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Pe > Paper 2 - Skill Acquistion > Flashcards

Paper 2 - Skill Acquistion Flashcards

1
Q

Open skill

A

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, decision making has rapid adjustments e.g. skiing

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2
Q

Closed skills

A

A skill not affected by environment, few decisions to make e.g. dive in swimming

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3
Q

Gross skill

A

A skill that uses large muscle groups, e.g. shot put

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4
Q

Fine skill

A

A skill that uses small muscle groups, for fine control e.g. darts

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5
Q

Self paced skill

A

Control start and speed of the skill e.g. badminton serve

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6
Q

Externally paced skill

A

No control over the rate of the skill e.g. receive a serve in tennis

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7
Q

Discrete skill

A

Skill with a clear beginning, clear end e.g. tennis serve

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8
Q

Serial skill

A

Many discrete skills put together e.g. triple jump

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9
Q

Continuous skill

A

A skill with No clear beginning and no clear end e.g. cycling

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10
Q

Low org skill

A

A skill easily broken into sub routines, clear and seperate phases, e.g. swimming strokes

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11
Q

High org skill

A

A skill that is not easily broken into parts e.g. golf swing

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12
Q

Simple skill

A

Requires few decision making, little to think about e.g. Throw and catch in cricket

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13
Q

Complex skill

A

Requires lots of decision making, large info to process e.g. Gymnastics

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14
Q

Positive transfer

A

When the learning of one skill supports the learning of another skill, typically when they have similar form e.g. overarm volleyball serve and a tennis serve

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15
Q

Negative transfer

A

When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another Familiarity can cause confusion e.g. loose wrist in badminton serve compromising a firm wrist in tennis serve

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16
Q

Proactive transfer

A

When a skill learned previously, affects a skill yet to be learned e.g. learning an overarm throw must be taught before learning a tennis serve

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17
Q

Retroactive transfer

A

The influence of a newly learned skill has upon a skill previously learned e.g. the acquisition of a successful tennis serve may influence the previously learned overarm throw used in cricket

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18
Q

Bilateral transfer

A

When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
Cognitive - Understanding what is required, thinking
Motor programmes - automatically transferred

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19
Q

Whole practice

A

Practicing a skill in its entirety e.g. Golf swing

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20
Q

Whole practice advantages and disadvantages

A

Ad - Performer gets kinaesthetic feeling, positive transfer into game situations, execute skill fluently

Disadvantages - Not useful for beginners

21
Q

Part practice

A

Broken down into sub routines e.g. back stroke, tennis serve

22
Q

Part practice advantages and disadvantages

A

Adv- Good for beginners, prevents learner becoming fatigued, useful for dangerous skills

Dis - Not for high org skills = time consuming

23
Q

Whole-part-whole

A

Attempting the skill, identify weakness them practice sub routines

24
Q

Whole-part-whole adv and dis

A

Adv - good for beginners, improves weaknesses
Dis - Time consuming

25
Q

Progressive-part

A

Referred as “chaining”, serial skill broken into sub routines, learn one line then a second then combining e.g. breast stroke

26
Q

Massed practice

A

Continuous practice with no rest between sessions e.g. hitting golf ball

27
Q

Massed practice adv and disadvantages

A

Adv - efficient use of training time, good for experienced individual, can be easily recalled in future

Disadv - become fatigued easy, boring

28
Q

Distributed practice

A

Rest intervals between practice sessions e.g. swimming

29
Q

Distributed practice adv and disadvantages

A

Adv - good for beginners, increase motivation if praised during rest, takes pressure off performer

Disadv - Time consuming, not useful for experts

30
Q

Fixed practice

A

Skill repeatedly practiced, always same drill s.g. Badminton flick serve

31
Q

Fixed practice adv and disadvantages

A

Adv - Good for confidence, kinaesthetic feel
Disadv - If taught poor technique = won’t be good at the skill

32
Q

Varied practice

A

Use same skill in various situations, stored in LTM, resemble real life scenario, e.g. backhand badminton

33
Q

Verbal guidance

A

Learner told what to do by spoken instruction

34
Q

2 strengths of verbal guidance

A

Reinforce good movements, identify errors throug detailed explanation

Motivates learner to learn, good for autonomous (expert)

35
Q

2 weaknesses of verbal

A

Leads to confusion if given too much information

Get negative feelings if your given too much negative feedback

36
Q

Visual guidance

A

Learner watches a model to form mental image e.g. demonstration, video, picture

Beneficial for cognitive learners (beginners)

37
Q

2 weaknesses of visual guidance

A

Not effective if demonstration is incorrect

May need to be supported to make it more clear

38
Q

Manual guidance

A

Given physical support by coach, uses hands to guide performer to gain kinaesthetic feel

39
Q

2 strengths of manual

A

Good for dangerous skills, develops confidence and corrects errors

Allows learner to gain kinaesthetic feel

40
Q

2 weaknesses of manual

A

Learner must trust the coach, may feel uncomfortable

Performer may be reliant on manual guidance

41
Q

Mechanical guidance

A

Uses equipment to help performers e.g. harnass

42
Q

2 strengths of mechanical

A

Good for dangerous skills, develops confidence

Helps performer gain insight to movement

43
Q

3 stages of learning

A
  1. Cognitive (beginner)
  2. Associative
  3. Autonomous (expert)
44
Q

Cognitive learning

A

A basic understanding of movement or skill
Frequent errors
Still thinking of and learning the movement
Extrinsic feedback needed

45
Q

Asoociative learning

A

Automatically has technique
Can recognise and feel errors themselves
No longer major
Combo of intrinsic and extrinsic feedback

46
Q

Autonomous learning

A

Movements are automatic
Doesn’t think about technique anymore
Nearly exclusively intrinsic feedback

47
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Trial and error learning
Based on SR Bonds

48
Q

Strengthening an SR bond

A

Positive reinforcement: Praise / reward
Negative reinforcement: removal of criticism

49
Q

Weakening an SR bond

A

Punishment: Drop from team ,fine, substitute etc

Pe (7 decks)

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