Paper 2-pyschology Flashcards
Define skill
A learned action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about a pre-determined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
Define abilities
Inherited from your parents, abilities are stable traits that determine an individuals potential to learn or acquire skills
List the four continuum scales
Basic to complex
Open to closed
Self paced to externally paced
Gross to fine
What are the features of a basic skill
Few decisions to be made
Few decisions affect the success of the movement
Tend to be taught as a beginner
Learned fairly quickly
E.g. walking is a very basic skill
What are the features of a complex skill
Complex decision making
Lots of decisions to be made in order to be successful
Tend to be taught after experiencing success in basic skills
Can take considerable amount of time to master
E.g. back somersault with half twist is complex
What are the features of an open skill
Unstable environment
The way you do the skills is affected by the people around you
You may decide to do the skill differently to normal because of the environment
Skill is often externally paced
E.g. shooting during a game of football in open play is far more open than taking a penalty
What are the features of a closed skill
Stable environment
The way you do the skill is not affected by the people around you
You will not change how you do the skill. It is done the same way every time as there are no factors/people within the environment to affect how you do it
Skill is typically self paced
E.g. shooting from a penalty in football
What are the features of a self paced skill
The start of the movement is controlled by the performer
The speed, pace or rage of the movement is controlled by the performer
E.g. taking a free kick in football
What are the features of an externally paced skill
The start of the movement is controlled by external factors
The speed, pace or rate of the movement is controlled by external factors
E.g. taking a shot in football from open play
What are the features of a gross skill
Involves big movements of the body
Involves large muscle groups
Movements tend not to rely on accuracy and precision
E.g. a rugby tackle
What are the features of a fine skill
Involves small, precise movements
Involves the use of small muscle groups
Movements tend to involve precision and accuracy
E.g. throwing a dart
What is basic information processing
An elite athlete will processes the information more quickly than a beginner and will prioritise the information that’s most important.
So a beginner in football will think about every pass there playing and where it’s going where as an elite athlete will be thinking about the power on the pass the type of pass etc
This can sometimes lead to elites making basic errors as there already thinking ahead
Define information processing
Making decisions. Gathering data from the display (senses), prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision
What are the 4 stages of the basic information processing model and in order
Input
Decision making
Output
Feedback
Describe the input process in the processing model
Performer takes in information from the environment/display e.g. what they can hear and see
They choose what is the most relevant piece of information to them at that time
E.g. sight when watching a cricket ball flying through the air. This is called selective attention
Describe the process of decision making in the processing model
Performer selects an appropriate response (movement/skill) from memory
The short term memory is the working memory. Information from the display that has been attended to is held in the short term memory for a short time.
The long term memory holds info that has been rehearsed and stored. So relevant memory is compared to info in short term memory so that suitable decision made
E.g. the cricketer recalls memory of a previous catch (ltm) and compares to what currently seeing (stm) so decision to catch takes place
Describe the process of output in the processing model
Decision is sent to appropriate muscles to carry out response
E.g. impulses sent to arms and hands to start appropriate muscular movements for catch to take place
Describe the process of feedback in process model
Information is received via themselves (intrinsic) and from others (extrinsic) regarding the success of not of the action
Feedback may affect how you complete skill in future
E.g. feel the ball in your hand (intrinsic) and crowd cheering when you catch it (extrinsic)
What are the two types of goals
Performance goals
Outcome goals
Why do we need goals
Goals are used to provide motivation or to improve performance
Goal setting gives performers a target to aspire to and helps to prepare performers both physically and mentally
Define performance goal
Personal standards to be achieved. The performer compared their performance against what they have already done or suggests what they are going to do.
No comparison with other performers
Define outcome goals
Focus on end result for example winning
Which type of goal would be better suited to a beginner? Why?
Performance goals best for beginners
Outcome goals may rely on factors out of their control e.g. how good the opposition is
Outcome goals can demotivate if you don’t succeed e.g. winning may be unrealistic
Beginners should concentrate on their own performance e.g. touch the ball 10 times in a game
Which type of goal is best suited to an elite athlete. Why?
Elite athletes are usually driven by winning so outcome goals such as a trophy of medal
The very best can persist even when they fail and become more determined (don’t get demotivated)
What should a performance and outcome goal be for a beginner playing a more experienced player in badminton
Performance goal: to hit the shuttle more consistently than last game
Outcome goals: to score a point
What should the performance and outcome goal be for an elite javelins thrower performing at the olympics
Performance goal: to beat their personal best throw
Outcome goal: to win gold
What are the 5 parts of smart targets
S-specific
M-measurable
A-accepted
R-realistic
T-time bound
Explain the S in smart target
Must be specific to the demand of the sport/muscles used/movements involved
E.g. I want to improve my cardiovascular endurance to improve my time for a half marathon by 2 minutes
Explain the M in smart targets
It must be possible to measure whether it’s been achieved
E.g. I will compare my time form my first race to the time in the next race. 2 minute improvement
Explain the A in smart targets
It must be accepted by the performer and the performers coach
E.g. I accept this is a short term target
Explain the R in smart targets
It must be actually possible to complete the goal, that the person is physically capable of
E.g. knocking 2 mins off my time is a realistic target for my ability level if I train hard between races
Explain the T in smart targets
It must be set over a fixed period of time
E.g. my next race is in 6 weeks
What are the 6 types of feedback
Positive and negative
Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
Extrinsic and intrinsic
Explain positive feedback
Used to inform the athlete what was correct about the movement.
Performers need to know if a movement is correct as this provides a reference point for future attempts at the movement
Essential for motivating performers
Explain negative feedback
Used to inform the athlete what was incorrect about the movement.
Negative feedback must include info on the action(s) required by the performer to achieve the correct movement
Explain knowledge of results
Focuses on how successful you have been in achieving what you set out to do (the outcome)
Usually factual and given to you by a coach or teacher
Explain knowledge of results
This type of feedback provides more detail about how well you did irrespective of the result
Relate to the technique used, or specific aspects of the movement you produced
Deals with quality of performance not result
Explain extrinsic feedback
Feedback received about performance which comes form outside the performer e.g. a teacher or coach
May also come from team mates or spectators and is generally given verbally or on a score card
Explain intrinsic feedback
Information which is received from within the individual, for example how it feels, information form the sense or muscles
This ‘feeling’ or sense that the movement of the muscles and the joints had gone well (or not) is often called kinaesthesis
How do we remember what feedbacks best for beginners and elites
Beginners = REP
Elites = PIN
What are the four types of guidance
Visual
Verbal
Manual
Mechanical
What is visual guidance and give an example
When a performer can see something
Demonstration of technique or skill by another person e.g. coach
Still images for example photos
Footage of performance via analysis software,dvd etc
What is verbal guidance and give an example
It involves another person (usually a coach or teacher) telling the learner what they are doing right or wrong
Usually used with visual guidance
Can be used as key word trigger e.g. point your toes
A coach/teacher talking to a performer highlighting a technique
What is manual guidance and give an example
Manual guidance involves physical moving the performer through physical touch
Manual and mechanical very similar
Physical support allow the performer to produce the required movement when they may not have been able to do it by themselves
Physically guiding the performer e.g.coach moving learners arm through correct motion of cricket bowing action
Supporting the performer for safety e.g. supporting a gymnast whilst doing a vault
What is mechanical guidance and give an example
Mechanical guidance involves using a mechanical aid
E.g. trampoline harness for somersault or arm bands for swimming
Physical support allows performer to produce required movement when they may not have been able to do it themselves
Is visual guidance for elite,beginner or both? Why?
Both
Beginner-needs to see what they are learning looks like, easiest way to understand
Elite- visual is very clear, quick way to learn for all abilities. Can watch themselves
Is verbal guidance for elite,beginner or both? Why?
Both
Beginner-goes well with visual. Reinforces what they have seen. Must be simple
Elite- best method- must come from a knowledgable coach
Is manual guidance for beginner,elite or both? Why?
Beginner
Can make a movement clearer than visual or verbal.
Elite don’t need this
Is mechanical guidance for elite,beginner or both? Why?
Beginner
Can break down a skill into parts for a beginner e.g. float legs only during breast stroke
Define arousal
A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
What can be affected if arousal isn’t controlled
Can affect both physical and mental state of a performer
If arousal levels not controlled performance may sufferer
What is the inverted u-theory if arousal
Visually shows how a performer can be under or over aroused, or at the optimal level
What does the typical inverted u-theory look like
A curved that slowly increases up then slowly increases down
The low arousal is at the beginning
Optimal arousal in the middle at the highest point
Over arousal is the end third
What do fine movements require in terms of arousal
Fine movements involving accuracy require a low optimal level of arousal e.g. dart throw
What does a gross skill required in terms of arousal
Gross skills requiring power, strength and/or large muscle movements require high level of arousal e.g. a punch in boxing and taking hits back
Or e.g. a rugby tackle
What are the consequences of being over aroused? Give examples…
Too aggressive e.g. red card in football for bad foul
Setting a bad image on tv- sponsors not happy,club has bad image
Mistakes and errors e.g. miss controlling a pass in football
Arguments with teammates
What are the consequences of being under aroused
Low motivation- low effort level
Mistakes/poor concentration