Indirectly Assessed Flashcards
Why do organisms need to transport substances in and out?
To get rid of waste products
What substances are transported around the body?
Oxygen, CO2, water, dissolved food molecules, mineral ions, urea
What are platelets and what do they do?
Small fragments of cells with no nucleus that help blood to clot at a wound
What is plasma and what does it carry?
Pale straw-coloured liquid which carries:
- red/white blood cells
- nutrients like glucose
- CO2
- urea
- hormones
- proteins
- antibodies and anititoxins
What do phagocytes do?
White blood cell that’s engulf unwelcome microorganisms
What do lymphocytes do?
White blood cells that produce antibodies against microorganisms
How are red blood cells specialised?
- biconcave disc shape = large SA
- no nucleus = more space to carry O2
- haemoglobin = contains iron
How does haemoglobin help to carry O2 in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhemoglobin
What do arteries, capillaries and veins do?
Arteries = carry blood away from heart Capillaries = involved in exchange of materials at tissue Veins = carry blood to the heart
How are arteries specialised?
- strong and elastic walls to cope with high pressure
- thick walls
- thick muscle and elastic fibres allows them to stretch
How are capillaries specialised?
- narrow so can reach every cell
- permeable walls for diffusion
- supply food and oxygen and waste
- wall = 1 cell thick = decreases distance
How are veins specialised?
- low blood pressure so thin ish walls
- bigger lumen to help blood flow
- valves to push blood in the right direction
How does blood flow in the heart?
- r.atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body via vena cava
- deoxygenated blood moves through to r.ventricle which pumps it to the lungs
- via pulmonary artery
- l.atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
- via pulmonary vein
- oxygenated blood moves through to the l.ventricle and pumps it to body
- via the aorta
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right?
Needs more muscle to pump blood at a higher pressure to the whole body, not just to the lungs
Why does the heart have valves?
To prevent back flow of the blood in the heart
What is mutualism?
A relationship between two organisms where both benefit
What is interdependence?
When organism depend on each other for things like food and shelter in order to survive and reproduce
What is parasitism?
When the parasite takes what it needs to survive, but the host doesn’t benefit
Is photosynthesis endothermic?
Yes because energy is taken in m
Where does photosynthesis happen?
In green pants and algae
What is the glucose in plants used for?
To make larger complex molecules the plant needs to grow, making up its biomass
Where does photosynthesis happen inside the plant?
During chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll which absorbs light
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
light
CO2 + water —————> glucose + O2
chlorophyll
How is a root hair cell specialised to absorb water and mineral ions?
- hairs on surface stick out into soil
- this increases SA = increase diffusion
- conc. of mineral ions is higher in soil, so mineral ions are absorbed by actjve transport
What equipment do you use to calculate the transpiration rate?
Potometer
How are plants adapted to survive in extreme conditions?
Small leaves = reduces SA
Thick waxy cuticles = less water loss
Thick fleshy stem = stores water
Few stomata/only open at night
Why is thermoregulation important?
changing body temperature to keep enzymes at their optimum pH
Why is osmoregulation important?
Keeping a balance of water you gain and loss
What is the BMI formula?
mass (kg)
——————
Height (m) 2
