Paper 1:Section A:Socialisation, Culture and Identity Flashcards
1
Q
What is Self-Identity?
A
How you see yourself
2
Q
What is Social Identity?
A
How others see you
3
Q
What is a collective identity?
A
Shared identity
4
Q
What is a individual identity?
A
Unique to one person such as traits
5
Q
What are hybrid identities?
A
A mix of two or more identities
6
Q
What are the 7 different types of identity?
A
Ethnicity Nationality Gender Sexuality Age Social class Disability
7
Q
What is gender?
A
Expected behaviours for your sex
8
Q
What is sex?
A
Biological differences
9
Q
What is masculinity?
A
Expected behaviours for men
10
Q
What is femininity?
A
Expected behaviours for females
11
Q
Gender Identities:What is hegemonic masculinity?
A
- CONNELL (2001)
- dominant/powerful
- manual work
- heterosexual
- links to passive femininity
12
Q
Gender Identities:What is complicit masculinity?
A
- CONNELL(2001)
- adopt feminine roles
- eg teachers hairdressers
13
Q
Gender Identities:What are Metrosexuals?
A
- CONNELL(2001)
- MORT(1996)
- uses a range of grooming products
14
Q
Gender Identities:What is subordinate masculinity?
A
- CONNELL(2001)
- homosexuals
- less powerful way of being masculine
15
Q
Gender Identities:What is Marginalised Masculinity?
A
- CONNELL(2001)
- unemployed
- minority of men in the outskirts of society
- Mac an Ghail: crisis of masculinity
16
Q
Gender Identities:What is Passive Femininity?
A
- traditional and subordinate
- housewife
- ladylike
- links to hegemonic masculinity
17
Q
Gender Identities:What is Assertive Femininity?
A
- powerful
- adopt masculine roles
18
Q
Gender Identities:What are Ladettes?
A
- JACKSON(1995)
- drinking smoking drugs
19
Q
What is the biological view on gender?
A
- Natural differences
- WILSON(1975) makes have a need to ‘spread their seed’ and females have a need to be faithful and to care for children
20
Q
What is the functionalist view on gender?
A
- mixture of biological and social
- PARSONS(1955) men’s have a instrumental role as the breadwinner while women have a expressive role as a housewife
21
Q
What is the social constructionist view on gender?
A
- gender is socially constructed
- HAY(1997) teenage girls friendship groups show norms deeply rooted in the patriarchy
- MAC AN GHAIL(1994) boys police each other’s sexuality and have a ‘hyper masculinity’ or ‘macho lads’ and they value ‘fighting, football and f**king’
22
Q
BOURDIEU(1930-2002)
A
- Neo-Marxist
- Everyone has capital(resources) but focuses on social economic and cultural and depending on the amount of capital tells you what class you are
23
Q
Social Class Identities:The Upper Class
A
- Inherited wealth often in the form or land
- socialise in exclusive clubs and may go to private school
- MACINTOSH AND MOONEY pointed out that they are invisible as they operate ‘social closure’
24
Q
MACINTOSH AND MOONEY on the upper class (2004)
A
They are invisible due to social closure meaning that their education, leisure and daily lives are partially invisible to the rest of the population
25
Social Class Identities:The Middle Class
* Now seen as the majority of the population
* likely to own their homes and be university educated
* more are self-employed
* very diverse group
* unlikely they all share a common experience of identity
26
FOX (2004) on the Middle Class
‘Upper middle’ ‘middle middles’ and ‘lower middles’ to nightlight the large differences between the middle class
27
Social Class Identities:The Working Class
* used to form the majority of the population
* traditionally made up of manual workers
* Romanticised as hard-working straight talking salt of the earth identity
28
HUTTON on the Working Class (1995)
Decline in trade union members, manufacturing sector and dispersal of working class communities has eroded the working class identity
29
SKEGGS on the Working Class(1997)
Studies working class women who feel humiliated by the ways in which others such as teachers and doctors judged and dismissed them due to their background and as a result they tried to show they were respectable
30
MURRAY’S Underclass(1984)
Now used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and are blamed for their situation
Murray said over generous benefits create norms and values in which they don’t take responsibility and depend on the state
31
Stages of age identities
* Childhood
* Youth
* Young Adulthood
* Middle Age
* Old Age
32
Age Identities:Childhood
Socially Constructed
•in the uk it is seen as a period of innocence and dependence
POSTMAN (1982) Childhood emerged when the spread of literacy allowed adults to shield children from aspects of adult life and the spread of media brought a decline in childhood
33
Age identities:
| POSTMAN (1982)
Childhood emerged when the spread of literacy allowed adults to shield children from aspects of adult life and the spread of media brought a decline in childhood
34
Age identities: Youth
12-25
Socially constructed as a period of transition to adulthood
Time of rebellion
In some cultures there is no youth
MEAD (1928) storm and stress associated with youth is cultural specific
35
Age identities:
| MEAD (1928)
storm and stress associated with youth is cultural specific
36
Age identities: Young Adulthood
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Normally characterised by career and family
Form relationships
Have children
Establish careers
Become independent
```
37
Age Identities: Middle Age
40-50
Mid life crisis
Negative as they are no longer youths
BRADLEY(1996) a higher status than youth or old age as they are running the country and hold power at work
38
Age Identities:
| BRADLEY (1996)
Argues the middle age have a higher status than youth or old age as they are running the country and hold power at work
39
Age Identities: old age
Debates on when it starts
Aging bodies represent ugliness and degeneration and older people have been socialised to accept this
Corners (1999)language older people used about themselves were negative and believed the ageing population was a burden. Concern on being a burden and the stereotypes of it being a time of ill health and dependency
40
Age Identities:
| What is CORNER’s study (1999)
language older people used about themselves were negative and believed the ageing population was a burden. Concern on being a burden and the stereotypes of it being a time of ill health and dependency
41
Who created the age identities generations?
BRADLEY (1996)
42
National Identities:
| What is ANDERSONS study?
A nation is a imagined community in which members will never meet.
Therefore a national identity is socially constructed through symbols such as the flags
43
National Identities:
| What is KUMAR’S study (2003)?
Unlike the Scots, Welsh and Irish the English find it difficult to say who they are and that the English identity is exclusive
A long history of the English as imperial people has developed a sense of missionary nationalism
The quest to expand Britishness may have diluted Englishness
44
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National Identities:
SADARS study (2002)
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Suggests the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis as many divides such as the east and west have broke down
Englishness was focused on historical traditions that are now meaningless due to the loss of the empire
We must focus on our common humanity
45
National Identities:
| HALL (1991)
Different reactions to globalisation
1. Cultural Homogenisation- accept a global culture
2. Cultural Hybridity- take in some parts of global culture
3. Cultural resistance- resist globalisation
46
National Identities:
| HALSEY (2000) study
Americanisation
47
Ethnic identities: BRAH (1996)
Mixed race/ Brasians have norms and values from the family and norms and values from their peers
Very skilled cultural code switchers
48
Ethnic identities: DAWNEY (2008)
Found evidence of racism against migrants in the rural community she studied, which largely came from a perceived threat and fear of numbers that did not necessarily have a basis in reality
49
Ethnic identities:GHUMANN (1999)
Found that tradition, religion and family values played an important role in the upbringing of second generations Asians in the uk and they tend to be socialised into the extended family
50
Ethnic identities: JACOBSON (1997)
Argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity in response to social exclusion
51
Ethnic identities: MODOOD (1997)
7 factors of ethnicity
Asians have different nationalities, religions and languages
Generational differences suggestion second generations feel more British
52
Ethnic identities: JAMES (1993)
Racism unified the culture of African-Caribbean in the uk due to the slave read and colonialism
53
Ethnic identities: GILROY (1993)
Argues for the use of Black Atlantic as he saw Black British and Black American as the same identity
54
Ethnic identities: CASHMORE ANS TROYNA (1990)
Will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards to seek support within own ethic community as a response to racism
55
Ethnic identities: SPENCER ET AL (2007)
Suggests Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people
Social closure
British ‘circles’
56
Ethnic identities: BACK (1996)
Not just black youths who adopt hybrid identities
| White youth attracted to aspects of black culture and all ethic groups have developed a shared identity
57
Ethnic identities: HEWITT (2005)
Policies to create equality which creates backlash by ethnic majority (British)
58
Ethnic identities: FRANCIS AND ARCHER (2005)
Looked at different aspects of identity in British chinese families consider challenges of growing up with a minority ethic group
59
What is the medical model?
When you are identified as disabled medically and they focus on the limitations of the disability and creates a victim blaming mentality
60
What is the social model?
The idea disability is socially constructed and there is barriers for those who are disabled
SHAKESPEARE: socialised to see themselves as victims
61
What do interactionists say about disability?
Label people as disabled
Creates a master status
ZOLA- polio survivor used negative words for themselves
Learned helplessness
62
What are values?
Beliefs and ideas society sees as important that are accepted by the majority
Eg
Money
Hygiene
63
What are norms?
Expected patterns of behaviour based on the norms
Eg
Go to work
Shower
64
What is deviance?
Going against the norms
Eg not following the law
Not doing homework
65
What are sanctions?
A consequence of a persons behaviour
Eg
Achievement points
Naughty step
66
What is culture?
A way of life based on the norms and values of a society
Eg
Judaism
Chinese
67
What is subculture?
Culture within a culture with distinct norms and values different from the rest of society
Eg
Goths-wear dark makeup
Chavs-wear sportswear
68
What is high culture?
Items and activities enjoyed by the elite who are of a higher social class
Eg
Polo
Theatre
69
What is popular culture?
Activities associated with the masses of society of the middle and working classes
Eg
Football
Tv shows
70
What is consumer culture?
Excessive consumption of goods and items that has become accepted and expected in society
Eg
Spending without need
Shopping for pleasure
71
What is cultural diversity?
```
Differences between or within a culture
Intracultural-regional
Intercultural-between
Eg
Brasians
Spanglish
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72
What is Global Culture?
A universal way of life
Eg McDonald’s
Nike
73
What is formal social control?
Written rules
Eg
Laws
Code of conduct
74
What is informal social control?
Unwritten rules of society
| Eg
75
Sexual identities:
| REISS (1961)
Young male prostitutes regard themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money and actively despised the men as a way of neutralising behaviour
76
Sexual identities:
| RICH (1980)
Lesbian identity has been written out of existence or seen as abnormal since it is a threat to male dominance
77
Sexual identities:
| QUINN(2001)
Celebrated same sex marriage between two males with the ‘wife’ being feminine acting and he ‘man’ being dominant in the case of females
African ‘boy wives’ between 12 and 20 and treated as a female wife and when he becomes a man he takes a ‘boy wife’
78
Sexual identities:
| GAY LEFT COLLECTIVE (1980)
‘Becoming a homosexual’
| Is a difficult process of becoming what one has learnt to despise
79
Sexual identities:
| THE KINGSEY REPORT
While still classified as a mental illness 37% of men had a homosexual experience but only 4% of them were homosexual
80
Sexual identities:
| MCINTOSH (1996)
Stereotype of feminine homosexuals:
Higher voice
Attention to appearance
Makes are expected to fill this role
81
Sexual identities:
| PLUMMER (1996)
‘Homosexual career’ where a male has accepted the label
| Will seek to join a subculture with the stereotype being the norm
83
What are the 5 agents of socialisation?
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Peer group
Education
Media
Religion
Workplace
```
84
Agents of Socialisation:
| Family
```
Primary socialisation
0-5
Learn basic norms and values
Positive and negative sanctions
Teach children unacceptable and acceptable behaviour
```
85
Agents of Socialisation:
| Education
Secondary Socialisation
Hidden curriculum- taught norms and values outside of lessons
Positive + negative sanctions
Formal curriculum- lessons which reflect values
Bowles and Gintis school is a giant myth making machine where children are taught to accept their place in society
105
Sexual Identities:
| WEEKS (1987)
Not many would come out as straight but would as gay
