Paper 2 (psychology)

Question 1

What are the 3 parts to the triadic model

Answer 1

• cognitive
• affective
• behavioural

Question 2

What is the cognitive part of the triadic model

Answer 2

The cognitive section is what you believe in and what you think

Question 3

What is the affective part of the triadic model

Answer 3

The affective part involves emotions the performer experiences

Question 4

What is the behavioural part of the triadic model

Answer 4

This part reflects the actions taken and habits of the performer

Question 5

What is attitude

Answer 5

An emotional feeling someone has towards a person or object

Formed by socialisation

Question 6

What is attribution theory

Answer 6

A theory which explains the reasoning for the perception of applying reasons to an outcome event

Question 7

What are the 2 sections of attribution theory

Answer 7

• Locus of causality = proposes whether outcome was (internal) or wasn’t (external) the fault of the performer
• Locus of stability = proposes whether the outcome was changeable (unstable) or not (stable)

Question 8

What is learned helplessness

Answer 8

When a performer attributes losing down to internal stable reasons (blaming themselves)

Question 9

How can learned helplessness be overcome

Answer 9

Attribution retraining

Question 10

What is attribution retraining

Answer 10

Changing the reasons for failure or success

Question 11

What is Banduras self-efficacy theory

Answer 11

The confidence in a performers ability to master a specific sporting situation

Question 12

4 factors that affect self-efficacy

Answer 12

• Vicarious experience
• Performance accomplishment
• Verbal persuasion
• Emotional arousal

Question 13

What is performance accomplishments and how does it affect self-efficacy

Answer 13

Performance accomplishments: something you have already achieved

This improves self-efficacy as you are confident that you can achieve anything up until that point

Question 14

What is a vicarious experience and how does it affect self-efficacy

Answer 14

Vicarious experience: seeing others complete a task

This affects self-efficacy as you feel confident in completing the skill based off of the success of a ‘model’ especially if that performer is regarded to be on a similar skill level

Question 15

What is verbal persuasion and how does it affect self-efficacy

Answer 15

Verbal persuasion: encouragement to perform that comes from someone

This can increase self-efficacy as a performer is encouraged to perform, this can be enhanced if praise comes from someone held in high regard

Question 16

What is emotional arousal and how does it affect self-efficacy

Answer 16

Emotional arousal: perception of the effects caused by anxiety

This can impact self-efficacy as it can increase anxiety which can affect performance and result in affects on confidence

Question 17

Ways to improve confidence

Answer 17

• Control arousal (stress management techniques)
• Accurate demonstration
• Pointing out past successes
• Support and encouragement
• Set achievable goals/targets
• Attribute success to athlete

Question 18

Definition of a leader

Answer 18

Someone who has influence in helping someone achieve their goals

Question 19

What are the 2 types of leader

Answer 19

• Emergent leader: appointed within the group

- Prescribed leader: appointed by someone outside the group

Question 20

What are the 8 characteristics of a leader

Answer 20

• Charisma
• Communication
• Interpersonal skills
• Empathy
• Experience
• Inspirational
• Confident
• Organisational skills

Question 21

Lewins 3 leadership approaches

Answer 21

• Laissez faire
• Democratic
• Autocratic

Question 22

Explain fielders model of leadership

Answer 22

Fielder suggests approaches to leadership is dependant on the situation.

EG task orientated leadership should be used in favoured and non-favoured situations whilst person orientated leadership should be used in moderately favourable situations

Question 23

What does chelladurai’s leadership theory state

Answer 23

Says that a leader should be interactive to other factors including situation and therefore leadership style should be changed to suit all factors

Question 24

What is required behaviour, actual behaviour and preferred behaviour inside of chelladurai’s

Answer 24

Required behaviour: what the situation requires

Actual behaviour: what the leader decides to do in relation to the situation

Preferred behaviour: what the group wants

Question 25

What is the process of chelladurai’s theory

Answer 25

Characteristics affecting Leader Consequence:
Leadership: Behaviour:

           Situation    ———> Required behaviour
                                                                 I
                                                                V
            Leader       ———>   Actual behaviour  ===   Good performance
                                                                 I
                                                                V
             Group        ———>  Preferred behaviour