Paper 1 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Define Concentric
A contraction that cause muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)
Define Eccentric
A contraction that causes muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)
Define Isometric
No movement in the contracting muscle e.g. plank
What movement occurs at shoulder
Ball and socket joint
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Hori Flexion, Hori Extension, Med and lat rotation
What movement occurs at elbow
Hinge joint
Flexion and Extension
What movement occurs at wrist
Condyloid joint
Flexion and extension
What movement occurs at Hip
Ball and socket joint
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Med and lat rotation
What movement occurs at Knee
Hinge joint
Flexion and Extension
What movement occurs at ankle
Hinge joint
Plantar flexion (point toes), Dorsi flexion (raise toes)
What is the agonist of shoulder abduction and Adduction
Abduction - Deltoid
Adduction - Lat Dorsi
What is the agonist of shoulder flexion and extension
Flexion - deltoid
Extension - deltoid
What is the agonist of shoulder Hori Flexion and extension
Hori Flexion - Pectoralis Major
Hori Extension - Deltoid
What is the agonist of shoulder lat and med rotation
Lat rotation - Teres minor
Med rotation - Teres Major
What is the agonist of Elbow Flexion and extension
Flexion - Biceps brachii
Extension - Triceps Brachii
What is the agonist of wrist flexion and extension
Flexion - Wrist flexors
Extension - Wrist extensors
What is the agonist of hip flexion and extension
Flexion - illiopsoas
Extension - Gluteus maximus
What is the agonist of hip abduction and Adduction
Abduction - Gluteus Medius
Adduction - Adductor longus, brevis, Magnus
What is the agonist of hip med and lateral rotation
Med rotation - Gluteus Medius
Lat rotation - Gluteus Maximus
What is the agonist of knee flexion and extension
Flexion - Bicep femoris
Extension - Rectus Femoris
What is the agonist of ankle dorsi and plantar flexion
Dorsi Flexion - Tibialis anterior
Plantar flexion - Soleus
Planes
Frontal - Abduction and Adduction - Star jump
Sagittal - Flexion and Extension - Bicep curl
Transverse - Rotation - Pirouette
What are the 3 muscle types
Slow oxidative (Type 1) - Long distance runners
Fast oxidative (Type 2a) - Speed endurance players
Fast glycolytic (Type 2b) - Strength
What are type 1 muscles designed to do
Work aerobically
Small amounts of force
Fatigue resistance
Store and produce oxygen
What are type 2a muscles designed to do?
Produce large amounts of force quickly
Have capacity to resist fatigue
What are type 2b muscles designed to do
Work anaerobically
Fatigue quick with high force
How to create a contraction
- Impulse sent by cell body in the cerebellum
- Impulse travels down neuron to motor end plate
- Acetylcholine flows into synaptic cleft
- If action potential is big enough all muscle fibres will contract
What is the all or none law
Where all muscles fibres will contract at once, or none will at all.
What is Systole?
When both atrias or ventricles contract
What is Diastole
When either Atria or Ventricles relax
How does the heart control the rate at which it beats
- SA node creates an electrical impulse causing atria systole
- Impulse reaches the AV node
- Impulse travels down ‘Bundle of His’ into the Purkinje fibres
- Causes Ventricular systole.
Heart rate (HR)
Number of times the heart beats per min. Average = 70
Stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat. Average = 70ml
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per min. Average = 5L
SV x HR
What happens during exercise?
HR - More bpm
SV - rest = 70ml, exercise = 100ml
Q - increases
Venous return - Return of blood to the heart
Why does HR increase
Caused by SA node increases rate of firing
Increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise
Why does SV increase
Due to increased venous return
Due to an increased force of cardiac muscle contraction
Size of the heart
Why does SV plateau at about 60-70% of max HR
Due to the speed of HR not allowing the heart to full fill between beats
Pocket valves
Allow free flow of blood towards the heart, close to prevent blood flowing away from the heart
Gravity
Assists the flow of venous blood from body parts above the heart
But hinders the flow from parts below the heart
Muscle pump
Muscles surrounding veins expand and contract, pressing on veins and causing a pumping effect
Important in maintaining venous return during exercise
Respiratory pump
When muscles contract and relax during inspiration and expiration, pressure changes occur
The pressure changes compress the nearby veins and assist the flow of blood back to the heart
Smooth muscle
Layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall venoconstrics to create venom other tone which aids the movement of blood
Starlings law
Venous return increases and therefore cardiac output increases. This is caused by the ventricle walls being stretched, resulting the ventricles contracting either greater force.
