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Geography a level Edexcel > Paper 2 human year 1 > Flashcards

Paper 2 human year 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Regeneration definition?

A

Redeveloping former industrial places or outdated housing to bring about social and economic change.

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2
Q

Rebranding?

A

Reinventing areas for economic reasons and then marketed using its new identity to attract investors

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3
Q

What makes a place distinctive?(4)

A

physical landscapes, economic past, food and drink and religious past

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4
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnectivity between countries by the flows of capital, tourism, commodities and information

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5
Q

What is the shrinking world effect?

A

The physical distance between places is the same but new technology reduces the time taken to transport goods,people and information.

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6
Q

Retail led regeneration?

A

Stratford and London Docklands

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7
Q

How to national governments encourage growth of TNC’s?(5)

A

SEZ’s, privatisation, business startups, tax incentives, free trade blocs

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8
Q

KOF index?

A

Measures the social economic and political aspects of globalisation. Countries are scored 1-100 higher number, more globalised it is.

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9
Q

AT kearney index?

A

Ranks cities based on business activities such as FDI and levels of migration

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10
Q

Gentrification definition?

A

Changes in the social structure of a place such as more affluent people moving into an area

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11
Q

Global shift definition?

A

The relocation of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North America

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12
Q

Costs of global shift?(3)

A

unplanned settlements, loss of productive land and environmental and resource pressure

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13
Q

Benefits of global shift?(4)

A

Education and training, waged work, poverty reduction and infrastructure investment

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14
Q

How do TNC’s spread soft power?

A

Through food (glocalisation), art (fashion week showing high end brands) and media (social media, shows and bolywood)

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15
Q

How to measure if regeneration has been successful?

A

Look at IMD to see if it has improved. (Employment, incomes, education…)

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16
Q

Disadvantages of regeneration for local people?

A

Generally money making schemes, so local people worse off as gentrification will occur and people with higher incomes will move in making housing more expensive. (London Dockland, olympic park)

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17
Q

Urban pull factors?(2)

A

More employment and higher paid jobs, better schools and healthcare

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18
Q

Rural push factors?

A

Poverty, lack of jobs

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19
Q

Benefits of migration for host country?(2)

A

Pay taxes and spend wages on shops, can fill skill shortages

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20
Q

Costs of migration for host country?(2)

A

strains housing creating tension, strains in schools and healthcare due to rising population

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21
Q

Benefits of migration for source country?(3)

A

Remittances sent home to families, reduced spending on healthcare and housing, migrants may return with new skills and knowledge

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22
Q

Costs of migration for source country?(2)

A

potential brain drain, reduced economic growth as less consumption,

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23
Q

Cultural diffusion?

A

The exchange of ideas between people as they mix and interact as a result of globalisation.

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24
Q

2 impacts of the spread in global culture?

A

More people eating meat based diets in China as more middle class from global shift, awareness of disability and the paralympic games.

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25
Q

Factors leading to westernisation?(3)

A

Spread of global media, TNC’s, migration and tourism

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26
Q

Cultural erosion?

A

Loss of language, traditional food and music

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27
Q

Switched off places?(2)

A

Sahel region, North Korea

28
Q

Composite indicators?(1)

A

HDI

29
Q

Single indicators?(2)

A

GDP,GNI

30
Q

Gini coefficient?

A

Measure of inequality in the distribution of household income. 0 means everyone earns the same income, 100 means someone receives all of a countries income.

31
Q

Ways to limit globalisation?(3)

A

censorship, trade protectionism and limiting immigration

32
Q

Localism definition?

A

Locally sourced goods creating jobs and reducing carbon footprint.

33
Q

Gentrification definition?

A

Process that sees low income people displaced by affluent people.

34
Q

What contributes to the changing of places?(4)

A

Historical development, role of local/ national governments, physical factors, accessibility and connectedness

35
Q

Function of a place?

A

What the place does for its community and its surroundings

36
Q

Function of London Docklands in the 19th century?

A

Busiest port in the world used to import and export goods.

37
Q

Demographic change?

A

Change in population of a place.

38
Q

How to measure changes in places?(4)

A

land use, level of deprivation, employment and demographic changes

39
Q

Lived experience of a place?

A

feelings and personal history of living in a certain place

40
Q

Factors which affect attachment?

A

Memories, studentification, length of residence, stage of life cycle, ethnicity

41
Q

Factors which make a place successful?(5)

A

Have high skilled workers, lots of investment, good transport and infrastructure, few areas suffering deprivation, high property prices

42
Q

Priorities for regeneration?(4)

A

Sink estates, gated communities, commuter villages, declining rural settlements

43
Q

Centripetal forces?

A

Forces that drew people together to form a community

44
Q

Centrifugal forces?

A

forces that push people apart(globalisation, immigration and employment

45
Q

Sydney case study successful region?(4)

A

large proportion of high income jobs in offices, economic hub, higher average income is greater than the Uk $82,000 dollars compared to £42000, brain drain in rural areas as young people are moving to Sydney

46
Q

Stratford regeneration?

A

retail led largest shopping centre, sports led olympic stadium used for West ham, 10,000 new homes and 3 health centres and community and leisure spaces

47
Q

Level of engagement and attachment to an area influenced by?(5)

A

age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence, levels of deprivation

48
Q

Superpower definition?

A

A country with a dominating power and influence, which can influence different parts of the world.

49
Q

soft power?

A

A country expresses its influence through its economic, cultural or political influence.

50
Q

hard power?

A

When a country expresses its influence through coercive actions such as economic sanctions or military force.

51
Q

What are characteristics of superpowers? (4)

A

access to natural resources, military power, political and economic influence

52
Q

What does the development theory illustrate?

A

Core nations- high incomes, control the global market and demand resources from semi periphery and periphery nations.

53
Q

What does the modernisation theory show?

A
54
Q

IMD measures?(5)

A

employment, income, education, health and crime and derelict land

55
Q

Spiral of decline definition?

A

Rural decline that contributes to further outward migration and declining services leading to downward multiplier effect.

56
Q

Mackinder’s heartland theory?

A

Whoever controls Europe and Asia (largest landmasses) will gain control over the world

57
Q

What is the role of national governments in regeneration projects?

A

Invest in infrastructure to improve accessibility and growth in areas

58
Q

Role of local governments in regeneration projects?(2)

A

provide incentives for businesses to set up in the local area (local enterprise zones)- tax breaks, local interest groups

59
Q

Reasons people migrate?

A

economic, family, war/political, remittances

60
Q

Issues with freidman’s core-periphery model? (4)

A

inequality,

61
Q

Core periphery model order?

A

The core has a natural advantage (resources), migrants and resources flow to the core, spread effects back to the periphery outweigh the backwash effects

62
Q

Factors which shape characteristics of places?(2)

A

Government policies (HS2), international and global influences (TNC’S)

63
Q

Case study of railway services developing?

A

1904 Trans Siberian railway connected Moscow, China and Japan leading to increased migration and trade routes (economic and social globalisation) diversifying economies

64
Q

How has the internet contributed to globalisation?(2)

A

International news, videos increases connectivity and exposures to culture, creation of zoom and teams has led to businesses operating internationally> economic globalisation

65
Q

Role of the world bank in globalisation?

A

Loans to countries to encourage development. Focuses on natural disasters and humanitarian aid

Geography a level Edexcel (2 decks)

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