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Paper 2 - Is Assessed Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in a pyramid of biomass?

A

As you go up a trophic level, the mass of an organism decreases

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2
Q

Why aren’t food chains very long?

A

So much energy is lost at each level that there isn’t enough to support a long chain

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3
Q

Why does the mass of an organism decrease as the tropic levels go up?

A

As most biomass is lost, it can’t provide enough energy to support the same mass of organisms in a higher level

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4
Q

Where is biomass (energy) lost in plants?

A

During respiration / photosynthesis

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5
Q

Where is biomass (energy) lost in animals?

A

During respiration, heat given off to surroundings, undigested material (part of animal that doesn’t get eaten)

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6
Q

How do you calculate efficiency of each trophic level?

A

Energy transferred to next level
——————————————— X100
Energy available at previous level

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7
Q

How do you calculate the energy lost at each trophic level?

A

Energy available at previous level - energy transferred to next level

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8
Q

SA:V ratio

The larger an organism is, the…

A

…smaller it’s surface area is compared to its volume

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9
Q

How are substances transported in a single-celled organism?

A

Directly into and out of the cell across the cell membrane due to their large SA:V, so enough substances can be exchanged

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10
Q

What is multicellular organism’s SA:V?

A

Smaller SA compared to V

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11
Q

How do multicellular organisms transport substances?

A

Through a mass transport system over an exchange surface

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12
Q

How do exchange surfaces allow the maximum substances to cross?

A

By having a larger surface area so more so space for diffusion

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13
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

rate of diffusion = SA x conc difference
—————————
Thickness of membrane

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14
Q

If the rate of diffusion doubles, so will…

A

…the SA or the difference in concentration

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15
Q

If the rate of diffusion doubles, what will half?

A

The thickness of membrane

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16
Q

How are alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion of O2 and CO2?

A
  • moist lining for dissolving gases
  • very thin walls minimising distance
  • huge SA
  • good blood supply to maintain conc gradient
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17
Q

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Substances diffuse quicker when they don’t have as far to move

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18
Q

How does conc difference (gradient) affect the rate of diffusion?

A

substances diffuse faster if there’s a big difference in conc from and to the area of diffusion

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19
Q

How does SA affect the rate of diffusion?

A

the more SA there is for molecules to cross at, the faster they can move from one side to another

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20
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the alveoli?

A
  • blood arrives at alveoli from the rest of the body, containing lots of CO2 and no O2
  • this maximises conc gradient
  • O2 diffuses out of air in the alveoli and into blood
  • CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction to be breathed out
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21
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

to transfer O2 to the blood and to remove waste CO2 from it

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22
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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23
Q

What are the units for cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume?

A

Cardiac output = cm3 / min
Heart rate = bpm
Stroke volume = cm3

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24
Q

What is the process of cellular respiration?

A

Transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (usually glucose)

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25
Q

Is respiration exothermic?

A

Yes because energy is transferred to the surroundings

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26
Q

What is the energy used for that is produced in respiration?

A
  • metabolic processes
  • contracting muscles
  • maintaining a body temperature
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27
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration when oxygen is plentiful - most efficient way

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28
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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29
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Without oxygen - much less efficient as the glucose is only partially broken down

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30
Q

What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose —> lactic acid

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31
Q

How do pants respire when no oxygen is present?

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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32
Q

What are the control variables when investigating respiration?

A

Mass of maggots, atmosphere, mass of soda lime

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33
Q

What is the independent variable when investigating respiration?

A

Temperature of water bath

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34
Q

What is the dependent variable when investigating respiration?

A

Distance the fluid moves

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35
Q

What do phloem tubes do?

A

Transport food substance (mainly sucrose)

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36
Q

What is the process of translocation in phloem cells?

A

Transport food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage in both directions

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37
Q

What makes up phloem tubes?

A

Made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow stuff to flow through

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38
Q

What do xylem tubes do?

A

Take water and mineral ions UP from the roots to the stem and leaves

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39
Q

What makes up xylem tubes?

A

made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle

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40
Q

What strengthens xylem tubes?

A

A material called lignin

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41
Q

What is a transpiration stream in xylem tubes?

A

Movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves

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42
Q

What is transpiration?

A

caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface (mostly at the leaves)

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43
Q

What happens when a water shortage is created from transpiration in leaves?

A

More water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it, meaning more water is drawn up from the roots

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44
Q

What are stomata?

A

Tiny pores on a plant’s surface mostly on the lower surface of a leaf

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45
Q

What do stomata allow?

A

Allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse directly in and out, and allow water vapour to escape in transpiration

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46
Q

How do stomata open and close?

A

Surrounded by guard cells

Guard cells = turgid = stomata open
Guard cells = flaccid = closed

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47
Q

What does turgid and flaccid mean?

A 
Turgid = swollen with water
Flaccid = low on water and limp
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48
Q

What 3 factors affect the transpiration rate?

A

Light intensity, temperature, air flow

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49
Q

How does light intensity affect the transpiration rate?

A

The brighter the light, the greater the rate

Stomata begin to close as it gets dark and photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark, so not much water can escpae

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50
Q

How does temperature affect the transpiration rate?

A

The warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens

Water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out the stomata

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51
Q

How does air flow affect the transpiration rate?

A

Better the air flow, the greater the transpiration rate

If air flow is poor then the water vapour doesn’t move away it just sits around the lead so diffusion doesn’t happen as quickly

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52
Q

Why are leaves broad?

A

Gives a large SA for photosynthesis

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53
Q

What does the palisade later have which gets the most light?

A

Chloroplasts near the top of the leaf

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54
Q

What quality does the upper epidermis have and why?

A

Transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer

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55
Q

How do xylem and phloem cells help a cell in gas exchange?

A

Provide leaf with water and take away glucose produced as well as supporting the structure of the leaf

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56
Q

Why are epidermal tissues covered with a waxy cuticle?

A

Helps to reduce water loss from evaporation

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57
Q

Why does the spongey mesophyll layer have air spaces?

A

To increase the rate of diffusion of gases into and out of the leaf

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58
Q

Why does the lower epidermis have lots of stomata?

A

To release CO2 directly out of the leaf

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59
Q

Go to picture 5 and describe the leaf

A

Picture 5

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60
Q

Investigating Respiration

What are the control variables?

A

Mass of maggots / atmosphere / mass of soda line

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61
Q

Investigating Respiration

What is the independent variable?

A

Temperature

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62
Q

Investigating Respiration

What is the dependent variable?

A

Distance fluid moves in manometer

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63
Q

Investigating Respiration

Why do you add soda line to two test tubes?

A

It absorbs CO2 produced by respiring woodlice

64
Q

Investigating Respiration

Where do the wood lice go in the test tube?

A

Placed on cotton wool above soda lime

65
Q

Investigating Respiration

Why do you use a control with glass beads?

A

To ensure that nothing else is respiring

66
Q

Investigating Respiration

Why is there a decrease in the volume of air in the test tube with woodlice?

A

Wood lice use up oxygen in the tube as they respire (CO2 is absorbed so doesn’t affect the experiment)

67
Q

Investigating Respiration

What causes the fluid in the manometer to move towards the test tube contains wood lice?

A

A decrease in volume reduces the pressure in the tube, causing the coloured liquid to mvoe

68
Q

Investigating Respiration

How can the rate of respiration be calculated?

A

The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured, which can be used to find the volume oxygen taken in by the woodlice per minute

69
Q

Investigating Respiration

What can you change in the experiment to decide what affects the rate of respiration

A

Temperature of the water bath

70
Q

How do selective weed killers know how to kill weeds?

A

Developed from auxins which only affect broad-leaved plants (often weeds)

71
Q

How do auxins in selective weed killer kill the weeds?

A

Disrupt their normal growth patterns, which kills them while leaving grass untouched

72
Q

How do cuttings grow using root powder?

A

Root powder contains auxins, which helps produce roots rapidly to help grow a new plant from cuttings

73
Q

Why do people want to use rooting powder to grow cuttings?

A

To create clones of a really good plant, and very quickly

74
Q

How can plants be made to flower earlier than usual or under certain conditions?

A

Using gibberellins (plant hormones that stimulate seed germination)

75
Q

How can gibberellins help produce a better fruit crop?

A

By limiting flower formation, so the tree doesn’t produce too many fruit which it can’t sustain, worsening the fruit

76
Q

How can fruit be grown seedlessly?

A

Gibberellins are applied to unpollinated flowers, so the fruit will grow but the seeds won’t

77
Q

How can the ripening of seeds be controlled?

A

fruit is picked while unripe, and then ethene is added so the fruit will ripen on the way to the supermarket

78
Q

How can seeds be made to germinate at any time of year and all germinate at the same time?

A

Seeds can be treated with gibberellins

79
Q

How do auxins control growth at the shoots?

A

Auxins is produced in tips and diffuses backwards to stimulate the cell elongation process

80
Q

How do auxins travel in a plant?

A

Auxins move through the plant in solution (dissolved in water)

81
Q

What do auxins do in the root?

A

Inhibit growth

82
Q

What does it mean if shoots are positively phototropic?

A

Grow towards light

83
Q

What does it mean if shoots are negatively gravitropic?

A

Grow away from gravity

84
Q

Positively phototropic

What happens when a shoot tip is exposed to light?

A

It accumulates more auxin on the side that’s in the shade than the side that’s in the light

This makes it elongate faster on the shaded side, so it bends towards the light = more photosynthesis

85
Q

Negatively gravitropic

What happens when a shoot is growing sideways?

A

Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the top, with more auxin on the lower side

This caused the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards

86
Q

What does it mean if a root is positively gravitropic?

A

Grows towards gravity

87
Q

What does it mean if a root is negatively phototropic?

A

Grows away from light

88
Q

Positively gravitropic

What does it mean if a root is growing sideways?

A

It will have more auxin on the lower side, inhibiting growth

The cell will elongate faster and the root will bend downwards

89
Q

Negatively phototropic

What happens if a root becomes exposed to light?

A

More auxin accumulates on the more shaded side

The auxin inhibits cell elongation on the shaded side, so the root grows downwards back into the ground

90
Q

Endocrine system

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Regulates body conditions, and directs other hormones to bring about change

91
Q

Endocrine system

What do the ovaries do?

A

Produce oestrogen, involved in the menstrual cucle

92
Q

Endocrine system

What do testes do?

A

Produce testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production

93
Q

Endocrine system

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Produces thyroxine which regulates rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

94
Q

Endocrine system

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Produces adrenaline which is used to prepare body for a ‘fight or flight’ response

95
Q

Endocrine system

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces insulin which is used to regulate the blood glucose level

96
Q

Characteristics of neurones

A

Very fast action
Act for a short time
Act on precise area

97
Q

Characteristics of a hormonal response

A

Slower action
Act for a long time
Act in a more general way

98
Q

How does adrenaline increase heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Adrenaline binds to specific receptions in the heart, causing the heart muscle to contract more frequently so cells receive more oxygen as blood flow increases

99
Q

How does adrenaline impact the liver?

A

Binds to receptors in the liver causing it to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose, increasing blood glucose level in blood

100
Q

How does thyroxine regulate metabolism?

A
  • when blood thyroxine is lower, the hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH
  • TRH stimulated the pituitary gland to release TSH
  • TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine so blood thyroxine level rises back towards normal
  • process is inhibited when levels are too high
101
Q

Thyroxine

What does TRH stand for?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

102
Q

Thyroxine

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

103
Q

Stage 1 of Menstrual Cycle

A

Day 1 = lining of uterus breaks down and is released

104
Q

Stage 2 of Menstrual Cycle

A

Day 4-14 = uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick sponge layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to implant

105
Q

Stage 3 of Menstrual Cycle

A

Day 14 = an egg develops and is released from the ovary

106
Q

Stage 4 of Menstrual Cycle

A

Day 14-28 = lining is maintained and if no fertilised egg has landed in the uterus, the spongy lining breaks down again

107
Q

Menstrual Cycle

What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone do?

A
  • released by pituitary gland
  • causes a follicle (an egg) to mature in one of the ovaries
  • stimulated oestrogen production
108
Q

Menstrual Cycle

What does oestrogen do?

A
  • released by ovaries
  • causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
  • a high level stimulates an LH surge
109
Q

Menstrual Cycle

What does Luteinising hormone do?

A
  • released by pituitary gland
  • LH surge stimulates ovulation where the follicle ruptures and egg is released
  • stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum
110
Q

Menstrual Cycle

What does Progesterone do?

A
  • released by corpus luteum after ovulation
  • maintains lining of uterus
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
  • when level of prog. falls, and low oest. level, the uterus lining breaks down
  • a low prog. level allows FSH to increase
111
Q

How does Clomifene therapy work to increase fertility in women who doesn’t ovulate regularly?

A

Causes more FSH and LH to be released, which stimulates egg maturation and ovulation - by knowing when a woman is ovulating a couple can have intercourse at this time

112
Q

How does IVF fertilise a woman’s egg?

A

By collecting eggs from the ovaries and fertilising them with sperm in a lab, which can then be grown into embryos - once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, a few can be transferred to the woman’s uterus

113
Q

What is ART?

A

Assisted Reproductive Technology - a fertility treatment involving eggs being handled outside the body

114
Q

What hormone is given to a woman before IVF?

A

FSH and LH to stimulate egg production so more than one egg is collected

115
Q

What are unpleasant side effects of hormonal contraceptives?

A

Headaches, acne, mood changes, and they don’t protect again STI’s as a condom would

116
Q

What hormone is contained in the mini-pill or contraceptive injection

A

Progesterone only

117
Q

What are barrier contraceptive methods?

A

Condoms or diaphragms

118
Q

What hormone does the contraceptive patch and the combined pill contain?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

119
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility?

A

By stimulating the production of thick, cervical mucus which prevents any sperm getting the the entrance to the uterus (cervix) and reaching an egg

120
Q

What happens if oestrogen is taken every day?

A

Inhibits production of FSH and egg development / production stops

121
Q

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas produces little to no insulin, causing a rise in blood glucose levels that can be fatal

122
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A

Limiting the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates, regular exercise, insulin injections

123
Q

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

A

When a person becomes to resistant to insulin, so it causes blood glucose levels to rise

124
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

Healthy diet, regular exercise, losing weight

125
Q

Thermoregulation

What is vasoconstriction?

A
  • erector muscles contract
  • hair stands on end to trap insulating layer of air
  • very little sweat is produced
  • blood vessels near surface constrict
  • less blood flows near the surface
  • less energy is transferred to surrounding
  • shivering increases rate of respiration
126
Q

Thermoregulation

When does vasoconstriction happen?

A

When you’re too cold

127
Q

Thermoregulation

What is vasodilation?

A
  • erector muscles relax so hair lies flat
  • lots of sweat is released which transfers energy to surroundings
  • blood vessels dilate
  • allows more blood to flow near the surface
  • so more energy is transferred out
128
Q

Thermoregulation

When does vasodilation happen?

A

When you’re too hot

129
Q

What is excess glucose stored as, and where in the body?

A

Glycogen in the liver and muscles

130
Q

What happens to glucose when glycogen stores are full?

A

Excess glucose is stored as lipid (fat) in the tossues

131
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too high?

A
  • blood = too much glucose
  • insulin secreted by pancreas
  • mix of glucose and insulin
  • glucose moves from blood to live and muscle cell
  • insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen
  • blood glucose is reduced
132
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too low?

A
  • blood has too little by glucose
  • glucagon secreted by pancreas
  • mix of few glucose and glucagon
  • glucose released into blood by liver
  • glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose
  • blood glucose increased
133
Q

Thermoregulation

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Act as your own personal thermostat as :

  • contains receptors that are sensitive to blood temp. In the brain
  • receives impulses from receptors in the skin that provide info about external temperatures
134
Q

Thermoregulation

Where are the receptors providing info about external temperature in the body?

A

Epidermis (outer layer of skin)

Dermis (deeper layer of skin below)

135
Q

Cons to fish farming

A
  • waste leaks into open water
  • predators are attracted to nets and become trapped in them
  • breeding ground for parasites, that may kill wild animals too
  • farmed fish may escape causing problems for indigenous soecies
136
Q

How can the introduction of non-indigenous species reduce biodiversity?

A
  • compete with indigenous ones for food and shelter

- bring new diseases with them

137
Q

What is the process of eutrophication?

A
  • fertiliser enter the water, adding excess nitrates
  • excess nitrates cause algae to grow fast and block light
  • plants can’t photosynthesis, dying and decomposing aerobically
  • plants are good for microorganisms, using up oxygen in water
  • organisms that need oxygen (fish) die
138
Q

What are some conservation methods?

A
  • protecting a species natural habitat
  • safe areas eg. Protected zoos
  • use of seed banks to conserve seeds
139
Q

What are the benefits to maintain biodiversity?

A
  • protecting human food supply
  • minimal damage to food chains
  • providing future medicines
  • cultural aspects
  • ecotourism
  • providing new jobs
140
Q

Food security

How does the increasing population threaten food security?

A

More people = more food is needed

141
Q

Food security

How does the increasing consumption of meat and fish threaten security?

A
  • meat and fish are higher up the food chain
  • less biomass and energy transferred
  • needs more to feel full
  • more crops can be grown in a field than cows grazing on it
142
Q

Food security

How do new pests and pathogens impact food security?

A

Cause damage to crops and livestock, and may damage the yield and quality of food

143
Q

Food security

What are the issues with sustainability?

A
  • high input costs is too expensive for farmers for what they get in return
  • balance between renewable alternatives to fossil fuels on land that could be used for crops
144
Q

Food security

How does burning fossil fuels impact food security?

A

Release CO2, causes climate to rise, impacts the growth of crops and reduces yields

Soil pollution/ eutrophication too

145
Q

Indicator species for polluted water

A

Bloodworms and sludge worms

146
Q

Indicator species for clean water

A

Stonefly larvae and freshwater shrimp

147
Q

Indicator species for air pollution

A

Number / type / location of crusty lichen, which are sensitive to sulfur dioxide in atmosphere

148
Q

Indicator species for clean air

A

Bushy lichen, black spot fungus on rose leaves

149
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of decomposition?

A

Warm temp = speeds up rate of enzyme-controlled reactions in microbes, so decay happens faster

149
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of decomposition?

A

Warm temp = speeds up rate of enzyme-controlled reactions in microbes, so decay happens faster

149
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of decomposition?

A

Warm temp = speeds up rate of enzyme-controlled reactions in microbes, so decay happens faster

150
Q

How does water content affect the rare of diffusion

A

Decay happens faster in moist environments as organisms need water to shrvice

151
Q

How does water content affect the rare of diffusion

A

Decay happens faster in moist environments as organisms need water to survive

152
Q

How does oxygen availability affect the rate of decomposition?

A

microorganisms need oxygen for aerobic respiration, so decay is faster when oxygen is plentiful

152
Q

How can food be preserved?

A

Freezing it, airtight cans, drying food to reduce moisture

Biology (12 decks)

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