Paper 2: Section B Understanding Social Equalities

Question 1

What are the three types of feminism?

Answer 1

Radical
Liberal
Marxist

Question 2

What are the views of the liberal Feminism on gender?

Answer 2

Obtaining equal rights for both males and women which are the consequence of gender socialisation, unfair laws and practice that reinforce discrimination

Question 3

Liberal Feminism:

OAKLEY (1974)

Answer 3

Gender roles are reinforced by gender socialisation in 4 ways:
MANIPULATION- encouragement of gender appropriate behaviour
CANALISATION- channelling if children towards toys and activities for their gender
DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES- gender specific chores
VERBAL APPLIATION- parents adopting different modes of speech depending on gender eg nicknames

Question 4

Liberal Feminism:

SHARPE (1994)

Answer 4

Looked at womens priorities in the 70’s and again in the 90’s.
In the 70’s women’s main priorities were ‘love marriage husbands and children’ whereas in the 90’s this has changed to ‘job career and being able to support themselves financially’ showing there has been some progress
In 1972 67% wanted to leave school at 16 but in 1990’s 67% wanted to stay in school till 18

Question 5

Liberal Feminism:

SOMERVILLE (2000)

Answer 5

Progress has been made which is shown through a increase in divorce and choice in marriage

Question 6

Liberal Feminism:

Evaluation of Oakley

Answer 6

• postmodernists suggest gender identities are no longer fixed so there is no clear set of gender norms
• Oakley seems to regard children as passive recipients but some argue that there is resistance

Question 7

What are the views of Marxist-Feminism on gender inequalities?

Answer 7

Social class effects the life chances of women and it is a key factor in the relationship between men and women 
Capitalism leads to the oppression of women

Question 8

Marxist-Feminism:

FEELEY (1972)

Answer 8

The family preconditions children to accept their place in the capitalist hierarchy and teaches ‘positivity not rebellion’ and it’s natural for men and women to marry

Question 9

Marxist-Feminism:

BENSTON (1972)

Answer 9

Through unpaid domestic labour the women keeps husband running which is essential to keep capitalism running smoothly. If women were paid for this work there would be a large redistribution of wealth

Question 10

Marxist-Feminism:

ANSLEY (1976)

Answer 10

Women act as a ‘safety valve’ and are the “takers of sh*t” as husbands return home from work and take anger and frustrations out on women
“A sponge to soak up his revolutionary ire”

Question 11

Marxist-Feminism:

BRUEGEL (1979)

Answer 11

Women are the reserve army of labour
They join the workforce when needed but are then sent back to the home to be house wives when they are done
Eg during the world wars

Question 12

Marxist-Feminism:

DALLA COSTA AND JAMES (1972)

Answer 12

Unpaid domestic labour exploits and oppressed women while propping up capitalism
Debate in the book if it is a job or a role and if it should be paid for

Question 13

What is the view of Radical Feminism on gender?

Answer 13

Patriarchy is the main source of oppression and as the run society they have become advantaged in every area

Question 14

Radical Feminism:

MILLET (1970)

Answer 14

Men acquired power over women through biological powers eg multiple pregnancies but due to contraception and modern machinery they no longer have legitimate dominance and believes men are prepared to turn to violence to keep their dominance

Question 15

Radical Feminism:

JOHNSON (1995)

Answer 15

Concept of ‘patriarchal terrorism” can be used to explain violence that is the result of patriarchal traditions of men’s rights to control ‘their’ women
Domestic violence is evidence of this

Question 16

Radical Feminism:

TI-GRACE ATKINSON

Answer 16

Political lesbianism so men cannot have dominance

“Feminism in the theory, lesbianism in the practice”

Question 17

Radical Feminism:

DELPHY AND LEONARD (1992)

Answer 17

Family is a institution and plays apart in the oppression of women and are seen as economic system with men as the head of the household
There are 2 roles: head of household(male) and their dependents(wife and children)
Male makes all decisions and has final say, work without pay for the head and women perform sexual and reproductive work
Receive payment in the form of clothes etc

Question 18

Evaluation of Liberal Feminism

Answer 18

-Marxist and radical say they fail to explain how gender holds different levels of power in the home and society
-some say more revolutionary change is needed to bring about equality
+recognises progress
+new laws eg equal pay act
-overly optimistic about achievements eg still pay gap despite equal pay act
-middle class movement and fails to address wider range of women

Question 19

Evaluation of Marxist Feminism

Answer 19

+safety valve
+two dimensional
-criticised for placing to much emphasis on social class and not paying attentions to factors such as ethnicity or age
-postmodernist believe Class is no longer a significant social division
-some question it’s usefulness as it requires revolution which does not seem to be happening
-radical says patriarchy is a more significant form of exploitation

Question 20

Evaluation of Radical Feminism:

Answer 20

+biological differences not key
+recognise dark side of family
-don’t acknowledge variations of family life between social classes and ethnicity
-experience of British women different to other areas
-liberal says position of women has changed over time which they ignore
-accuses of over emphasising factors that separate women and men as they work together in many ways

Question 21

WALBY

Answer 21

Combines Marxist and Radical Feminism but says experiences will vary as women are not homogeneous (the same)

Question 22

WALBY: workplace

Answer 22

Face horizontal and vertical segregation with low pay and status due to discrimination from employers

Question 23

WALBY: family/household

Answer 23

Exploited as they take responsibility for housework and childcare even if they work full time

Question 24

WALBY: government/state

Answer 24

Acts in interests of men in terms of taxation, welfare rules and the weakness of laws protecting women

Question 25

WALBY: media

Answer 25

Represent women in a narrow set of roles such as sex objects, mothers and housewives

Question 26

WALBY:Sexuality

Answer 26

A double standard applied to men and women | Men applauded for gave many sexual partners while women are condemned

Question 27

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of work and employment?

Answer 27

Women

Question 28

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of income?

Answer 28

Women

Question 29

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of wealth?

Answer 29

Women

Question 30

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of social mobility?

Answer 30

Women

Question 31

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of family life?

Answer 31

Men and women

Question 32

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of education?

Answer 32

Men

Question 33

Which gender is disadvantaged in terms of health?

Answer 33

Men

Question 34

HEALTH: | By how many times more is the suicide rate for men than women?

Answer 34

3 times | ONS

Question 35

HEALTH: | On average how many years longer to women live than men?

Answer 35

4 years

Question 36

HEALTH: | How many years earlier due men develop heart disease than women on average?

Answer 36

10 years | ONS

Question 37

HEALTH: | Nearly 70% of those who consume hazardous levels of alcohol are what gender?

Answer 37

Men

Question 38

POVERTY: | When they retire how many women will be living below the poverty line?

Answer 38

1 in 4 | Prudential 2011

Question 39

POVERTY: | How many men live under the poverty line after retirement?

Answer 39

12%

Question 40

POVERTY: | What percent of children of living in lone parent families are poor?

Answer 40

52% | Department of work and pensions 2009

Question 41

POVERTY: | What do mothers frequently go without for their children?

Answer 41

Food clothing and warmth

Question 42

POVERTY: | What percentage of poor people are women?

Answer 42

70% | Global citizen 2014

Question 43

POVERTY: | What is another type of poverty that only effects girls?

Answer 43

Period poverty

Question 44

INCOME: | What percentage of people in minimum wage jobs are women?

Answer 44

70% | Low pay commission 2007

Question 45

INCOME: | When will the gender pay gap end?

Answer 45

2073

Question 46

INCOME: | What percentage of women have persistent low income?

Answer 46

22% compared to 14% of men | Oxfam 2008

Question 47

INCOME: | The income of retired women is what percentage less than that of retired men?

Answer 47

40% | Oxfam 2008

Question 48

INCOME: | By how much does benefits make up a women’s income compared to men’s?

Answer 48

1/5 compared to 1/10 of men’s | UK Feminista n.d

Question 49

WEALTH: | What percentage of the worlds wealth does women hold?

Answer 49

1% despite making up more than 50% of the population

Question 50

Gender Inequalities: | Functionalism

Answer 50

No inequalities just differences between sexes PARSONS: biological differences MURDOCK: women located in home due to biological function of bearing children RASTOGI: Human capital theory which income reflects shows women are paid less as they have a lower human capital than men

Question 51

Gender Inequalities: Functionalism: PARSONS

Answer 51

There are biological differences between the sexes | Inequalities in the workplace is the result of women and that they should be at home

Question 52

Gender Inequalities: Functionalism: MURDOCK

Answer 52

Researched in over 200 societies on gender roles Found gender roles determined by biological functions Eg women stay in household due to child birthing function

Question 53

Gender Inequalities: Functionalism: RASTOGI

Answer 53

Human capital theory | Suggests the reason women get paid less is due to the fact women have a lower human capital

Question 54

Gender Inequalities: New Right: SCHAFLY

Answer 54

“A flight from home is a flight from self” Women should not be in the army Marriage is the best career a women could have

Question 55

Gender Inequalities: | New Right

Answer 55

No inequalities just differences | Schafly

Question 56

Gender Inequalities: Weberian: WEBER

Answer 56

Vertical segregation: Separated by glass ceiling, men hold highest ranking jobs and females have lower status Horizontal segregation: Females more likely to be in lower skilled occupation Males go towards more masculine jobs such as builders and engineers and females head towards more feminine jobs such as teaching and hairdressing

Question 57

Gender Inequalities: Weberian: BARRON AND NORRIS

Answer 57

Dual market theory: Primary labour market: Secure well paid jobs with greater promotion such as teacher and lawyer Men usually concentrated here Secondary labour market: Less secure poorly paid jobs with less chance of promotion Women concentrated here Eg cleaner and waitress

Question 58

Gender Inequalities: Marxism: ENGELS

Answer 58

``` Suggested subordinate position of women is the result of ownership of private property and a class based society brought about rising inequality Exploited-exploited relationship can be translated to men and women in the household Nuclear family restricts women’s sexuality and enforces monogamy ```

Question 59

Gender Inequalities: | HAKIM (2006)

Answer 59

Preference theory: •No unfair employment practices •Gender pay gap and glass ceiling are because women have different priorities •Many women focused on family rather than work 20% of women home centred 20% of women work centred (most men here) 60% of women adaptive

Question 60

Social Class Inequalities: | WEBER

Answer 60

``` Social stratification will always be present but class has further divisions than Marx suggests 4 classes: •Propertied Upper Class •Petty Bourgeoisie •White Collar Workers •Manual Working Class ```

Question 61

Social Class Inequalities: | Functionalism

Answer 61

Parsons 1955 Davis and Moore 1945

Question 62

Social Class Inequalities: Functionalism: PARSONS (1955)

Answer 62

* Different forms of social stratification including social class reflect value consensus * Similar to feudal system * People better at achieving things are worthy of reward * Most agree successful business owners deserve better rewards for creating wealth and jobs as it contributes to the smooth running of society

Question 63

Social Class Inequalities: Functionalism: DAVIS AND MOORE (1945)

Answer 63

Social stratification functionally necessary as it is a feature of all human society Main role is to ensure effective role allocation How important a position is depends on 2 things: 1. Functional uniqueness (not many can carry out the job) 2. Dependence (how many people depend on their job and are under their orders)

Question 64

Social Class Inequalities: | TUMIN (1953) evaluation of the Functionalist view

Answer 64

Series of criticism on Davis and Moore: •Importance is a matter of opinion than fact eg cleaner •There is no clear consensus of distribution of rewards •High pay reflects power more than agreement they deserve it •Many have ability but aren’t given the opportunity •Higher rewards needed to motivate training •Assume only money motivates people •Stratification often creates hostility suspicion and mistrust between sections of society

Question 65

Social Class Inequalities: Marxism: MARX

Answer 65

•Economic system basis for all societies •developed a specialised division of labour so class relations began to emerge •capitalism emerged from feudalism between 16 and 19 century •Marx said capitalism gave rise to two classes bourgeoisie and proletariat whose relationship is based on conflict •Proletariat is exploited by Bourgeoisie •the downfall of capitalism will be due to 1. Polarisation divide grows larger and classes driven out of business 2. Alienation workers have no satisfaction 3. Economic crisis • says the proletariat will eventually overthrow the Bourgeoisie when they become class conscious and will create communism where everyone is equal

Question 66

Social Class Inequalities: New Right: SAUNDERS (1990)

Answer 66

* Believe in social stratification * Argues society based on social inequality will only be possible if considerable force is used to ensure everyone did their jobs to the best of their ability as they are not motivated by economic rewards * Not opposed to legal equality or equality of opportunity but does not agree with equality of outcomes * A degree of inequality is desirable in order to motivate people to compete