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geography > paper 2, section a, urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

paper 2, section a, urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

where is Bristol found on a local, regional and national scale?

A

local = Bristol is found on the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary
regional = it is in Somerset and is north-west of the neighbouring city of Bath
national = Bristol is found in the south-west of England

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2
Q

what makes Bristol a major uk city?

A
  • largest city in SW England
  • population: 440,500
  • expected to reach 500,000 by 2029
  • 1 of uk’s 10 core cities
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3
Q

what are 5 factors that make Bristol significant?

A
  1. tourism
  2. industry
  3. education
  4. religion
  5. culture
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4
Q

why is Bristol’s tourism significant?

A
  • uk’s 8th most popular city for foreign visitors
    (Bristol zoo and Brunel’s ship)
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5
Q

why is Bristol’s industry significant?

A
  • largest concentration of silicon chip manufacturers outside California
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6
Q

why is Bristol’s education significant?

A
  • 2 universities
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7
Q

why is Bristol’s religion significant?

A
  • 2 cathedrals (anglican and roman catholic)
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8
Q

what is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Industry
- investment in the uk by individuals and firms from abroad

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9
Q

why is Bristol’s culture significant?

A
  • theatre and music venues
    (Bristol old vic theatre, home to Wallace and Gromit creators- Aardman)
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10
Q

what factors make Bristol an important international city?

A
  1. transport
  2. industry
  3. education
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11
Q

how does transport make Bristol an important international city?

A
  • road and rail links (easy access to London)
  • bristol airport links to Europe and USA
  • ferry services to Europe
  • 2 major docks (around 700,000 cars imported each year from Japan, Germany and Korea)
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12
Q

how does industry make Bristol an important international city?

A
  • global industries like aerospace and media
  • FDI for high tech and finance businesses e.g. airbus, BMW, Siemens
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13
Q

how does education make Bristol an important international city?

A
  • Bristol University attracts international students, providing graduates for jobs in the professional and quaternary industry
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14
Q

what impact has migration had on Bristol?

A

in recent years, migration from abroad has accounted for about 1/2 of Bristol’s population growth

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15
Q

what are the opportunities migration poses for Bristol?

A
  • hard working and motivated workforce
  • improving skills level where there are shortages
  • contribution to local and national economy
  • enriching the city’s culture
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16
Q

what are the challenges migration poses for Bristol?

A
  • provision of education for EAL children
  • issues with integration into wider community
  • pressures on housing and employment
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17
Q

how has migration impacted Bristol’s culture?

A
  • 50 countries represented in Bristol’s population
  • migrants contribute to cultural life of city in music, art, literature and food
  • Bristol’s large African and Afro-Caribbean population has had a significant impact and created strong community spirit
  • St. Paul’s carnival attracts 40,000 people each year
  • carnival’s aim to improve relations between European, African, Caribbean and Asian communities
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18
Q

what is the population like in the uk?

A
  • overall, uk’s population has increased massively since 1900
  • around 1915, sudden decrease of about 2 or 3 million because of deaths caused by WW1 but increased again after 1920
  • estimated that population will continue to steadily increase
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19
Q

where do people live in the uk?

A
  • highland areas of Wales and Scotland sparsely populated due to remoteness and harsh climate conditions
  • 82% live in urban areas
  • 1 in 4 of 82% live in London and the south-east
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20
Q

what are some key factors affecting the distribution of the uk population?

A
  • general drift to London and south-east; London is one of world’s financial, business and cultural centres
  • immigrants tend to settle in larger centres (more job opportunities)
  • recently, more movement from urban to rural areas (older people choose to retire to coast/countryside)
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21
Q

what are the changes that are affecting Bristol?

A
  • population becoming more ethnically diverse
  • young pop. : more under 16 than pensionable age
  • improved transport links; electrified rail means journey to London is 70 mins
  • over 2 million people live within 50km of city
  • improved accessibility: network of road, rail, air connections
  • Bristol’s population growing rapidly
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22
Q

in what areas can urban change create social opportunities?

A
  1. entertainment/culture
  2. sport
  3. shopping
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23
Q

how is entertainment/culture important for creating social opportunities in Bristol?

A
  • due to youthful population, there is vibrant music scene and variety of nightclubs and bars
  • venues that host live performances e.g. jazz, folk, plays, opera etc:
    the Colston hall, Bristol old vic, Bristol hippodrome, tobacco factory
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24
Q

what are the cultural opportunities offered by Bristol harbourisde?

A
  • former workshops and warehouses = bars, nightclubs, cultural venues e.g. art gallery, museum, At-Bristol science exhibition centre
  • free 3-day festival attracts around 300,000 spectators
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25
Q

how is sport important for creating social opportunities in Bristol?

A
  • sports teams developing stadia to provide range of leisure and conference facilities
    e.g.
  • 2 professional football teams (city and rovers)
  • 1 rugby union team
  • headquarters of Gloucestershire county cricket
  • rovers- plan to move to outskirts of city (idea to create facilities attractive to not just sports enthusiasts)
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26
Q

how is shopping important for creating social opportunities in Bristol?

A
  • Bristol seen major changes in shopping provision and growing leisure activity:
    • out of town; Cribbs Causeway retail park
    • city centre; Cabot Circus, opened 2008, costing £500m
    • shops/leisure facilities take up 2/3 floor space
    • the rest includes offices, cinema and 250 apartments
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27
Q

why were some of the shopping/leisure facilities invested in?

A
  • reduce crime
  • compete with other cities
  • improve environment
  • attract employment
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28
Q

what is the CBD?

A

Central Business District

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29
Q

what developments took place to encourage people back into the CBD?

A
  • pedestrianised area (with CCTV)
  • improvement in public transport
  • more attractive shopping
  • open street markets
  • creation of a conservation area
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30
Q

how has Bristol’s industry changed?

A

in the past:
- wine from Bordeaux imported to be made into sherry wine
- tobacco from West Indies used to make cigarettes
present day employment:
- manufacturing has declined as seen with closure of port industries
- developments come about in tertiary and quaternary sectors
- high employment rates in Bristol… many job opportunities attract many
- Bristol’s unemployment rates below uk average

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31
Q

what was the key to Bristol’s industry in the past?

A

the port
- when it closed in city centre, so did associated industries and many warehouses left vacant

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32
Q

why have high tech industries developed in Bristol?

A
  1. government grant of £100m to become Super Connected City with broadband downloads of at least 80Mbps
  2. clean, non-polluted environment
  3. advanced research at university
  4. educated and skilled workforce available from university
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33
Q

info about Aardman Animations?

A
  • set up in 1972
  • known for stop motion animation films
  • entered computer animation market and ended up winning Oscar amongst other awards for productions
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34
Q

info about Defence Procurement Agency?

A
  • employs over 10,000
  • supplied army, air force and navy with everything from boots to aircraft carriers
  • established on greenfield site in 1996
  • high demand for housing as result
  • contributed to Bristol’s urban sprawl
  • Bradley Stoke, pop. of over 21,000, was Europe’s largest private housing development when building commenced in 80s
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35
Q

what is the development of Bradley Stoke an example of?

A

the link between economic opportunities and urban change

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36
Q

info about Aerospace Industry?

A
  • 14 of 15 main global aircraft companies found there e.g. Rolls Royce
  • as result, supply chains developed around them to supply parts
    e.g. Filton Enterprise Area, produces parts for aircraft and electronic systems for communications and navigation
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37
Q

what award did Bristol win in 2015?

A

Europe’s green capital

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38
Q

what aims were set as a result of Bristol being Europe’s green capital 2015?

A
  • improve energy efficiency; reduce energy use by 30% and CO2 emissions by 40% by 2020
  • increase use of renewable energy from 2% (2012)
  • increase use of brownfield sites for new building and housing
  • establish air quality management plan to monitor air pollution
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39
Q

what achievements resulted from Bristol winning Europe’s green capital 2015?

A
  • the first 100 electric car charging points installed in the city
  • every primary pupil in Bristol planted a tree to improve city’s green coverage
  • 175 businesses created a ‘Green’ action plan
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40
Q

what is the ITS?

A

Integrated Transport System
- different forms of transport are linked together to make it easy to transfer from one to another

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41
Q

what is urban greening?

A
  • process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas i.e. public parks and gardens
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42
Q

what strategies within the ITS help improve the environment in Bristol?

A
  1. the Bristol-South Wales Railway
  2. The Park and Ride on the outskirts of Bristol
  3. electrification of railway
  4. doubling the amount of cyclists
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43
Q

how does urban greening help to improve the environment in Bristol?

A
  • more than 1/3 of Bristol is open space and over 90% of people live within 350m of parkland and waterways
  • Queen Square was once dual carriage way but now transformed into cycle way with open space
  • Bristol has over 800 nature reserves and 300 parks
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44
Q

how have green initiatives have helped to improve the environment in Bristol?

A
  • 30% of city covered in trees
  • 27% of city to be part of wildlife networks
  • new housing development at Portbury Wharf was allowed by local council on condition neighbouring area made into nature reserve
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45
Q

how does the Bristol-South Wales railway help to improve the environment?

A
  • railway lets lots of people travel together and would reduce number of cars on motorway
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46
Q

how does the Park and Ride on the outskirts of Bristol help to improve the environment?

A
  • reduction in traffic congestion in town centre will help improve environment as there are less emissions being released into the atmosphere
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47
Q

how does the electrification of the railway help to improve the environment?

A
  • greener and more reliable journeys
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48
Q

what do areas of open water and meadow provide in Bristol?

A

invaluable habitat for wildlife; birds and plants

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49
Q

what is a brownfield site?

A

land that has been built on before and is to be cleared and reused; these sites often in inner city

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50
Q

what is a greenfield site?

A

land that has not been built on before, usually in countryside on edge of built up area

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51
Q

what is a green belt?

A

area of open land around a city, on which building is restricted

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52
Q

what is a rural-urban fringe?

A

zone of transition between built-up area and countryside, where there is often competition for land use

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53
Q

why was the Bristol and Bath green belt set up?

A

to prevent urban sprawl on rural-urban fringe and merging of cities

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54
Q

what are the advantages of building on a brownfield site?

A
  • roads already exist
  • easier to get planning permission as councils want to see these sites used
  • cuts commuting
  • utilities such as water and electricity already provided
55
Q

what are the advantages of building on a greenfield site?

A
  • land cheaper on outskirts so plots can be larger
  • some shops and business parks on outskirts provide local facilities
  • no restrictions of existing road network
  • new sites don’t need cleaning so can be cheaper to prepare
56
Q

what are the disadvantages of Bristol Harbourside?

A
  • not everyone happy about architecture of waterfront properties
  • cost of flats too high for most people
57
Q

what are the advantages of Bristol Harbourside?

A
  • very run down area been redeveloped
  • people live in the centre keeping buzz there
58
Q

what are the disadvantages of Harry Stoke?

A
  • increased congestion, road traffic noise and poor air quality
  • effect on local flood risk
59
Q

what are the advantages of Harry Stoke?

A
  • combatting national housing shortage
  • new development of 1200 homes and planning for 2000 more
60
Q

what are Bristol’s environmental challenges?

A
  • movement of the port downstream from city
  • rapidly growing population
61
Q

how is the movement of the port downstream from Bristol an environmental challenge?

A

many industrial buildings have become derelict

62
Q

how is a rapidly growing population in Bristol an environmental challenge?

A

demand for new homes has led to urban sprawl

63
Q

what are the two main environmental challenges Bristol faces?

A
  1. dereliction
  2. urban sprawl
64
Q

what is urban sprawl?

A

the physical growth of the size of a city

65
Q

what is the named location of dereliction in Bristol?

A

Stokes Croft

66
Q

what is the named location of urban sprawl in Bristol?

A

Bristol Harbourside/Finzels Reach

67
Q

what are the problems with dereliction in Bristol?

A
  • inner city area with housing once built for industrial workers
  • abandoned and derelict housing left behind, some listed (can’t change it)
  • abandoned buildings attract squatters resulting in riots and anti social behaviour
68
Q

what are the solutions for dereliction in Bristol?

A
  • the city council obtained lottery grants to help improve the area
  • activists and artists wanted to revitalise the area through community action and public art (now has independent shops, nightclubs and graffiti art)
69
Q

how has growth led to sprawl in Bristol?

A
  • rapidly growing population
  • demolition of older slum dwellings
  • bombing of houses in WW2 = higher demand for new housing leading to developments on the outskirts of the city (Bradley Stoke to The Worth)
70
Q

what are the solutions for urban sprawl in Bristol?

A
  • developments on the brownfield sites like the Harbourside
  • between 2008 and 2013, only 6% of new developments were on greenfield land
  • by 2026, over 30,000 new homes are planned on brownfield sites
  • e.g. Finzels Reach, brownfield site near the CBD with a redundant sugar refinery and old brewery buildings now has office space, shops and 400 apartments
71
Q

how is a clean environment created in Bristol?

A
  • waste disposal
  • traffic congestion/atmospheric pollution
72
Q

what strategies are used for waste disposal in Bristol?

A
  • reduce amount of waste sent to landfill sites
  • reduce amount of waste generated per household by 15%
  • increase amount of waste recycling to 50%
73
Q

how is waste disposal used to create a clean environment in Bristol?

A
  • contractors who deal with household waste have agreed to higher targets education in school about importance of recycling
  • introduced specialised kerbside collections/facilities for recycling different kinds of household waste
  • made technological improvements in recycling
74
Q

what are the results of waste disposal in Bristol?

A
  • income generated when recycled materials sent to reprocessing plants
  • Avonmouth waste treatment plant treats 200,000 tonnes of waste/year
  • any non-recyclable waste used to generate electricity (supplying nearly 25,000 homes in Bristol area)
75
Q

what is the problem with traffic congestion/atmospheric pollution in Bristol?

A
  • pollution caused by vehicle emissions
  • main bus routes often most polluted
  • est. 200 annual deaths in city resulting from air pollution
  • SW prevailing winds blow pollutants over city from industrial area around port at Avonmouth
76
Q

what strategies are used to manage traffic congestion/atmospheric pollution in Bristol?

A
  • reducing speed limits on motorways and in residential areas
  • The Frome Gateway, a walking and cycling route to the city centre
  • an electric vehicle program with charging points in 40 public car parks
  • smartphone app with info about public transport
77
Q

waste being used for powering buses and combatting traffic congestion/atmospheric pollution in Bristol?

A
  • buses (?) powered by human and food waste
  • transports people between Bath and Bristol airport
  • runs on biomethane gas produced at a sewage treatment works
  • can travel up to 186 miles on 1 tank of gas, taking annual waste of 5 people to produce
78
Q

“assess the success of Bristol’s attempts to reduce the environmental effect of waste disposal” (6 marks)
how would you answer this question?

A
  • identify city
  • identify issues of waste disposal
  • what’s being done/strategies
  • results of the strategies
  • include examples of how its been success/failure
  • conclusion (link back to question)
79
Q

what are two areas used for case studies within Bristol?

A
  • Filwood
  • Stoke Bishop
80
Q

what is life expectancy/health like in Filwood?

A
  • life expectancy 78 (Bristol avg 80)
  • cancer death rates above avg
81
Q

what is education like in Filwood?

A
  • in 2013, 36% students got top grades GCSE enc. eng + maths
82
Q

what is unemployment like in Filwood?

A
  • 1/3 people aged 16-24 unemployed: over half are long-term unemployed or never worked
83
Q

what is crime like in Filwood?

A
  • over 1300 crimes per year
  • 62% people feel unsafe at night
84
Q

what is housing like in Filwood?

A
  • homes split equally between owner-occupied and rented from council
  • many council houses built in 1930s/40s to replace slums (lots badly insulated)
  • designs for new council areas unsuccessful
  • plans to replace 1000 homes abandoned
85
Q

other info about Filwood?

A
  • above avg teen conception rate
  • Filwood residents have lowest participation in active sport + creative activities in city
  • poor access to shops selling fresh fruit and veg for healthy diet
86
Q

what is life expectancy/health like in Stoke Bishop?

A

83

87
Q

what is education like in Stoke Bishop?

A
  • 50% have degree or equiv
  • 94% got highest GCSE grades
88
Q

what is unemployment like in Stoke Bishop?

A

3%

89
Q

what is crime like in Stoke Bishop?

A
  • less than 300 per year
90
Q

what is housing like in Stoke Bishop?

A
  • 81% is owner occupied, Victorian or Edwardian villas
91
Q

other info about Stoke Bishop?

A
  • less than 4% of children live in poverty
  • highest level of car ownership in city
92
Q

what is a case study about regeneration in Bristol?

A

Temple Quarter

93
Q

what are the advantages of regenerating brownfield sites in Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • range of uses for existing buildings
  • land often derelict
  • reduces urban sprawl
  • urban environment improved
  • reduce use of cars as often in inner city
94
Q

what are the disadvantages of regenerating brownfield sites in Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • old buildings may need to be demolished
  • more expensive to build on than greenfield sites as need to be cleared
  • contaminated from previous industrial use
95
Q

why did the Temple Quarter need regeneration?

A
  • was very run down
  • bad impression to visitors (neg for tourism); due to access along road linking to southern parts of uk and train travellers also only saw worst parts
  • old industrial area (18th cent.)
  • often flooded until ‘flooding harbour’ (19th cent.) so no more tidal influence resulting in more industry possible
  • 1841; 1st train station built (by Brunel)
  • slum clearance took place by removing old terraced houses in 20th cent.
96
Q

what are the four separate areas within the Temple Quarter in Bristol?

A
  • Temple Meads City Gateway
  • Avon Riverside
  • Silverthorne Lane
  • Temple Quay
97
Q

info about Temple Meads City Gateway?

A
  • dominated by Temple Meads railway station
  • cut off from rest of area by Temple Gate dual carriageway built in 70s
98
Q

info about Avon Riverside?

A
  • old industrial buildings used for range of light industries
  • green open spaces created by demolishing former diesel depot
99
Q

info about Silverthorne Lane?

A
  • remains of Bristol ironworks and city’s gasworks
  • access is difficult; railway arches that are part of historic railway layout
100
Q

info about Temple Quay?

A
  • former industrial area
  • main industries were rope works, timber yards, malthouses, glassworks and potteries
101
Q

what are the key aspects of the regeneration project in Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • enterprise zone status
  • improved access
  • new bridge across river Avon
102
Q

info about enterprise zone status as aspect of regeneration in Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • enterprise zones encourage economic growth and create jobs
  • offer range of incentives to businesses to move to area, inc. business rate relief, low rents and easier planning procedures
103
Q

info about improved access as aspect of regeneration in Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • electrification will shorten rail journey time to London
  • improvements to Temple Meads station to encourage more people to travel by train
  • improved road layout with lines to rapid transit network and Bristol-Bath cycle path
104
Q

info about new bridge across river Avon as aspect of regeneration in Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • to site of former diesel depot
  • gives access to new Bristol Arena
105
Q

how has the area of Bristol’s Temple Quarter been regenerated?

A
  • target to create 4000 new jobs by 2020 and 17k by 2037
  • 240,000m^2 of new or refurbished buildings e.g. offices, homes, shops and redeveloped railway station
  • focus on several key projects
106
Q

what are the several key projects which have helped to regenerate the area of Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • Engine Shed; for high-tech + creative businesses
  • Glass Wharf; new office development
  • electrification of London to Bristol railway line
  • ‘Arena Island’; with bridge to new Bristol Arena
  • paintworks; new mixed use development
  • Temple Meads station; major development to turn station into modern transport hub for city
  • Temple Studios; new technical and digital enterprises
107
Q

how has the Bristol Arena helped the regeneration of Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • due to open 2018
  • route to it to be redeveloped with cafes, offices + flats
  • allow for small-capacity theatre events, seats 4000, conventions etc with up to 12000 spectators
  • outdoor events e.g. ice rink/outdoor theatre
108
Q

how has Brunel’s Engine Shed helped the regeneration of Bristol’s Temple Quarter?

A
  • re-use of listed historic building
  • £1.7m Innovation Centre being developed in Brunel’s Engine Shed at Temple Meads station(home to high-tech, creative + low-carbon sector companies)
  • sector includes: 18 micro-electronics, media + digital production companies, 44 additional companies using facilities, company development next gen wifi + use of super fast broadband (gigabit project)
109
Q

what is urbanisation?

A

the proportion of the world’s population who live in cities

110
Q

what is urban growth?

A

the increase in the area covered by cities

111
Q

which 3 countries will account for 37% of the projected growth of the world’s urban population?

A
  • india (+404m)
  • china (+292m)
  • nigeria (+212m)
112
Q

why is urbanisation slower in HICs than in LICs?

A
  • most areas that can be urbanised are already urbanised
  • birth rate is lower in HiCs than in LICs
113
Q

why do some HICs show evidence of counter-urbanisation?

A
  • as HICs urbanised earlier, older population; they retire and prefer a rural lifestyle over an urban one
114
Q

what are some push factors that may cause people to move to cities?

A
  • farming is hard and poorly paid
  • there are few doctors or hospitals
  • poor harvests can often lead to famine
  • drought and other climate hazards affect crops
  • rural areas are isolated due to poor road quality
  • desertification and soil erosion affect crops
115
Q

what are some pull factors for cities?

A
  • there are more well paid jobs
  • public transport is better
  • there are greater education opportunities
  • they have friends and family already living there
  • there is a greater range of leisure and entertainment
  • a higher standard of living is possible
116
Q

why do cities grow?

A
  1. rural to urban migration
  2. natural increase
117
Q

how does rural to urban migration cause cities to grow?

A
  • the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities
  • push factors: lack of jobs, poor education, poor healthcare
  • pull factors: higher quality of life, job opportunities, better healthcare
118
Q

how does natural increase cause cities to grow?

A
  • where the birth rate is higher than the death rate
  • natural increase occurs where there is: high proportion of 18-35 year olds (meaning more children born and pop. will grow) and decreasing death rate through better healthcare and service improvements for elderly
119
Q

what is a megacity?

A

continuous urban area of more than 10 million people

120
Q

what are 5 megacities?

A
  1. Tokyo
  2. Beijing
  3. Mumbai
  4. New York
  5. Mexico City
121
Q

what problem can occur in megacities?

A

greater gap between rich and poor emerges

122
Q

what are the 3 types of megacity?

A
  1. slow-growing
  2. growing
  3. rapid growing
123
Q

info about slow-growing megacities?

A
  • SE Asia, Europe and N America
  • no squatter settlements
  • HICs e.g. Tokyo, Los Angeles
124
Q

info about growing megacities?

A
  • S America and SE Asia
  • under 20% in squatter settlements
  • NEEs e.g. Rio de Janeiro
125
Q

info about rapid growing megacities?

A
  • S/SE Asia and Africa
  • over 30% in squatter settlements
  • NEEs or LICs e.g. Mumbai
126
Q

what is some information about Rio de Janeiro’s location?

A
  • situated on east coast of Brazil
  • Brazil surrounded by 10 countries on continent of S America
  • Atlantic Ocean to east of rio
  • very close to Sao Paulo
  • brazilian highland north of rio
  • amazon river and rainforest to NW
  • sits just above Tropic of Capricorn and beneath equator (which passes through very north of Brazil)
127
Q

what is the latitude and longitude of rio?

A

23 degrees S and 43 degrees W

128
Q

what is Rio de Janeiro like and how has it grown?

A

rio has become a ‘global city’ because of it’s importance in the global economy as an industrial and financial centre; it is a major regional, national and international centre for many important companies and industries and is an important international hub with 5 ports and 3 airports

129
Q

what are the four sections of rio?

A
  1. North Zone
  2. Centro
  3. South Zone
  4. West Zone
130
Q

information about North Zone area of rio?

A
  • main industrial and port area
  • international airport and Maracana soccer stadium
  • squatter settlements (favelas)
131
Q

information about Centro area of rio?

A
  • historic buildings as it’s the oldest part
  • CBD and shopping
  • financial centre
132
Q

information about South Zone area of rio?

A
  • main tourist area with Ipanema and Copacabana beaches
  • luxury flats (wealthiest district in all of SA)
  • overlooked by Rocinha, largest favela in SA
133
Q

information about West Zone area of rio?

A

geography (4 decks)

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