Paper 1 Physical Flashcards
Submergent coastline? (3)
formation of rias, fjords and Dalmation coasts
Emergent coastline features ?
formation of raised beaches and fossil cliffs by isostatic rebound
Characteristics of high energy coasts? (4)
10-15 waves per minute, destructive waves, long fetches and high rates of erosion.
Land formation on high energy coasts? (2)
Cliffs, wave cut platforms
Singapore water management explanation?
5 desalination plants accounting for 25% of water demand, recycle dirty water (NEWater) and rainwater harvesting
Concordant coastlines?
alternating hard and soft rock aligned parallel to the coast
discordant coastline?
alternating hard and soft rock perpendicular to the coast
What does climate change do to ocean water?
Thermal expansion of existing ocean water meaning space of water increases
What is over abstraction?
More water taken then replenished by precipitation
Isostatic change?
Change in level of land when melting of ice causes land to rebound
Eustatic change?
Rising and falling of sea level water
What are physical factors which cause erosion on the Holderness coast?
Lithology (soft boulder clay, porous rocks), destructive waves, long fetch, strong lsd that removes sediment
Negative feedback?
Change produced creates effects that operate to reduce or work against original change.
Definition of Carbon fluxes?
Transfer of carbon from one store to another measured in petagrams
Stores?
Adding and removing carbon from the atmosphere.
Major fluxes? (2)
Oceans and atmosphere and land and atmosphere via photosynthesis and respiration.
Ways carbon is release? (2)
Volcanic outgassing, chemical weathering of rocks
Explain formation of sedimentary carbonate rocks?
phytoplankton and coral absorb carbon dioxide which is dissolved in the sea water and their remains collect on the seabed and get compressed by the layers above them and cemented
Deposition definition?
When waves loose energy and let go of material
what is phytoplankton?
microscopic plants which float on the ocean surface and consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis.
Definition of energy security?
ensuring energy supply meets current and future demand
Examples of energy pathways? (5)
pipelines,roads, rails, transmission lines, shipping routes
Why does the Uk have an energy defecit?
Because it imports more energy than it domestically produces
What is the effect of more co2 in the atmosphere? (4)
A rise in mean global temperatures, more extreme weather patterns, sudden shifts in weather patterns, more precipitation and evaporation
Carbon sources?
Adding carbon to the atmosphere
Carbon sinks?
Removing carbon from the atmosphere
What happens to carbon when plants and animals die?
Carbon is released back into the atmosphere
Atmosphere?
contains carbon dioxide and compounds such as methane
Hydrosphere?
As dissolved carbon dioxide
Biosphere?
Carbon In living and dead organisms
Lithosphere?
As carbonates in limestone and fossil fuels e.g (coal,oil and gas)
What is Volcanic outgassing?
When volcanic activity causes carbon trapped in pockets of the earth’s crust to be released into the atmosphere.
Where does outgassing take place?
Volcanic zones, fractures in the Earth’s crust
Definition of carbon sequestration?
Transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to any other store
Example of carbon sequestration?
When plants photosynthesise and stores carbon in its mass
What is the largest carbon store on the Earth?
Oceans, 93% of carbon is stored underwater in algae, corals, plants and in dissolved form
Definition of thermohaline circulation?
The system of surface and deep ocean water currents driven by temperature and salinity differences
3 carbon cycle pumps?
Carbonate pump, biological pump and physical pump
Definition of carbon cycle pumps?
Processes at work to circulate and store carbon.
How does the biological carbon pump work?
Phytoplankton sequesters carbon from the surface of the ocean and converts co2 into organic matter. As the organisms die they sink into the deeper ocean and decay releasing co2 into the deeper ocean.
What is the carbon cycle?
Regulates global temperature and climate by controlling the amount of co2 in the atmosphere
Why is consumption of energy increasing?(2)
Population is growing and countries are becoming more developed and have better standards of living
Renewable energy examples?(4)
solar, hydroelectricity, wind and geothermal
Non renewable energy examples? (3)
fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal)
What is the energy mix for developing countries mostly made up of?
Recyclables such as biomass and general waste as it is cheap
Factors affecting access and consumption of energy?(6)
cost, technology, physical availability, climate, level of economic development and environmental priorities
Definition of secondary energy?
Energy that has been converted from primary energy (electricity)
Definition of primary energy?
Energy found in nature which has not been converted (wind)
5 energy players?
TNC’s, OPEC, government, consumers and energy companies
2 largest consumers of coal?
China and USA