Paper 1 (pt 1) Flashcards
Describe how blood circulates around the heart
- deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the body through the Vena cave and enters the right atrium
- deoxygenated blood then passes through tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle
- the deoxygenated blood then travels to the pulmonary artery and leaves the heart to go to the lungs
- oxygenated blood enters the heart through the pulmonary vein
- the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
- the oxygenated blood then travels up the aortic arc and passes through the aorta back into the body/ systematic system/ the working muscles
Describe the double circulatory system
The heart consists of two loops
Blood passes through the heart twice
Describe what happens in pulmonary circulation
Carries blood from between the heart and lungs
Describe what happens in systematic circulation
Carries blood from between the heart and the muscles
What is the function of the aorta?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the muscles
What is the function of the Vena cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the muscle to the right atrium
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the atrium
Describe the differences between arteries and veins
Arteries - vasodilate and vasocnstrict to control blood flow. Carry mainly oxygenated blood and has high blood pressure and thick walls
Veins - valves prevent backflow of blood, carry mainly deoxygenated blood and have a low blood pressure and have thin walls
What is the main function for valves in the heart?
They prevent the backflow of blood
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
Stops blood flowing back into the right atrium
What is the function of the semi-lunar valve?
Stops backflow of blood into the right ventricle
What is the function for the bicuspid valve?
Stops backflow of blood into the left atrium
What is heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats per minute
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air inspired or expired each breath
What is minute ventilation?
The volume of air inspired or expired each minute
What is respiratory rate?
The number of inspirations or expirations per minute
What is the role of red blood cells?
Transports oxygen to the working muscles
Transports carbon dioxide to the lungs
What’s the order of the passage of air through the body?
Nasial cavity
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Describe the respiratory muscles during inspiration
Intercoastal muscles - contracts
Diaphragm - contracts
Ribs - moves up and out
Thoracic cavity - volume increases
Thoracic cavity - pressure decreases
Describe the respiratory muscles during expiration
Intercoastal muscles - relaxes
Diaphragm - relaxes
Ribs - moves down and in
Thoracic cavity - volume decreases
Thoracic cavity - pressure increases
What is the function of alveoli?
Allows gaseous exchange
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to the blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic?
Aerobic:
- oxygen is used
- no lactic acid is produced
- low/ moderate intensity
- continuous (+3 minutes)
- marathon, long distance cycling
Anaerobic:
- no oxygen is used
- lactic acid is produced
- high intensity
- short bursts (10 seconds)
- 100m sprint/ power lifting
What are the short and long term effects of the CV system?
Short term:
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
Redistribution of blood flow
Long term:
Decreased resting heart rate
Increased resting stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
Increased speed of recovery
Cappilarisation
Hypertrophy of the heart
Decrease in chance of heart disease
What are the short and long term effects of muscles and bones?
Short term:
Increased muscle temperature
Production of lactic acid
Long term:
Increased bone density
Hypertrophy of muscles
Increased strength of muscles
Increased muscular endurance and resistance to fatigue
Increased flexibility of muscles
What are the short and long term effects of the respiratory system?
Short term:
Increased breathing frequency
Increased tidal volume
Increased minute ventilation
Long term:
Increased aerobic capacity
Increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Increased tidal volume
Increased minute ventilation
Increase in alveoli
Decreased chance of lung disease
