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PE > Paper 2 (Bio-mechanics) > Flashcards

Paper 2 (Bio-mechanics) Flashcards

1
Q

Define quantitative data

A

Data that is presented as factual or numerical (objective)

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2
Q

Define qualitative data

A

Qualitative data is subjective and focusses on opinion and feelings E.G Borg scale. (Subjective)

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3
Q

Sub-maximal tests

A

Tests that are performed below a performers maximal intensity

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4
Q

Maximal intensity tests

A

These are tests that involve working to exhaustion

Less accurate than sub-maximal tests as they require high motivation to consistently perform at maximal intensity

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5
Q

Define reliability

A

If the test is repeated in the same conditions

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6
Q

Validity

A

A test that measures what it’s supposed to

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7
Q

Benefits of quantitive data

A
  • easy to compare
  • easily stored
  • set data
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8
Q

Benefits of qualitative data

A
  • more subjective

- relates to quality of performance

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9
Q

What’s is the Borg scale RPE

A

RPE (Rating of Personal Exertion)
The Borg scale measures work rate by evaluating sweat levels, muscle fatigue, heart rate. This test doesn’t require equipment

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10
Q

How can the reliability of sub-maximal tests be increased

A
  • Experienced tester
  • Calibration of equipment
  • Repeats
  • Standardised equipment
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11
Q

Define direct tests

A

Tests that measure values directly like VO2 directly measuring oxygen usage

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12
Q

Define in-direct tests

A

Tests that predict fitness, these tests are less accurate but are usually cheaper E.G bleep test

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13
Q

Acute injuries

A

An injury that is caused by a sudden amount of stress on a part of the body

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14
Q

Chronic injuries

A

Injuries that occur when a part fo the body is subjected to repeated stress which leads to breakdown in tissue integrity

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15
Q

Soft tissue injuries

A

An injury that damages:

  • muscle
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • cartilage
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16
Q

Hard tissue damage

A

Injury that damages bone as a result of sudden impacts or stress

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17
Q

3 Examples of acute injuries

A
  • Simple fractures
  • Dislocations
  • Sprains
  • Acute strains
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18
Q

3 Examples of chronic injuries

A
  • Achilles tendinitis
  • Stress fracture
  • Tennis elbow
  • Chronic strains
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19
Q

What is a simple and compound fracture

A

A fracture is when bone is damaged as a result of a quick sudden movement.

A simple fracture is when the bone is broken but it doesn’t penetrate the skin.

A compound fracture is when the broken bone has penetrated the skin.

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20
Q

What is a dislocation

A

A dislocation is when the ends of the bone are pushed out of their placement at joints. Dislocations are most likely to occur at ball and socket joints

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21
Q

What is a strain

A

A strain is when muscle is pulled or torn as a result of quick deceleration or acceleration that involves the muscle.

Acute sprains are sprains caused by a singular quick movement

Chronic sprains are caused by consistent pressure on the muscle

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22
Q

What is a sprain

A

Sprains are when ligaments are over-stretched

Acute sprains come as a result of quick movements like rolling an ankle

Chronic sprains come as a result of continuous overstretching

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23
Q

What is Achilles tendonitis

A

Achilles tendonitis is when the tendon that connects the gastrocnemius to the talus is over-used and begins to become inflamed as a result

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24
Q

What is a stress fracture

A

A stress fracture is when an area is over-used and swells up, these fractures are most likely in areas where weight is carried like legs. This is because muscle become fatigue and transfer weight onto bones

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25
Q

What is tennis elbow

A

Tennis elbow is the injury if the muscles connected to the elbow as a result of continuous usage when playing tennis, this causes tears which damage the muscle and the elbow becomes sore and tender

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26
Q

6 Injury prevention methods

A
  • Screening
  • Warm up
  • Protective equipment
  • Flexibility training
  • Taping
  • Bracing
27
Q

What is screening and how does it help prevent injuries

A

Screening is a way of identifying possible injuries that come from sport before symptoms show. Screening can highlight musculoskeletal problems, muscular imbalance, cardiac problems.

28
Q

3 Benefits of screening

A
  • Highlights problems before they occur
  • Can prolong participation
  • Can help coaches highlight limits for training
29
Q

3 Negatives of screening

A
  • Not always 100% accurate
  • Expensive
  • Can Increased performer anxiety levels
30
Q

What is protective equipment and how does it help prevent injuries

A

Protective equipment is equipment advised in a sport to prevent potential injuries

31
Q

Examples of protective equipment

A
  • Football = Shin pads
  • Rugby = Scrum cap and gum shield
  • Cricket = Batting pads, helmet
32
Q

What is a warm up and how does it help prevent injuries

A

A warm up involves small periods of movement which increase muscular elasticity to prevent strains. Warm ups also increase heart rate, respiratory rate and blood flow. Warm up is made up of 3 parts which provides an athlete with muscular readiness

33
Q

What are the 3 stages of a warm up

A
  • Pulse raiser (cardiovascular warm-up)
  • Stretches (Flexibility)
  • Sport relevant skill practice (shooting for a striker)
34
Q

What is flexibility training and how does it help prevent injuries

A

Flexibility training is performing stretches to improve the elasticity of muscles, ligaments and tendons so that chances of them straining is lower

35
Q

What are the types of flexibility training

A
  • Active stretching = Using one muscles to stretch
  • Passive stretching = Using external objects to aid stretching
  • Static stretching = Stationary stretching
  • Ballistic stretching = Stretching whilst bouncing
36
Q

What is taping and how does it help prevent injuries

A

Taping is when a performer will tape up an area to provide support and stability to the area to prevent injury

37
Q

What is bracing and how does it help prevent injuries

A

Bracing is when hinges are used for an area that has already been injured or is in threat of injury, bracing provides more support than taping

38
Q

What is proprioceptive training and how does it help with rehabilitation

A

Proprioceptive training focusses on re-stimulating proprioreceptors (receptors which highlight movement) after injury so that the brain can re-gain its ability to understand movement. This is done through balance or jumping exercises so that the brain can re-gain control of the injured area

39
Q

What is strength training and how does it help with rehabilitation

A

Strength training involves putting resistance on an area to strengthen it and prevent future injury. This can be done through free weights, machines, therabands and body weight.

40
Q

What is a hyperbaric chamber and how does it help with rehabilitation

A

Hyperbaric chambers are chambers that have 100% pure oxygen inside them, this helps a performer recover as more oxygen can be inhaled and transported to injured areas to aid recovery.

Extra oxygen is diffused into the blood plasma which aids white blood cell production and reduces swelling

41
Q

What is cryotherapy and how does it help with rehabilitation

A

This is a chamber filled with liquid nitrogen that causes vasoconstriction at the arms and legs bringing blood to the core allowing it to be more oxygenated, once leaving this bloods rushes to the limbs and to injuries and therefore speeding up recovery.

42
Q

What is hydrotherapy and how does it help with rehabilitataion

A

Hydrotherapy involves a performer moving in warm water, this removes pressure off injured areas during movement and allows the area to be strengthened.

The warm water also causes vasodilation increasing blood circulation and relieving pain.

43
Q

What are compression garments and how do they help recovery after exercise

A

Compression garments increase and maintain pressure in the area they are worn, this decreases swelling and increases blood lactate removal.

They can also be used to prevent DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)

44
Q

What is a sport massage and how does it help recovery after exercise

A

A massage that can prevent soft tissue injuries, benefits of a sports massage involve:

  • Increased blood flow to injured area aiding recovery
  • Removes lactic acid
  • Helps discard scarred tissue
  • Relieves muscular tension
45
Q

What is a foam roller and how does it help recover from exercise

A

Foam rollers are self-massage items which relive tension between muscles and fascia after exercise by placing body weight on the area on the roller

46
Q

What is cold therapy and how does it help recovery after exercise

A

Cold therapy involves placing areas of pain or aching joints in cold water, this causes vasoconstriction and prevents swelling at the joint which allows for greater muscular movement.

Cold therapy can also improve metabolism, increase the speed of nerve impulses and prevent muscle spasms

47
Q

What are ice baths and how do they help recovery after exercise

A

Ice baths are baths filled with cold water which causes vasoconstriction this removes blood from submerged areas, once the performer leaves new oxygenated blood enters that area. This blood will aid recovery.

48
Q

What is cryotherapy and how does it help with recovery after exercise

A

This is a chamber filled with liquid nitrogen that causes vasoconstriction at the arms and legs bringing blood to the core allowing it to be more oxygenated, once leaving this bloods rushes to the limbs and to injuries and therefore speeding up recovery.

49
Q

What 3 factors affect projectile motion

A
  • Angle of release
  • Height of release
  • Speed of release
50
Q

How does angle of release affect projectile motion

A

Angle of releases relies upon release height and landing height, if they are equal then the release angle is 45. If release height is below landing height then the angle of release is greater but if it’s less then the angle will be less than 45

51
Q

How does speed of release affect projectile motion

A

If the projectile has greater release velocity then it will displace faster increasing the distance travelled

52
Q

How does height of release affect projectile motion

A

If a projectile is release at a higher point then it will have greater horizontal displacement allowing it to travel further

53
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle

A

That air that travels faster has a lower pressure than the air that travels slower which has a higher pressure

54
Q

Bernoulli’s principle applied to discus

A

If a discus is released at a 40* angle then it will travel further as the angle of attack allows air to pass over the top faster reducing pressure on top of it allowing it to stay in the air longer as there is less pressure pushing it down

55
Q

Bernoulli’s principle applied to F1

A

As the air travels slower over the top of the car it increases the pressure, when this passes over the spoiler the pressure pushes the car downward onto the tram which allows for greater frictional force to be created improving the grip that the tyres have when turning

56
Q

2 types of flight

A
  • Parabolic

- Asymetric

57
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect air resistance (drag)

A
  • Velocity
  • Mass
  • Surface characteristics
  • Streamlining shape
  • Frontal cross sectional area
58
Q

What is Bernoulli’s lift effect

A

A lift force is created which causes the object to move in a perpendicular direction to the direction of travel

59
Q

How does velocity affect drag

A

If velocity of an object is higher then drag is higher

60
Q

How does front cross sectional area affect drag

A

If an object has a higher frontal cross sectional area then drag will be greater as it’s less streamline

61
Q

How does mass affect drag

A

If an object has a larger mass then it will travel slower and therefore have less drag

62
Q

How does streamlining affect drag

A

If an object is streamline then air will pass smoothly over it reducing drag, if it’s not streamline then it will cause vortices behind the object creating drag

63
Q

How does surface characteristics affect drag

A

If the surface characteristics of an object is smooth then air will pass smoothly over it

PE (6 decks)

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