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Sociology A-Level > Paper 1:Section A:Socialisation, Culture and Identity > Flashcards

Paper 1:Section A:Socialisation, Culture and Identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Self-Identity?

A

How you see yourself

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2
Q

What is Social Identity?

A

How others see you

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3
Q

What is a collective identity?

A

Shared identity

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4
Q

What is a individual identity?

A

Unique to one person such as traits

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5
Q

What are hybrid identities?

A

A mix of two or more identities

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6
Q

What are the 7 different types of identity?

A 
Ethnicity
Nationality
Gender
Sexuality 
Age
Social class
Disability
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7
Q

What is gender?

A

Expected behaviours for your sex

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8
Q

What is sex?

A

Biological differences

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9
Q

What is masculinity?

A

Expected behaviours for men

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10
Q

What is femininity?

A

Expected behaviours for females

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11
Q

Gender Identities:What is hegemonic masculinity?

A
  • CONNELL (2001)
  • dominant/powerful
  • manual work
  • heterosexual
  • links to passive femininity
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12
Q

Gender Identities:What is complicit masculinity?

A
  • CONNELL(2001)
  • adopt feminine roles
  • eg teachers hairdressers
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13
Q

Gender Identities:What are Metrosexuals?

A
  • CONNELL(2001)
  • MORT(1996)
  • uses a range of grooming products
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14
Q

Gender Identities:What is subordinate masculinity?

A
  • CONNELL(2001)
  • homosexuals
  • less powerful way of being masculine
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15
Q

Gender Identities:What is Marginalised Masculinity?

A
  • CONNELL(2001)
  • unemployed
  • minority of men in the outskirts of society
  • Mac an Ghail: crisis of masculinity
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16
Q

Gender Identities:What is Passive Femininity?

A
  • traditional and subordinate
  • housewife
  • ladylike
  • links to hegemonic masculinity
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17
Q

Gender Identities:What is Assertive Femininity?

A
  • powerful

- adopt masculine roles

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18
Q

Gender Identities:What are Ladettes?

A
  • JACKSON(1995)

- drinking smoking drugs

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19
Q

What is the biological view on gender?

A
  • Natural differences

- WILSON(1975) makes have a need to ‘spread their seed’ and females have a need to be faithful and to care for children

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20
Q

What is the functionalist view on gender?

A
  • mixture of biological and social

- PARSONS(1955) men’s have a instrumental role as the breadwinner while women have a expressive role as a housewife

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21
Q

What is the social constructionist view on gender?

A
  • gender is socially constructed
  • HAY(1997) teenage girls friendship groups show norms deeply rooted in the patriarchy
  • MAC AN GHAIL(1994) boys police each other’s sexuality and have a ‘hyper masculinity’ or ‘macho lads’ and they value ‘fighting, football and f**king’
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22
Q

BOURDIEU(1930-2002)

A
  • Neo-Marxist
  • Everyone has capital(resources) but focuses on social economic and cultural and depending on the amount of capital tells you what class you are
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23
Q

Social Class Identities:The Upper Class

A
  • Inherited wealth often in the form or land
  • socialise in exclusive clubs and may go to private school
  • MACINTOSH AND MOONEY pointed out that they are invisible as they operate ‘social closure’
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24
Q

MACINTOSH AND MOONEY on the upper class (2004)

A

They are invisible due to social closure meaning that their education, leisure and daily lives are partially invisible to the rest of the population

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25
Q

Social Class Identities:The Middle Class

A
  • Now seen as the majority of the population
  • likely to own their homes and be university educated
  • more are self-employed
  • very diverse group
  • unlikely they all share a common experience of identity
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26
Q

FOX (2004) on the Middle Class

A

‘Upper middle’ ‘middle middles’ and ‘lower middles’ to nightlight the large differences between the middle class

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27
Q

Social Class Identities:The Working Class

A
  • used to form the majority of the population
  • traditionally made up of manual workers
  • Romanticised as hard-working straight talking salt of the earth identity
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28
Q

HUTTON on the Working Class (1995)

A

Decline in trade union members, manufacturing sector and dispersal of working class communities has eroded the working class identity

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29
Q

SKEGGS on the Working Class(1997)

A

Studies working class women who feel humiliated by the ways in which others such as teachers and doctors judged and dismissed them due to their background and as a result they tried to show they were respectable

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30
Q

MURRAY’S Underclass(1984)

A

Now used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and are blamed for their situation
Murray said over generous benefits create norms and values in which they don’t take responsibility and depend on the state

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31
Q

Stages of age identities

A
  • Childhood
  • Youth
  • Young Adulthood
  • Middle Age
  • Old Age
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32
Q

Age Identities:Childhood

A

Socially Constructed
•in the uk it is seen as a period of innocence and dependence
POSTMAN (1982) Childhood emerged when the spread of literacy allowed adults to shield children from aspects of adult life and the spread of media brought a decline in childhood

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33
Q

Age identities:

POSTMAN (1982)

A

Childhood emerged when the spread of literacy allowed adults to shield children from aspects of adult life and the spread of media brought a decline in childhood

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34
Q

Age identities: Youth

A

12-25
Socially constructed as a period of transition to adulthood
Time of rebellion
In some cultures there is no youth
MEAD (1928) storm and stress associated with youth is cultural specific

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35
Q

Age identities:

MEAD (1928)

A

storm and stress associated with youth is cultural specific

36
Q

Age identities: Young Adulthood

A 
Normally characterised by career and family 
Form relationships 
Have children 
Establish careers 
Become independent
37
Q

Age Identities: Middle Age

A

40-50
Mid life crisis
Negative as they are no longer youths
BRADLEY(1996) a higher status than youth or old age as they are running the country and hold power at work

38
Q

Age Identities:

BRADLEY (1996)

A

Argues the middle age have a higher status than youth or old age as they are running the country and hold power at work

39
Q

Age Identities: old age

A

Debates on when it starts
Aging bodies represent ugliness and degeneration and older people have been socialised to accept this
Corners (1999)language older people used about themselves were negative and believed the ageing population was a burden. Concern on being a burden and the stereotypes of it being a time of ill health and dependency

40
Q

Age Identities:

What is CORNER’s study (1999)

A

language older people used about themselves were negative and believed the ageing population was a burden. Concern on being a burden and the stereotypes of it being a time of ill health and dependency

41
Q

Who created the age identities generations?

A

BRADLEY (1996)

42
Q

National Identities:

What is ANDERSONS study?

A

A nation is a imagined community in which members will never meet.
Therefore a national identity is socially constructed through symbols such as the flags

43
Q

National Identities:

What is KUMAR’S study (2003)?

A

Unlike the Scots, Welsh and Irish the English find it difficult to say who they are and that the English identity is exclusive
A long history of the English as imperial people has developed a sense of missionary nationalism
The quest to expand Britishness may have diluted Englishness

44
Q 
National Identities:
SADARS study (2002)
A

Suggests the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis as many divides such as the east and west have broke down
Englishness was focused on historical traditions that are now meaningless due to the loss of the empire
We must focus on our common humanity

45
Q

National Identities:

HALL (1991)

A

Different reactions to globalisation

  1. Cultural Homogenisation- accept a global culture
  2. Cultural Hybridity- take in some parts of global culture
  3. Cultural resistance- resist globalisation
46
Q

National Identities:

HALSEY (2000) study

A

Americanisation

47
Q

Ethnic identities: BRAH (1996)

A

Mixed race/ Brasians have norms and values from the family and norms and values from their peers
Very skilled cultural code switchers

48
Q

Ethnic identities: DAWNEY (2008)

A

Found evidence of racism against migrants in the rural community she studied, which largely came from a perceived threat and fear of numbers that did not necessarily have a basis in reality

49
Q

Ethnic identities:GHUMANN (1999)

A

Found that tradition, religion and family values played an important role in the upbringing of second generations Asians in the uk and they tend to be socialised into the extended family

50
Q

Ethnic identities: JACOBSON (1997)

A

Argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity in response to social exclusion

51
Q

Ethnic identities: MODOOD (1997)

A

7 factors of ethnicity
Asians have different nationalities, religions and languages
Generational differences suggestion second generations feel more British

52
Q

Ethnic identities: JAMES (1993)

A

Racism unified the culture of African-Caribbean in the uk due to the slave read and colonialism

53
Q

Ethnic identities: GILROY (1993)

A

Argues for the use of Black Atlantic as he saw Black British and Black American as the same identity

54
Q

Ethnic identities: CASHMORE ANS TROYNA (1990)

A

Will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards to seek support within own ethic community as a response to racism

55
Q

Ethnic identities: SPENCER ET AL (2007)

A

Suggests Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people
Social closure
British ‘circles’

56
Q

Ethnic identities: BACK (1996)

A

Not just black youths who adopt hybrid identities

White youth attracted to aspects of black culture and all ethic groups have developed a shared identity

57
Q

Ethnic identities: HEWITT (2005)

A

Policies to create equality which creates backlash by ethnic majority (British)

58
Q

Ethnic identities: FRANCIS AND ARCHER (2005)

A

Looked at different aspects of identity in British chinese families consider challenges of growing up with a minority ethic group

59
Q

What is the medical model?

A

When you are identified as disabled medically and they focus on the limitations of the disability and creates a victim blaming mentality

60
Q

What is the social model?

A

The idea disability is socially constructed and there is barriers for those who are disabled
SHAKESPEARE: socialised to see themselves as victims

61
Q

What do interactionists say about disability?

A

Label people as disabled
Creates a master status
ZOLA- polio survivor used negative words for themselves
Learned helplessness

62
Q

What are values?

A

Beliefs and ideas society sees as important that are accepted by the majority
Eg
Money
Hygiene

63
Q

What are norms?

A

Expected patterns of behaviour based on the norms
Eg
Go to work
Shower

64
Q

What is deviance?

A

Going against the norms
Eg not following the law
Not doing homework

65
Q

What are sanctions?

A

A consequence of a persons behaviour
Eg
Achievement points
Naughty step

66
Q

What is culture?

A

A way of life based on the norms and values of a society
Eg
Judaism
Chinese

67
Q

What is subculture?

A

Culture within a culture with distinct norms and values different from the rest of society
Eg
Goths-wear dark makeup
Chavs-wear sportswear

68
Q

What is high culture?

A

Items and activities enjoyed by the elite who are of a higher social class
Eg
Polo
Theatre

69
Q

What is popular culture?

A

Activities associated with the masses of society of the middle and working classes
Eg
Football
Tv shows

70
Q

What is consumer culture?

A

Excessive consumption of goods and items that has become accepted and expected in society
Eg
Spending without need
Shopping for pleasure

71
Q

What is cultural diversity?

A 
Differences between or within a culture 
Intracultural-regional
Intercultural-between
Eg
Brasians 
Spanglish
72
Q

What is Global Culture?

A

A universal way of life
Eg McDonald’s
Nike

73
Q

What is formal social control?

A

Written rules
Eg
Laws
Code of conduct

74
Q

What is informal social control?

A

Unwritten rules of society

Eg

75
Q

Sexual identities:

REISS (1961)

A

Young male prostitutes regard themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money and actively despised the men as a way of neutralising behaviour

76
Q

Sexual identities:

RICH (1980)

A

Lesbian identity has been written out of existence or seen as abnormal since it is a threat to male dominance

77
Q

Sexual identities:

QUINN(2001)

A

Celebrated same sex marriage between two males with the ‘wife’ being feminine acting and he ‘man’ being dominant in the case of females
African ‘boy wives’ between 12 and 20 and treated as a female wife and when he becomes a man he takes a ‘boy wife’

78
Q

Sexual identities:

GAY LEFT COLLECTIVE (1980)

A

‘Becoming a homosexual’

Is a difficult process of becoming what one has learnt to despise

79
Q

Sexual identities:

THE KINGSEY REPORT

A

While still classified as a mental illness 37% of men had a homosexual experience but only 4% of them were homosexual

80
Q

Sexual identities:

MCINTOSH (1996)

A

Stereotype of feminine homosexuals:
Higher voice
Attention to appearance
Makes are expected to fill this role

81
Q

Sexual identities:

PLUMMER (1996)

A

‘Homosexual career’ where a male has accepted the label

Will seek to join a subculture with the stereotype being the norm

83
Q

What are the 5 agents of socialisation?

A 
Peer group
Education 
Media
Religion 
Workplace
84
Q

Agents of Socialisation:

Family

A 
Primary socialisation 
0-5
Learn basic norms and values 
Positive and negative sanctions 
Teach children unacceptable and acceptable behaviour
85
Q

Agents of Socialisation:

Education

A

Secondary Socialisation
Hidden curriculum- taught norms and values outside of lessons
Positive + negative sanctions
Formal curriculum- lessons which reflect values
Bowles and Gintis school is a giant myth making machine where children are taught to accept their place in society

105
Q

Sexual Identities:

WEEKS (1987)

A

Not many would come out as straight but would as gay

Sociology A-Level (5 decks)

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