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Pe > Paper 1-Skeletal System Etc > Flashcards

Paper 1-Skeletal System Etc Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skeleton

A

1) shape/support
2) movement
3) protection
4) minerals storage
5) making blood cells

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2
Q

Name the four types of bones and there function

A

Long-generate strength and speed and movement

Short-shock absorption

Flat-protect vital organs

Irregular-shape and protection

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3
Q

Name the 7 parts of a synovial joint and there function

A

1) synovial membrane-secretes synovial fluid.
2) synovial fluid-provides lubrication.
3) tendon-attaches muscle to bone
4) ligament-attaches bone to bone
5) bursae-sack of fluid, reduces friction.
6) cartilage-prevents bones rubbing together/friction.
7) joint capsule-supports the joint and encloses.

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of synovial joints and what movement is possible at the joint.

A

Ball and socket-moves in all directions flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,rotation.

Hinge joint-flexion,extension. Only moves in two directions.

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5
Q

What are the 7 Movements at the synovial joint.

A

Flexion-decrease in angle of bones at the joint.
Extension-increase in angle of bones at the joint.
Abduction-movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction-movement towards the midline of the body.
Rotation-movement around an axis.
Dorsi flexion-pointing the toes up at the ankle.
Plantar flexion-pointing the toes at the ankle.

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6
Q

In a knee joint name the type of joint and the range of movements possible at the joint.

A

Hinge joint

Flexion,extension

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7
Q

In a shoulder joint what type of joint is it and what movement is possible at the joint.

A

Ball and socket

Flexion,extension,abduction,adduction,rotation

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8
Q

At the elbow joint what type of joint is it and what movements are possible at the joint

A

Hinge joint

Flexion,extension

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9
Q

At the hip joint what type of joint is it and what type of movement is possible at the joint

A

Ball and socket

Flexion,extension,abduction,adduction,rotation

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10
Q

At the ankle joint what type of joint is it and what movement is possible at the joint

A

Hinge

Plantar flexion,dorsi flexion

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11
Q

What’s the agonist

A

The prime mover,muscle responsible for the movement

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12
Q

What is the antagonist

A

Acts to produce the opposite action the agonist

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13
Q

At elbow extension what’s the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = tricep

Antagonist = bicep

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14
Q

At elbow flexion what is the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = bicep

Antagonist = tricep

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15
Q

At knee flexion what is the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = hamstrings

Antagonist = quadriceps

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16
Q

At knee extension what’s the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = quadriceps

Antagonist = hamstrings

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17
Q

At ankle plantar flexion what’s the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = gastrocnemius

Antagonist = tibialis anterior

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18
Q

At the ankle dorsi flexion what’s the agonist or antagonist

A

Agonist = tibialis anterior

Antagonist = gastrocnemius

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19
Q

Name the four muscle contractions and what it does

A

Isometric- length of the muscle doesn’t alter

Isotonic- results in limb movement

Concentric-shortening the muscle

Eccentric-lengthening the muscle

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20
Q

What do the red blood cells do

A

Carrys oxygen around the body

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21
Q

What does the white blood cell do

A

Fight bacteria and infection

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22
Q

What do platelets do

A

Form a scab within minutes

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23
Q

What does plasma do

A

Transports e.g. Carries protein in blood

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24
Q

What are the top two chambers called of the heart

A

Atria
Left atrium and right atrium.

(Left is always on the right) opposites.

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25
Q

What do the bottom two chambers of the heart do

A

Ventricles

Right ventricle and left ventricle

(Again opposite)

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26
Q

What do valves do

A

Prevent back flow

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27
Q

What is on the bottom of the ventricles and top

A

Top - superior vena cava

Bottom- inferior vena cava

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28
Q

What is on the bottom (middle) and top of the atria and what’s the final part of the heart called

A

Bottom (middle) - pulmonary veins

Top- pulmonary artery

Aorta

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29
Q

Define cardiac cycle

A

The process of the heart going thorough the stages of systole and diastole in the atria and ventricles

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30
Q

Define heart rate

A

The amount of times the heat beats per minute

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31
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

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32
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute

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33
Q

What’s the structure of that artery and it’s function

A

Thick elastic walls- blood flows under high pressure.

Small circumference- transports blood away from the heat

No valves- transports oxygenated blood

34
Q

What’s the structure of the vein and it’s functions

A

Thin walls- blood flows under low pressure

Large circumference- transports blood to the heart

Valves-prevents back-flow, transports deoxygenated blood

35
Q

What’s the structure of the capillary and it’s function

A

Thin walls- allows for gas exchange

Small circumference- blood flows under medium pressure

No valves- connects arteries to veins

36
Q

Explain what vascular shunt is

A
  • vasodilation widens arteries so more oxygen filled blood can get to the working muscles
  • vasoconstriction narrows arteries so blood to the brain etc gets less to allow more blood to working muscles
37
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

Attach to oxygen or carbon dioxide to transport it

38
Q

How does gas exchange occur

A

Inhaled air has high concentration of oxygen

Deoxygenated blood has low concentration of oxygen

Oxygen moves from high to low concentration

39
Q

What are the features of the alveoli that assist gas exchange

A
  • high to low concentration
  • thin walls (easy for gas to pass through)
  • large surface area
  • large blood supply
  • many capillaries
  • short diffusion pathway
40
Q

What’s the pathway of air

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

41
Q

How does air enter the lungs

A

Ribs move up diagram moves down

Lung volume increase

Air from high to low

42
Q

How air exits the lungs (exhalation)

A

Ribs move down and in diagram moves up and lungs empty

43
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath

44
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be breathed in after tidal volume

45
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be breathed out after tidal volume

46
Q

Define residual volume

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

47
Q

Name the features of aerobic exercise

A
  • with oxygen
  • long duration
  • medium intensity
  • e.g. Marathon run
  • glucose+oxygen =water+energy+carbon dioxide
48
Q

Name the features of anaerobic exercise

A
  • without oxygen
  • high intensity
  • short duration
  • e.g. sprint
  • glucose =lactic acid+energy
49
Q

What’s a high jump in terms of aerobic and anaerobic

A 
Anaerobic 
Without oxygen 
High intensity 
Short duration 
Glucose=energy+lactic acid
50
Q

What are the four methods of recovery

A

Ice bath - to reduce lactic acid + improve blood flow

Massage - Prevent DOMS

Diet - rehydrate water lost from sweating and replace glycogen lost

Cool down - heart rate + breathing rate down slowly and remove lactic acid

51
Q

Define DOMS

A

Delayed onset of muscles soreness

52
Q

Define EPOC

A

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption

53
Q

Name 3 immediate effects of exercise

A
  • sweaty and hot face
  • increased heart rate
  • increased body temperature
54
Q

Name 3 short term effects of exercise

A
  • DOMS
  • fatigue
  • nausea
55
Q

Name 3 long term effects of exercise

A
  • body shape change
  • bradycardia
  • hypertrophy
56
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by a muscle being trained

57
Q

Define bradycardia

A

Lower resting heart rate due to training

58
Q

How do we remember levers

A

1,2,3,F,L,E

59
Q

Define effort

A

Force required to move the load

60
Q

Define load

A

The weight the lever must move

61
Q

Define fulcrum

A

The axis

62
Q

Define lever

A

A rigid bar that turns about an axis to create movement

63
Q

What mechanical advantage does a second class lever have

A

High mechanical advantage

64
Q

What mechanical advantage does a third class lever have

A

Low mechanical advantage

65
Q

In terms of mechanical advantage what’s a first class lever

A

High mechanical advantage if the fulcrum is closer to the load.

Low mechanical advantage if fulcrum closer to effort

66
Q

Define plane

A

An imaginary line that splits the body in two and depicts the direction of movement

67
Q

Define axis

A

An imaginary straight line through the body around which it rotates

68
Q

What are the 3 planes

A

Frontal, transverse, sagittal

69
Q

What are the 3 axis

A

Sagittal,transverse,longitudinal

70
Q

What’s an example of a frontal and sagittal axis

A

Cartwheel

71
Q

What’s an example is transverse planes and longitudinal axis

A

Discus spin

72
Q

Give an example if sagittal and transverse axis

A

Somersault

73
Q

Name the two bones that form the shoulder joint

A

Humorous and scapula

74
Q

Name the bones that form the knee joint

A

Tibia and femur

75
Q

Name the bones that form the elbow joint

A

Humorous ulna and radius

76
Q

Name the bones that form the ankle joint

A

Talus, tibia and fibula

77
Q

Name the muscles that cause movement at the knee joint

A

Quadriceps and hamstrings

78
Q

Name the muscles that cause movement at the ankles

A

Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

79
Q

Describe the route taken by deoxygenated blood from when it enters the heart till oxygenated

A

Enters the right atrium through vena cava then enters the right ventricle and goes out the heart via the pulmonary artery where gas exchange occurs

80
Q

Describe the route taken by oxygenated blood from when it becomes oxygenated until leaving the heart

A

Comes from lungs along the pulmonary vein and enters left atrium then goes int left ventricle and then leaves through aorta

81
Q

State relationship between cardiac output stroke volume and heart rate

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

82
Q

Name the muscles that cause inspiration at rest

A

Diaphragm and intercostals

Pe (4 decks)

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