to muscles to carry out the response.
Feedback – received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic).
How does exercise effect physical health and well-being
(1) improves heart function
(1) improves efficiency of the body systems
(1) reduces the risk of some illness
(1) able to do everyday tasks
(1) to avoid obesity.
How does exercise effect Mental health and wellbeing
(1) reduces stress/tension
(1) release of feel good hormones (serotonin)
(1) able to control emotions.
How does exercise effect Social health and wellbeing
(1) opportunities to socialise/make friends
(1) cooperation
(1) teamwork
(1) have essential human needs (food, shelter, clothing).
How does exercise effect Fitness
(1) improves fitness
(1) reduces the chances of injury
(1) can aid in the physical ability to work, eg on your feet all day/manual labour.
consequences of a sedentary lifestyle
A lifestyle with an irregular or no physical activity
(1) weight gain/obesity
(1) heart disease
(1) hypertension
(1) diabetes
(1) poor sleep
(1) poor self-esteem
(1) lethargy
how obesity may affect performance in physical activity and sport
(1) limits stamina/cardiovascular endurance
(1) limits flexibility
(1) limits agility
(1) limits speed/power.
Effect of obesity on physical, mental, social health
PHYSICAL HEALTH
(1) cancer
(1) heart disease/heart attacks
(1) diabetes
(1) high cholesterol.
MENTAL HEALTH
(1) depression
(1) loss of confidence.
SOCIAL HEALTH
(1) inability to socialise
(1) inability to leave home.
Define Obesity
A term used to describe people with a large fat content caused by imbalance of calories, consumed to energy expenditure, a body mass index of 30 over or 25% is above standard weight
Definition of Endomorph
(1) high fat content
(1) round middle, thighs, arm
(1) pear shape
(1) sumo wrestlers, shot put, front row player in rugby - use fat to turn into strength and power
Definition of Mesomorph
(1) broad shoulders
(1) slim waist
(1) large muscle content
(1) wedge shape
(1) American footballers, swimmers, rugby player (league union ), weight lifter
Definition of Ectomorph
(1) slim, tall, lean, thin; arms, legs, face
(1) narrow shoulders, hips, chest
(1) not much fat/muscles
(1) high jump, pole vault, endurance activities (marathon runners)
Definition of Energy Use
Energy is measured in calories (Kcal) and is obtained from the food we eat.
adult male requires 2,500 Kcal/day
adult female requires 2,000 Kcal/day
The amount or Energy Use is affected by
(1) age
(1) gender
(1) height
(1) energy expenditure (exercise).
Reasons for a balanced diet
(1) unused energy is stored as fat, which could cause obesity (particularly saturated fat)
(1) suitable energy can be available for activity
(1) the body needs nutrients for energy, growth and hydration
What are carbohydrates used for
Carbohydrates are the main and preferred energy source for all types of exercise, of all intensities.
What are fats used for
Fat is also an energy source. It provides more energy than carbohydrates but only at low intensity. Gives a quick short burst of energy.
What are vitamins and minerals good for
Vitamins and minerals are for maintaining the efficient working of the body systems and general health.
Benefits of Hydration
(1) flushes waste
(1) helps maintain correct body temperature
(1) assists with lubrication for joints
(1) increases reaction time
Dangers of Dehydration
(1) blood thickening (increased viscosity), which slows blood flow
(1) increases in heart rate/heart has to work harder/irregular heart rate (rhythm)
(1) increase in body temperature/overheat
(1) slowing of reactions/increased reaction time/poorer decisions
(1) muscle fatigue/cramps.
Types of guidance
- visual
- verbal
- manual (physically assist)
- mechanical (use of objects)
Define Arousal
A physical and mental state of alertness/excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
Direct aggression
- physical contact with other to cause physical harm to gain an advantage
- outside of the rules but carried out in hopes of not getting caught
- a high rugby tackle with force
- boxer punching opponent below belt
Indirect aggression
- no physical harm but mentally effecting an opponent to feel less confident
- aggression is taken out on an object to gain advantage over an opponent
- in cricket delivering a bouncer towards the head of the batsman (keep on back foot)
Characteristic of an introvert
- shy
- thoughtful
- enough being alone
- fine skill sports
- low arousal
Characteristics of an extrovert
- sociable around others
- talkative
- prone to boredom when alone
- team sports
- fast pace, low concentration
- gross skills
Intrinsic motivation
- for pride
- self satisfaction
- personal achievement
Extrinsic motivation
- from another person
- tangible - certificate, trophy, medal
- intangible - praise, feedback, applause
Immediate effects of exercise
- hot/ sweaty/ red skin
- increase in depth and frequency of breathing
- increased heart rate
