Paper 2 (pt 1) Flashcards
SMART principle
In the smart principle, what does each letter stand for and what does it mean?
Specific - focuses or linked to a sport
Measurable - be able to measure if you have achieved it
Achievable - be realistic and with the performers capability
Recorded - measurements should be logged and tracked
Timed - have a time limit to the goal
Skilful Movement
fluent
efficient
predetermined
aesthetic
co-ordinated
Skilful Movement Explanations 1
efficient - not wasting time or energy e.g. a swimmer using the perfect freestyle technique without wasting energy or time
fluent - skill is performed in one flowing movement e.g. a gymnast performing a cartwheel and backward walkover without stopping
Skilful movement explanations 2
predetermined - a skill has a clear objective or goal e.g. a dancer knows the dance routine before starting
aesthetic - a skill that looks good or pleasing to the eye e.g. a high board diver performing a double summersault to look good
co-ordinated - performed with control using limbs, senses and movements at the same time e.g. a tennis serve involves a throw, jump and hit at the same time
Feedback
intrinsic
extrinsic
knowledge of performance
knowledge of results
positive
negative
Extrinsic feedback
comes from external sources such as sound or vision
example: a netballer sees the ball go into the net and knows they have been successful
Knowledge of performance feedback
feedback about how well a skill or movement is executed
example: a coach in football telling their player that their shooting technique is incorrect
Knowledge of results feedback
feedback about the end result
Example: a coach in football telling their player that their shooting technique is incorrect
Positive feedback
gives information about successful outcomes
Example: a rugby coach praising a footballer for a good pass
Negative feedback
gives information about unsuccessful outcomes
Example: a tennis coach telling their player that their grip is incorrect
PEDs - impact on sport
clean athletes have their records questioned
creates bad publicity for the sport
creates a bad name for countries
drugs testing is expensive to carry out
PEDs - impact on performers
can receive bans and fines
stripped of medals and titles
lose sponsorship deals
become a bad role model
example - Lance Armstrong (cyclist)
Reasons for using PEDs
to improve physical function (strength or weight loss)
to improve psychological function (alertness or calm)
to win at all costs
the belief that others are doing it
the belief that they can get away with it
Why goal setting is important
adhere to exercise - can push people to stick with their exercise programme
motivate people - inspire or drive people to achieve their potential
optimise or improve performance - can lead to a higher level of performance
Types of goal setting
performance goal: concerned with technique such as toss the ball higher in a tennis serve
outcome goal: concerned with end result or winning such as a tennis serve landing in
Social benefits of physical activity
increase friendship groups - meeting new people
increases sense of belonging - feeling part of a team
socially active - more chance to meet socially
Physical benefits of physical activity
prevents injury - increases flexibility
decreases risk of heart disease - lowers blood fat
increases bone density - new bone growth
prevents obesity - lowers body fat
increases fitness and maintains good posture - strengthens core muscles and prevents lower back pain
Emotional benefits of physical activity
increases self esteem - release of endorphins
improves confidence - experiencing success
manages stress - endorphins will improve mood
provides a positive body image - happy with physique
Social consequences of no physical activity
small friendship group - lack of opportunities to develop new friendships
feeling isolated - not feeling part of a group
loneliness - lack of people to talk to and interact with
Physical consequences of no physical activity
increases risk injury - poor flexibility
increases risk of heart disease - higher blood fat
lower bone density - increase chance of fractures
leads to obesity - stored fat is high
poor fitness and posture - weak core muscles lead to lower back pain
Emotional consequences of no physical activity
decreases self esteem - poor body image
poor management of stress - lack of ways to release stress
negative body image - not liking the shape or size of your body
A motor skill
a skill that involved limb movement
a learned movement response can be open/ closed/ simple/ complex
Mechanical guidance
use of equipment e.g. a swimmer using a float
advantages:
reduces fear
increases safety
raises confidence
disadvantages:
unrealistic feeling
overreliance on the support
dangerous if incorrect
Manual guidance
Giving physical support e.g. a coach holding the legs of a gymnast doing a handstand
advantages:
reduces fear
increases safety
raises confidence
disadvantages:
unrealistic feeling
overreliance on the support
dangerous if incorrect
Verbal guidance
describe or explain how to perform a skill usually done alongside visual guidance
Visual guidance
demonstrations, video, pictures used to show a performer what is required
advantages:
good for beginners
easy to remember
quick and effective
disadvantages:
hard to get a feel for the skill
can be too complicated
Mental preparation
imagery
mental rehearsal (internal and external imagery)
selective attention
positive thinking
Mental preparation - imagery
a creation of pictures in the mind to improve concentration, confidence, reduce anxiety or stress, make the performer happy and relaxed or calm
e.g. a footballer thinking of a calm or relaxing place before a cup final
Mental preparation - mental rehearsal
forming a mental image of them performing the skill
internal imagery - from their own view point
external imagery - out of body point of view
e.g. a gymnast imagining themselves performing a routine
Mental preparation - selective attention
concentrating on relevant information and ignores distractions
e.g. golfer filtering out the noise of the crowd and focus only on the ball
Mental preparation - positive thinking
talking to themselves or thinking positively about a past performance
e.g. a footballer preparing for a penalty saying to himself ‘you can do it’ or ‘remember the time you scored a penalty’
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
inactivity or lack of exercise such as sat at a desk all day, driving everywhere, taking part in no physical activity
Stimulants
effects:
increases alertness
increases concentration
increased endurance of athletes
negatives:
sleep problems
anxiety
examples:
sprinters, motor sports
Beta- blockers
effects:
decreases blood pressure
decreases heart rate
decreases anxiety
negatives:
dizzy spells
tiredness
stomach problems
examples:
snooker, archery and shooting
Anabolic steroids
effects:
increased muscle mass and strength
speeds up recovery
increases duration and intensity of training
negatives:
aggression and mood swings
liver damage and heart failure
examples:
weightlifters, sprinters, rugby
Definition of Health, Fitness and Well-being
health - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
fitness - the capacity to carry out life’s activities without getting too tired
well-being - the feeling or mental state of being content, happy and healthy
What is a healthy, balanced lifestyle?
a healthy and balanced diet
regular exercise
maintaining a healthy bodyweight
not smoking or drinking
minimising stress
maintaining positive relationships
Components of a balanced diet
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
vitamins and minerals
fibre
water and hydration
carbohydrates
provide us with energy for muscle contraction (75%)
it is stored in the muscle as glycogen
examples - pasta and potatoes
example: long distance sports like marathon runner or football player (midfield)
Fats
insulate and cushion organs and can provide energy which is stored
examples - fish, oil, peanut butter
example: endurance sports like triathlon
fibre
helps with regular bowl movements and the large intestine to function
examples - cereals and beans
example: any sport as long as its linked to ability to train and perform and not having bowl problems
Vitamins and minerals
help with blood clotting, connective tissue and bone health
examples - fruit and vegetables
example: any sport but linked to strong bones such as a footballer
Water and hydration
helps to move substances around the body and allows chemical reactions to take place
replaces fluids lost to sweating
examples - water or hydration sports drinks
example: endurance sports like a marathon runner, netball, rugby or football
proteins
helps the growth and repair of the muscles
produces haemoglobin
examples - fish and meat
example: building power and strength such as weight lifter, rugby player and 100m sprinter
the environmental continuum
open - effected by the environment (pass in football)
closed - not effected by environment (tennis serve)
the difficulty continuum
simple - not a lot of judgements or decisions to make (sprint sport)
complex - lots of judgements and decisions (netball pass)
Golden triangle
links between all three: sport, media and sponsorship
interdependent
all three need each other
Media - Negatives
pay per view limit access - champions league only on BT Sport
poor role models highlighted - Lance Armstrong caught taking drugs so cycling has a damaged reputation
controls or changes sports - VAR in football
Deviance in sport
cheating - behaviour against the written rules of sport
examples:
two footed tackle in football
headbutt in boxing
taking performance enhancing drugs
Gender
men participate more than women by around 10% more
reasons:
more media and funding for perceived male sports like football and rugby
less funding for female sports
females discriminated against some sports
Improving participation
promotion - increase awareness of role models, opportunities and choices
provision - making coaches, facilities and equipment available
access - reducing cost, disabled facilities, women/ older adults only sessions, providing transport
What is commercialisation?
influence of business on sport to make a profit or people using sports to make a profit
Sportsmanship
behaviour that shows respect and fair play towards other players, officials and spectators
kicking the ball out of play in football after an injury
shaking hands before and after the game
batsman ‘walking’ in cricket if they are out
Sponsorship - Negatives
bad image for the sport if linked to fast food/ alcohol -
McDonalds sponsoring the Olympic games
pressure from sponsors on the athletes -
Nike pressuring Mo Farrah
only the top athletes/ teams receive sponsorship -
Mo Farrah in athletics
Media - Positives
Generates funding - McDonalds sponsor FA, more money for grassroots football
Promotes role models - media created Anthony Joshua as a role model
Increases participation - tennis participation increases when Wimbledon is on the BBC
Promotes minority sports - Sports like Curling are promoted during the winter olympics
Why is sportsmanship important?
makes the activity more enjoyable
encourages a good atmosphere
helps officials, referees and umpires
helps the game to flow
makes it safer
makes it fairer
creates good role models
Gamesmanship
bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage
using unethical methods to try and win
footballer diving to get a foul
tennis player delaying their serve
netball player holding onto their opponent
moving the ball closer to the posts in a penalty in rugby
sledging in cricket
Sponsorship - Positives
generates funding - Emirates sponsor Arsenal’s stadium so they have more money to spend on players
pays for facilities - Emirates sponsor Arsenal so they can build more training pitches
full time training - Nike sponsor Mo Farrah so he can train full time
Reasons for Deviance in sport
to enhance performance
pressure to win
retaliation/ revenge
reaction to a poor referee decision
as a result of taking drugs
Trends in sport participation
disability - low but increasing participation rates (17%) amongst disabled people
reasons:
lack of facilities and provision available and some may have a lack of money for facilities and equipment
