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Pe > Paper 1 - Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Concentric

A

A contraction that cause muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)

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2
Q

Define Eccentric

A

A contraction that causes muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)

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3
Q

Define Isometric

A

No movement in the contracting muscle e.g. plank

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4
Q

What movement occurs at shoulder

A

Ball and socket joint

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Hori Flexion, Hori Extension, Med and lat rotation

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5
Q

What movement occurs at elbow

A

Hinge joint

Flexion and Extension

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6
Q

What movement occurs at wrist

A

Condyloid joint

Flexion and extension

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7
Q

What movement occurs at Hip

A

Ball and socket joint

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Med and lat rotation

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8
Q

What movement occurs at Knee

A

Hinge joint

Flexion and Extension

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9
Q

What movement occurs at ankle

A

Hinge joint

Plantar flexion (point toes), Dorsi flexion (raise toes)

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10
Q

What is the agonist of shoulder abduction and Adduction

A

Abduction - Deltoid
Adduction - Lat Dorsi

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11
Q

What is the agonist of shoulder flexion and extension

A

Flexion - deltoid
Extension - deltoid

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12
Q

What is the agonist of shoulder Hori Flexion and extension

A

Hori Flexion - Pectoralis Major
Hori Extension - Deltoid

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13
Q

What is the agonist of shoulder lat and med rotation

A

Lat rotation - Teres minor
Med rotation - Teres Major

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14
Q

What is the agonist of Elbow Flexion and extension

A

Flexion - Biceps brachii
Extension - Triceps Brachii

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15
Q

What is the agonist of wrist flexion and extension

A

Flexion - Wrist flexors
Extension - Wrist extensors

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16
Q

What is the agonist of hip flexion and extension

A

Flexion - illiopsoas
Extension - Gluteus maximus

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17
Q

What is the agonist of hip abduction and Adduction

A

Abduction - Gluteus Medius
Adduction - Adductor longus, brevis, Magnus

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18
Q

What is the agonist of hip med and lateral rotation

A

Med rotation - Gluteus Medius
Lat rotation - Gluteus Maximus

19
Q

What is the agonist of knee flexion and extension

A

Flexion - Bicep femoris
Extension - Rectus Femoris

20
Q

What is the agonist of ankle dorsi and plantar flexion

A

Dorsi Flexion - Tibialis anterior
Plantar flexion - Soleus

21
Q

Planes

A

Frontal - Abduction and Adduction - Star jump
Sagittal - Flexion and Extension - Bicep curl
Transverse - Rotation - Pirouette

22
Q

What are the 3 muscle types

A

Slow oxidative (Type 1) - Long distance runners
Fast oxidative (Type 2a) - Speed endurance players
Fast glycolytic (Type 2b) - Strength

23
Q

What are type 1 muscles designed to do

A

Work aerobically
Small amounts of force
Fatigue resistance
Store and produce oxygen

24
Q

What are type 2a muscles designed to do?

A

Produce large amounts of force quickly
Have capacity to resist fatigue

25
Q

What are type 2b muscles designed to do

A

Work anaerobically
Fatigue quick with high force

26
Q

How to create a contraction

A
  1. Impulse sent by cell body in the cerebellum
  2. Impulse travels down neuron to motor end plate
  3. Acetylcholine flows into synaptic cleft
  4. If action potential is big enough all muscle fibres will contract
27
Q

What is the all or none law

A

Where all muscles fibres will contract at once, or none will at all.

28
Q

What is Systole?

A

When both atrias or ventricles contract

29
Q

What is Diastole

A

When either Atria or Ventricles relax

30
Q

How does the heart control the rate at which it beats

A
  1. SA node creates an electrical impulse causing atria systole
  2. Impulse reaches the AV node
  3. Impulse travels down ‘Bundle of His’ into the Purkinje fibres
  4. Causes Ventricular systole.
31
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

Number of times the heart beats per min. Average = 70

32
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat. Average = 70ml

33
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per min. Average = 5L
SV x HR

34
Q

What happens during exercise?

A

HR - More bpm
SV - rest = 70ml, exercise = 100ml
Q - increases
Venous return - Return of blood to the heart

35
Q

Why does HR increase

A

Caused by SA node increases rate of firing
Increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise

36
Q

Why does SV increase

A

Due to increased venous return
Due to an increased force of cardiac muscle contraction
Size of the heart

37
Q

Why does SV plateau at about 60-70% of max HR

A

Due to the speed of HR not allowing the heart to full fill between beats

38
Q

Pocket valves

A

Allow free flow of blood towards the heart, close to prevent blood flowing away from the heart

39
Q

Gravity

A

Assists the flow of venous blood from body parts above the heart
But hinders the flow from parts below the heart

40
Q

Muscle pump

A

Muscles surrounding veins expand and contract, pressing on veins and causing a pumping effect
Important in maintaining venous return during exercise

41
Q

Respiratory pump

A

When muscles contract and relax during inspiration and expiration, pressure changes occur
The pressure changes compress the nearby veins and assist the flow of blood back to the heart

42
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall venoconstrics to create venom other tone which aids the movement of blood

43
Q

Starlings law

A

Venous return increases and therefore cardiac output increases. This is caused by the ventricle walls being stretched, resulting the ventricles contracting either greater force.

Pe (7 decks)

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