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Psychology Paper 2 > Paper 2- research methods > Flashcards

Paper 2- research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What does operationalise mean

A

Stating How you are going to measure the variable

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is changed

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

What is measured

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4
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

Prediction specifies a measured difference
Words like more, less, faster, slower

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5
Q

What is a non directional hypothesis

A

Open-ended result. Difference, but it is not specified

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6
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

No difference

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7
Q

What does a hypothesis need (SOB)

A

Statement
Operationalised variables
Both conditions of IV needed

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8
Q

What is random sampling

A

Each person has an equal chance of being selected to take part. Randomly choosing using RNG from list of people. Strength-no researcher bias, representative sample-equal.
Limitations- time consuming

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9
Q

What is opportunity sampling and strengths and limitations

A

Pick readily available people at the time and place of research
Advantages-convient, little time and effort , cheaper
Disadvantages- researcher bias- has control over who is asked, unrepresentative, one area

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10
Q

What is volunteer sampling and advantages and disadvantages

A

Participants select themselves through an advert
Advantages- less time consuming
Limitations- volunteer bias, unrepresentative-similar type of people

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11
Q

What is systematic sampling and strengths and limitations

A

Pre determined system- select every nth person in a list
Strengths- no researcher bias
Limitations- time consuming

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12
Q

What is stratified sampling and strengths and limitations

A

Subgroups within a group of people that represents the same proportion to the population
Strengths- no researcher bias, representative sample.
Limitations- takes a while, effort

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13
Q

What are the ethical issues

A

Informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, protection from halm, privacy and confidentiality

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14
Q

Informed consent and how to overcome

A

P must be given comprehensive information about the nature and purpose of research so can give consent to take part.
Researchers gain retrospective consent during a debrief or presumptive consent from a similar group

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15
Q

Deception and how to overcome

A

Research avoid misleading the participant and withholding information.
Overcome, debrief told how and why they were deceived

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16
Q

Right to withdraw and how to overcome

A

Pbhave right to withdraw at any point
Overcome- right to withdraw data

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17
Q

Protection from harm and how to overcome

A

Protected from physical and psychological halm
Overcome- can withdraw can get counselling and reasurred

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18
Q

Privacy and confidentiality and how to overcome

A

Not disclose any personal information disclosed
Overcome- use numbers or initials instead of names and reminded during debrief

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19
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Any other variables that might have an affect on the dependent variable, not controlled by the experimenter. Outside variable

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20
Q

How can extraneous variables become confounding variables and what do they mean

A

If extraneous variables are not controlled for. Confounding variables mean we cannot establish cause and effect

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21
Q

What are the types of extraneous variables

A

Participant variables, situational variables, investigator variables

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22
Q

What is participant variables and examples

A

Individual differences that could effect the dependent variable
Age, gender, personality, motivation, intelligence

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23
Q

What are situational variables and some examples

A

Features of the experimental situation/environment that could effect the D variable
Time of day, noise, temp, weather

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24
Q

What are Researcher/investigator effects and examples

A

Any unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome
If researched acts helpful to one group and not to the other, may do this to influence results

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25
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

When a participant knows what the investigation is about and changed their behaviour as a result of being in the experimental situation e.g overpeform

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26
Q

What are the ways to control extraneous variables and what they control for

A

Random allocation- randomly allocated to each condition of IV- participant variables
Standardisation-using same formalised procedure for all p in the study- inv effects and situational
Double blind procedure- neither p or researcher is aware of aims of investigation-demand characteristics, inv effects

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27
Q

What are the types of experiment

A

Lab, field, natural, quasi

28
Q

What are the types of experiment

A

Lab, field, natural, quasi

29
Q

Features and L+S of lab experiments

A

Takes place in controlled environment, IV manipulated, DV measured
Strengths-control of extraneous variables, standardised procedure-reliability
Limitations- low ecological value-don’t generalise to real world

30
Q

Features and L+S of field experiments

A

natural env, IV manipulated, DV measured
Strengths- high ecological value, act naturally generalisable to real life
Limitations- can’t control extraneous variables, difficult to remain standardised procedure

31
Q

Features and S+L of natural experiments

A

Natural setting, IV changed naturally-natural event, DV measured
S- can study events that can’t be manipulated, real world issues-ecological validility
L-natural event may not happen often-difficult to repeat, extraneous variables

32
Q

Features and S+L of quasi experiments

A

Controlled env, IV based on pre existing difference between people e.g gender,age , DV measured
S- controlled conditions like lab L- ps can’t be randomly allocated conditions

33
Q

What are the types of experimental designs

A

Independent groups, repeated measures, matched pairs

34
Q

What are independent groups

A

Each participant takes part in one condition of the experiment

35
Q

What are repeated measures

A

All participants experience both conditions of the experiment

36
Q

What are matched pairs

A

Participants are matched on key characteristics that are thought to influence experiment

37
Q

Independent groups strengths and limitations

A

Strengths- no order affects (boredness, tired) as only tested once. Less likely do guess the aim and show demand characteristics.
Limitations: participant variables could occur as different people in each group- diff behaviours. Less economical - twice as many participants needed

38
Q

Strengths and limitations of repeated measures

A

Strengths-No participant variables- same people in both. Fewer participants needed-saves time and money.
Limitations- order affects as done twice- bored, tired. Could guess aim and make demand characteristics

39
Q

Strengths and limitations of matched pairs

A

Strengths- participant variables are controlled due to matching, no order effects as only tested once. Less demand characteristics
Limitations- time consuming

40
Q

How do you overcome issues with experimental designs (2 points)

A

Random allocation- participants randomly allocated to different conditions- evenly distribute characteristics
Counterbalancing- making both groups do each condition but in different orders

41
Q

What does an observational study involve

A

Watching and recording people’s behaviour- no IV- non experimental method

42
Q

What are the types of observations

A

Controlled, naturalistic, covert, overt, participant, non participant

43
Q

What is it and S+L of controlled observation

A

Env is controlled to some extent, labrotory
S- no extraneous variables- no distractions, standardisation- can be repeated
L- low ecological vadility- not generalisable to real life, demand characteristics- know study is being carried out

44
Q

Naturalistic observation- what it is and S+L

A

Takes place in natural env with natural behaviour
S- high ecological vadility- generalisable to real life less likely demand characteristics
L- extraneous variables, difficult to remain a standardised procedure- change in env

45
Q

Covert observation- what it is and s+L

A

Participants are unaware they are being observed
S- less chance of demand characteristics- won’t change behaviour- don’t know
L- ethical issues- no informed consent , don’t know nature of study

46
Q

Overt observation- what it is and S+L

A

Participants are aware they are being observed- given consent
S- less ethical issues
L- more demand characteristics

47
Q

Participant observation, what it is and S+L

A

observer becomes part of group- first hand account
S- can experience situation as p do- inc insight and increases validity of results
L- may get too involved, observer bias

48
Q

Non participant observation- what it is and S+L

A

researcher remains separate from group- objective manner
S- maintains objective psychological distance from participants- dec observer bias
L- less insight- misenterpret behaviour

49
Q

Observational design- what is unstructured and structured observation

A

Unstructured- write down everything they see
Structured- simplify target behaviours by using behaviour categories

50
Q

Types of sampling in observations (observational designs)

A

Time sampling, event sampling

51
Q

What is time sampling and s+l

A

Recording behaviour within a pre established time frame e.g record behaviours every 30 secs
S- reduces observer fatigue because number of observations is reduced
L- important behaviours missed if outside observation window

52
Q

What is event sampling and s+l

A

Recording behaviour continuously over a particular period e.g record continuously for 30 mins
S- less likely to miss behaviour
L- observer fatigue- behaviour still missed

53
Q

How much of an agreement must there be on all observers results to be reliable

A

80%

54
Q

How do you increase inter observer reliability

A

Clear and specific behavioural categories should be used

55
Q

What is self report

A

Asking participants about their own thoughts feelings and behaviour

56
Q

What are questionnaires

A

Set of written questions used to assess a persons thoughts/ experiences

57
Q

Types of questions and defenitions

A

Open questions (explain, describe, in detail) questions where there is no fixed choice of response and can answer in any way they wish- produces qualitative data
Closed questions (yes/no, rating scales) - fixed choice of response- determined by question setter, produces quantitative data

58
Q

Strengths and limitations of questionnaires

A

S- less time consuming- large amounts of data can be gathered quickly and researcher doesn’t have to be present. Easier to analyse if lots of closed questions.
L- social desirability bias- people may lie to make themselves in a positive light. Response bias- can complete too quickly and not read questions properly.

59
Q

What is an interview

A

A live encounter where a person asks a set of questions

60
Q

Structured interviews- what it is and S+L

A

All questions are pre planned for each participant- doesn’t deviate from set of questions
S- can replicate- standardised format- reduces differences
L- reduces insight- no follow up questions

61
Q

Unstructured interviews- what it is and S+L

A

Interview runs like a free flowing conversation, most questions are spontaneous
Strengths- more insight- follow up points and flexibility.
Limitations- difficult to replicate- not standardised procedure

62
Q

What should be used when writing questions for interviews or questionnaires

A

Clear, easy to understand. A misinterpret affects quality of answers

63
Q

What shouldn’t be used in writing questions for questionnaires or interviews

A

Jargon(technical language) emotive language/ personal questions, leading questions, avoid double barraled questions

64
Q

Why might a researcher use a questionare over an interview

A

Quicker to conduct if large amount of people, don’t have to speak complete themselves
Collect quantatuve data which can be easy analysed due to less detail,

65
Q

Why might a researcher use an interview over a questionnaire

A

Allows researcher to go more in depth and get more accurate answers- qualitative data and ps can ask for more clarification if they don’t understand.
Less likely to lie and show social desirablility if researcher is present

Psychology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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