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Sociology A-Level > Paper 2: Section B Understanding Social Equalities > Flashcards

Paper 2: Section B Understanding Social Equalities Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of feminism?

A

Radical
Liberal
Marxist

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2
Q

What are the views of the liberal Feminism on gender?

A

Obtaining equal rights for both males and women which are the consequence of gender socialisation, unfair laws and practice that reinforce discrimination

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3
Q

Liberal Feminism:

OAKLEY (1974)

A

Gender roles are reinforced by gender socialisation in 4 ways:
MANIPULATION- encouragement of gender appropriate behaviour
CANALISATION- channelling if children towards toys and activities for their gender
DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES- gender specific chores
VERBAL APPLIATION- parents adopting different modes of speech depending on gender eg nicknames

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4
Q

Liberal Feminism:

SHARPE (1994)

A

Looked at womens priorities in the 70’s and again in the 90’s.
In the 70’s women’s main priorities were ‘love marriage husbands and children’ whereas in the 90’s this has changed to ‘job career and being able to support themselves financially’ showing there has been some progress
In 1972 67% wanted to leave school at 16 but in 1990’s 67% wanted to stay in school till 18

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5
Q

Liberal Feminism:

SOMERVILLE (2000)

A

Progress has been made which is shown through a increase in divorce and choice in marriage

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6
Q

Liberal Feminism:

Evaluation of Oakley

A
  • postmodernists suggest gender identities are no longer fixed so there is no clear set of gender norms
  • Oakley seems to regard children as passive recipients but some argue that there is resistance
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7
Q

What are the views of Marxist-Feminism on gender inequalities?

A 
Social class effects the life chances of women and it is a key factor in the relationship between men and women 
Capitalism leads to the oppression of women
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8
Q

Marxist-Feminism:

FEELEY (1972)

A

The family preconditions children to accept their place in the capitalist hierarchy and teaches ‘positivity not rebellion’ and it’s natural for men and women to marry

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9
Q

Marxist-Feminism:

BENSTON (1972)

A

Through unpaid domestic labour the women keeps husband running which is essential to keep capitalism running smoothly. If women were paid for this work there would be a large redistribution of wealth

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10
Q

Marxist-Feminism:

ANSLEY (1976)

A

Women act as a ‘safety valve’ and are the “takers of sh*t” as husbands return home from work and take anger and frustrations out on women
“A sponge to soak up his revolutionary ire”

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11
Q

Marxist-Feminism:

BRUEGEL (1979)

A

Women are the reserve army of labour
They join the workforce when needed but are then sent back to the home to be house wives when they are done
Eg during the world wars

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12
Q

Marxist-Feminism:

DALLA COSTA AND JAMES (1972)

A

Unpaid domestic labour exploits and oppressed women while propping up capitalism
Debate in the book if it is a job or a role and if it should be paid for

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13
Q

What is the view of Radical Feminism on gender?

A

Patriarchy is the main source of oppression and as the run society they have become advantaged in every area

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14
Q

Radical Feminism:

MILLET (1970)

A

Men acquired power over women through biological powers eg multiple pregnancies but due to contraception and modern machinery they no longer have legitimate dominance and believes men are prepared to turn to violence to keep their dominance

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15
Q

Radical Feminism:

JOHNSON (1995)

A

Concept of ‘patriarchal terrorism” can be used to explain violence that is the result of patriarchal traditions of men’s rights to control ‘their’ women
Domestic violence is evidence of this

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16
Q

Radical Feminism:

TI-GRACE ATKINSON

A

Political lesbianism so men cannot have dominance

“Feminism in the theory, lesbianism in the practice”

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17
Q

Radical Feminism:

DELPHY AND LEONARD (1992)

A

Family is a institution and plays apart in the oppression of women and are seen as economic system with men as the head of the household
There are 2 roles: head of household(male) and their dependents(wife and children)
Male makes all decisions and has final say, work without pay for the head and women perform sexual and reproductive work
Receive payment in the form of clothes etc

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18
Q

Evaluation of Liberal Feminism

A

-Marxist and radical say they fail to explain how gender holds different levels of power in the home and society
-some say more revolutionary change is needed to bring about equality
+recognises progress
+new laws eg equal pay act
-overly optimistic about achievements eg still pay gap despite equal pay act
-middle class movement and fails to address wider range of women

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19
Q

Evaluation of Marxist Feminism

A

+safety valve
+two dimensional
-criticised for placing to much emphasis on social class and not paying attentions to factors such as ethnicity or age
-postmodernist believe Class is no longer a significant social division
-some question it’s usefulness as it requires revolution which does not seem to be happening
-radical says patriarchy is a more significant form of exploitation

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20
Q

Evaluation of Radical Feminism:

A

+biological differences not key
+recognise dark side of family
-don’t acknowledge variations of family life between social classes and ethnicity
-experience of British women different to other areas
-liberal says position of women has changed over time which they ignore
-accuses of over emphasising factors that separate women and men as they work together in many ways

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21
Q

WALBY

A

Combines Marxist and Radical Feminism but says experiences will vary as women are not homogeneous (the same)

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22
Q

WALBY: workplace

A

Face horizontal and vertical segregation with low pay and status due to discrimination from employers

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23
Q

WALBY: family/household

A

Exploited as they take responsibility for housework and childcare even if they work full time

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24
Q

WALBY: government/state

A

Acts in interests of men in terms of taxation, welfare rules and the weakness of laws protecting women

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25
Q

WALBY: media

A

Represent women in a narrow set of roles such as sex objects, mothers and housewives

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26
Q

WALBY:Sexuality

A

A double standard applied to men and women

Men applauded for gave many sexual partners while women are condemned

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27
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of work and employment?

A

Women

28
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of income?

A

Women

29
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of wealth?

A

Women

30
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of social mobility?

A

Women

31
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of family life?

A

Men and women

32
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of education?

A

Men

33
Q

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of health?

A

Men

34
Q

HEALTH:

By how many times more is the suicide rate for men than women?

A

3 times

ONS

35
Q

HEALTH:

On average how many years longer to women live than men?

A

4 years

36
Q

HEALTH:

How many years earlier due men develop heart disease than women on average?

A

10 years

ONS

37
Q

HEALTH:

Nearly 70% of those who consume hazardous levels of alcohol are what gender?

A

Men

38
Q

POVERTY:

When they retire how many women will be living below the poverty line?

A

1 in 4

Prudential 2011

39
Q

POVERTY:

How many men live under the poverty line after retirement?

A

12%

40
Q

POVERTY:

What percent of children of living in lone parent families are poor?

A

52%

Department of work and pensions 2009

41
Q

POVERTY:

What do mothers frequently go without for their children?

A

Food clothing and warmth

42
Q

POVERTY:

What percentage of poor people are women?

A

70%

Global citizen 2014

43
Q

POVERTY:

What is another type of poverty that only effects girls?

A

Period poverty

44
Q

INCOME:

What percentage of people in minimum wage jobs are women?

A

70%

Low pay commission 2007

45
Q

INCOME:

When will the gender pay gap end?

A

2073

46
Q

INCOME:

What percentage of women have persistent low income?

A

22% compared to 14% of men

Oxfam 2008

47
Q

INCOME:

The income of retired women is what percentage less than that of retired men?

A

40%

Oxfam 2008

48
Q

INCOME:

By how much does benefits make up a women’s income compared to men’s?

A

1/5 compared to 1/10 of men’s

UK Feminista n.d

49
Q

WEALTH:

What percentage of the worlds wealth does women hold?

A

1% despite making up more than 50% of the population

50
Q

Gender Inequalities:

Functionalism

A

No inequalities just differences between sexes
PARSONS: biological differences
MURDOCK: women located in home due to biological function of bearing children
RASTOGI: Human capital theory which income reflects shows women are paid less as they have a lower human capital than men

51
Q

Gender Inequalities:
Functionalism:
PARSONS

A

There are biological differences between the sexes

Inequalities in the workplace is the result of women and that they should be at home

52
Q

Gender Inequalities:
Functionalism:
MURDOCK

A

Researched in over 200 societies on gender roles
Found gender roles determined by biological functions
Eg women stay in household due to child birthing function

53
Q

Gender Inequalities:
Functionalism:
RASTOGI

A

Human capital theory

Suggests the reason women get paid less is due to the fact women have a lower human capital

54
Q

Gender Inequalities:
New Right:
SCHAFLY

A

“A flight from home is a flight from self”
Women should not be in the army
Marriage is the best career a women could have

55
Q

Gender Inequalities:

New Right

A

No inequalities just differences

Schafly

56
Q

Gender Inequalities:
Weberian:
WEBER

A

Vertical segregation:
Separated by glass ceiling, men hold highest ranking jobs and females have lower status
Horizontal segregation:
Females more likely to be in lower skilled occupation
Males go towards more masculine jobs such as builders and engineers and females head towards more feminine jobs such as teaching and hairdressing

57
Q

Gender Inequalities:
Weberian:
BARRON AND NORRIS

A

Dual market theory:
Primary labour market:
Secure well paid jobs with greater promotion such as teacher and lawyer
Men usually concentrated here

Secondary labour market:
Less secure poorly paid jobs with less chance of promotion
Women concentrated here
Eg cleaner and waitress

58
Q

Gender Inequalities:
Marxism:
ENGELS

A 
Suggested subordinate position of women is the result of ownership of private property and a class based society brought about rising inequality 
Exploited-exploited relationship can be translated to men and women in the household 
Nuclear family restricts women’s sexuality and enforces monogamy
59
Q

Gender Inequalities:

HAKIM (2006)

A

Preference theory:
•No unfair employment practices
•Gender pay gap and glass ceiling are because women have different priorities
•Many women focused on family rather than work
20% of women home centred
20% of women work centred (most men here)
60% of women adaptive

60
Q

Social Class Inequalities:

WEBER

A 
Social stratification will always be present but class has further divisions than Marx suggests 
4 classes:
•Propertied Upper Class
•Petty Bourgeoisie 
•White Collar Workers
•Manual Working Class
61
Q

Social Class Inequalities:

Functionalism

A

Parsons 1955

Davis and Moore 1945

62
Q

Social Class Inequalities:
Functionalism:
PARSONS (1955)

A
  • Different forms of social stratification including social class reflect value consensus
  • Similar to feudal system
  • People better at achieving things are worthy of reward
  • Most agree successful business owners deserve better rewards for creating wealth and jobs as it contributes to the smooth running of society
63
Q

Social Class Inequalities:
Functionalism:
DAVIS AND MOORE (1945)

A

Social stratification functionally necessary as it is a feature of all human society
Main role is to ensure effective role allocation
How important a position is depends on 2 things:
1. Functional uniqueness (not many can carry out the job)
2. Dependence (how many people depend on their job and are under their orders)

64
Q

Social Class Inequalities:

TUMIN (1953) evaluation of the Functionalist view

A

Series of criticism on Davis and Moore:
•Importance is a matter of opinion than fact eg cleaner
•There is no clear consensus of distribution of rewards
•High pay reflects power more than agreement they deserve it
•Many have ability but aren’t given the opportunity
•Higher rewards needed to motivate training
•Assume only money motivates people
•Stratification often creates hostility suspicion and mistrust between sections of society

65
Q

Social Class Inequalities:
Marxism:
MARX

A

•Economic system basis for all societies
•developed a specialised division of labour so class relations began to emerge
•capitalism emerged from feudalism between 16 and 19 century
•Marx said capitalism gave rise to two classes bourgeoisie and proletariat whose relationship is based on conflict
•Proletariat is exploited by Bourgeoisie
•the downfall of capitalism will be due to
1. Polarisation divide grows larger and classes driven out of business
2. Alienation workers have no satisfaction
3. Economic crisis
• says the proletariat will eventually overthrow the Bourgeoisie when they become class conscious and will create communism where everyone is equal

66
Q

Social Class Inequalities:
New Right:
SAUNDERS (1990)

A
  • Believe in social stratification
  • Argues society based on social inequality will only be possible if considerable force is used to ensure everyone did their jobs to the best of their ability as they are not motivated by economic rewards
  • Not opposed to legal equality or equality of opportunity but does not agree with equality of outcomes
  • A degree of inequality is desirable in order to motivate people to compete

Sociology A-Level (5 decks)

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