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Paper 2-> human Flashcards

1
Q

What are LICs like ?

A

• rural communities working on farms
• less access to contraception-> high birth & deaths rates-> population low

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2
Q

What are HICs like ?

A

• good infrastructure e.g. roads & hospitals
• equal education to make & females & access to contraception-> low birth & death rates & long life expectancy-> population high but decreasing

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3
Q

What are NEEs like ?

A

• falling birth rates since people focus on career & education-> have children later on & contraception available
• death rates falling since better healthcare & more doctors-> population high & increasing

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4
Q

What is stage 1 of the dtm model ?

A

• high birth & death rates (fluctuating)
• low population
•Uk 500yrs ago (pre industrialisation)
• now-> tribes
• lack of access to medicine

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5
Q

What is stage 2 of dtm model ?

A

• high birth rates & falling death rates
• increasing population
• uk-> 300 yrs ago
• now-> Afghanistan
• improvements in medicine, access to clean water

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6
Q

What is stage 3 of dtm model ?

A

• falling birth & death rates
• population increasing-> longer life expectancy
• uk-> 1960s
• now-> Nigeria
• women can work-> less children, improved healthcare

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7
Q

What is stage 4 of dtm model ?

A

• low birth & death rates (fluctuating)
• population increasing slower
• uk-> now
• women focus on career, cost of living higher-> low birth & death rates (fluctuating) bc of diseases

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8
Q

What is stage 5 of dtm model ?

A

• low birth & death rates
• population high falling
• now-> Germany
• very high cost of living, advanced technology, falling married rates

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9
Q

What kind of population do HICs have ?

A

Japan-> ageing population-> slow economic growth bc less work-> government receives less tax & spend more money on hospitals, prnsion-> less economic output

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10
Q

What kind of population do NEEs have ?

A

Mexico-> youthful population-> more people working & making money-> increasing economic growth bc more people paying taxes-> country become rich-> more economic output

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11
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of ageing population?

A

• advantages-> knowledge & experience
• disadvantages-> health cost high for government due to increased medical needs, little income from tax

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12
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of youthful population ?

A

• advantages-> go work, raise retirement age
• disadvantages-> high costs of schooling, population boom

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13
Q

What are the causes of uneven development ?

A

• landlocked, extreme weather, disease
• trade, TNC, raw materials
• colonialism

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14
Q

How is wealth uneven between countries ?

A

• countries in north got lost of weather from countries in south-> developed faster
• trading blocks-> EU-> HIcs trade freely & place tariffs on LIcs-> debt trap

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15
Q

How is health uneven between countries ?

A

• uneven development-> governments ability to invest in good healthcare
• LIcs suffer from infections
• HICs suffer from lifestyle diseases

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16
Q

How does investment reduce development gap ?

A

• ppl/ TNCs from other country spend money on another to develop businesses & make profit-> PME-> future economic growth & development
• e.g. Ghana-> ADM-> process export-> export chocolate which is more value than cocoa beans-> more money-> improve economy-> reduce gap

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17
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of investment ?

A

• advantages-> countries don’t need to pay interest, high value processed exports, improved infrastructure
• disadvantages-> environment damage, exploitation

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18
Q

How does aid reduce developmental gap ?

A

• support countries
• goat aid-> people from HICs buy goats for family in Malawi-> produces milk, butter meat

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19
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Goat aid ?

A

• advantages-> sustainable, manure for crops
• disadvantages-> resources needed to sustain goat, expensive to look after, over graze land

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20
Q

How does intermediate technology reduce development gap ?

A

• simple maintained technology used in LIcs
• play pump-> children play on pump-> generates clean water from soil-> transfers into tank

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21
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of play pump ?

A

• advantages-> easy technology to fix, water tanks used for advertising-> less travel
• disadvantages-> drought-> not enough water

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22
Q

How does free trade reduce developmental gap ?

A

no taruffs, quotas, subsides-> country trade freely, trading groups make Rick richer & poor poorer-> when poor countries aren’t in trading bloc-> can’t trade-> not get good money-> not good way to develop countries

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23
Q

How does fair trade reduce developmental gap ?

A

Help poorer countries get money they deserve-> better access to to jobs-> better health, education, quality of life-> e.g. Qatar & oil has high value-> Qatar will be more developed-> PME

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24
Q

How does debt relief reduce development gap ?

A

Help countries to focus on spending money to improves populations quality of life-> Tanzania debt hit relieved-> spend money on schools-> attendance increase by 66%-> better jobs

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25
How does micro finance reduce development gap ?
•Small loan for poor countries-> people set up small businesses to increase income-> improve quality of life • garmeen bank-> women in rural bought phones-> made small businesses-> allowed more people to get jobs-> improve economy
26
How does tourism reduce developmental gap ?
Successful-> e.g. Jamaica has many tourist attractions like Montevideo bay-> people come & spend money on things like transportation & where to stay-> countries receive money-> developed
27
What is nigerias global importance ?
• 27th largest GDP in 2020 • 2nd largest film industry
28
What is nigerias regional importance ?
• rich cukture-> Nigerian RnB & afrobeats • 3rd largest manufacturing sector in africa
29
How has social factors affected Nigeria development?
• terrorist group-> boko haram in north & wealth gap-> oil wealth & better climate in south • conflict between Muslim north & Christian south
30
How has cultural factors affected Nigerias development ?
• 2nd largest film industry-> 1.5% of Nigerias GDP • monthly-> 50 Nollywood films made
31
How does political factors affect Nigerias development ?
• negative affect-> unstable politics-> dictatorship who stole $400 billion-> wealth divide between north & south-> military group (boko haram) violent attacks-> foreign investment reduced • positive-> stable government-> attracted American corporations-> Walmart etc-> employment
32
To a large extent how does Nigerias changing economy not benefit everyone ?
E.g. 70 % ppl still employed in primary sector -> receive low wages & pay lower amount of money-> bc primary products low in value-> government doesn’t invest in these areas-> spiral of deprivation
33
To a smaller extent how does Nigerias changing economy benefit everyone ?
E.g. tertiary sectors growing in terms of GDP-> with stable government-> Nigeria can use money taxed from exports of these services to reinvest in areas like makoko-> bc poverty rates high-> long term everyone benefitted
34
What are the positives & negatives of Nigerias changing economy ?
• p-> government invest in entrepreneurship, growing tertiary sectors • n-> poverty rates high still high, investment in eko Atlantic & providing jobs for rich instead of investing in poor areas-> government neglect
35
What are the advantages of TNCs ?
• education & infrastructure • employment • money spent on economy
36
What are the disadvantages of TNCs ?
• poor working conditions • local workers poorly paid • much profit goes abroad
37
What are the advantages of shell ?
• big contribution in taxes-> 9% Nigerias gdp • provide direct employment
38
What are disadvantages of shell ?
• militant groups (MEND) disrupt oil supply in Nigeria delta • oil theft & sabotage • oil spills
39
How does shell bring advantages to host country ?
•provide 65000 jobs directly to company-> boost economy-> bc higher resolution of employment-> increase in tax & export venues
40
How does shell bring disadvantages to host country ?
Oil spills-> bodo oil spill & 1500 oil spills in Niger delta since 2007-> water pollution, damage to fish yields, affect human health-> ppl work long hrs for low pay in TNC factories-> poor conditions-> workers often unhappy & human right law breached
41
How does urbanisation affect Nigerias environment ?
• squatter settlements-> grown-> government can’t afford to build homes-> makoko slum • services-> limited-> unable to meet growing demand of young ppl • waste-> dirty water-> 13000 tonnes of waste a year • green belt
42
How does commercial farming & deforestation affect Nigerias environment ?
• deforestation-> to create farmlands • no tree roots to hold soil in place-> eroded by wind-> dries up-> infertile • less crops grown-> desertifacation
43
How does mining & oil extraction affect Nigerias environment ?
• process of taking out oil unsustainable • oil spills, fires, declining fish • bodo oil spill
44
What is industrialisation caused by ?
• machines & technology replacing ppl • cheaper labour abroad • lack of investment, high labour cost, outdated machinery
45
How is rising cost a cause for uk’s deindustrialisation?
Wages in HICs go up-> labour expensive-> e.g. production of uk clothing companies like pretty little thing have to move to turkey instead
46
How is outsourcing a cause for UK’s deindustrialisation ?
• work sent elsewhere to save money-> e.g. call centres moving to India
47
How is competition a cause for UK’s deindustrialisation?
Similar brands compete for lower labour cost in LICs & NEEs to save labour costs & make more profits-> e.g. phone companies like iPhone
48
How is transport a cause for UK’s deindustrialisation ?
Advances in transport-> travel & commute much easier-> e.g. planes, trains mean more goods delivered next day to homes in Uk
49
How is technology a cause for UK’s deindustrialisation?
Advances in technology-> human aren’t needed-> e.g. robots in car factories like ford in Nigeria make majority of vehicles without human
50
How has ICT changes economy ?
• provide more jobs • information shared quickly • access information anywhere • small businesses easily set up • work from home
51
How is It IT essential in growth of research in Uk ?
• British antarctic survey-> linked to Cambridge uni-> employs high skilled graduates to research changes in sea levels, ecosystems of Antarctica & weather
52
What are the benefits of science parks ?
• tend to have good transport links-> like being located next to airport or motorway-> workers can get their easily • tend to be built outside city-> more space & better quality of environment
53
What some problems of industry ?
• visually unpleasant-> decline in land values • CO2 emissions • chemical waste
54
What are the solutions to industry ?
• land cleared & regeneration into leisure attraction e.g. Snowdonia zip wire • technology capture emissions-> changing into less harmful gases & store carbon elsewhere • sustainable transport
55
How has Torr quarry been environmentally sustainable?
• quarry restored to create wildlife lakes & water supply • limestone features created to make landscape looking natural • monitoring noise, dust, water quality
56
What are some benefits of invest in transport ?
• movement • good transport links-> encourage businesses-> if ppl able to move around Uk-> businesses meet easily & grow-> PME International links-> encourage foreign businesses to work with Uk • tourism
57
What is the benefits of Uk airports ?
• create vital global links • provide jobs • Heathrow major world airport
58
What are the benefits of railways ?
• improve links between Uk & Europe • shortening journey times • faster railway links-> reduce divide of north & south
59
What are the factors that affect north south divide ?
• government spending • salaries • unemployment • gcse qualifacations • university • life expectancy
60
What are the strategies to reduce north south divide ?
• northern powerhouse • enterprise zones • local enterprise zones • reinvest in secondary industry
61
How has local enterprise zones helped Lancashire ?
• 50000 new jobs by 2023-> Wharton enterprise zones created highly skilled & well paid jobs in aircraft manufacturing -> bringing wealth to area, £62 million BT broadband investment-> superfast to 97% of county
62
What are physical factors that influence Uks urbanisation ?
• rich in natural resources • England has mostly flat land-> easier/cheaper to build on • warmer temperatures in south
63
What are human factors that influence UkS urbanisation ?
• large companies operate in capital cities • cities great for education-> e.g. Manchester has 3 universities
64
What is manchesters international importance ?
• rusholme curry mile • Chinatown • man united-> gained $2 billion from global fan base
65
What is Manchester’s national importance ?
• co op live-> bring £15billion for local economy • universities-> attracting students • warehouse project-> nightlife add £100 million to uk economy
66
What are positives & negatives of international migration ?
• +-> Eu migrants filled low skilled jobs-> pay taxes to local economy • currymile-> cultural diversity • - -> high rates of hate crimes • increased class size & hospital waiting times
67
What are the positives & negatives of national migration ?
• + -> Manchester receives 16-23 yrs old for university • - -> housing shortages caused by uneven national migration in boroughs like ardwick
68
How is industry important for manchesters global & national importance ?
• ‘cottonopolis’-> provide jobs during Industrial Revolution • bring £36 million in local every yr • co op invested £365 million into building largest arena in Uk
69
How is culture important for manchesters importance ?
• celebrations like Eid • music-> Manchesters identity & popular overseas
70
How is transport important for Manchesters importance ?
• northern railway • Manchester international airport had 377 flights a day to world
71
How is education important for Manchesters importance ?
• 3 universities • 83% research in man uni-> world leading producing technology of global influence
72
How is nightlife important for Manchesters importance ?
• ware house project-> 110 000 visitors each weekend-> 12000 jobs & economy of £100 million • canal street-> Manchester pride
73
How is sport important for Manchesters importance ?
• man unitied & city rank 5th globally in 2019 • 900000 tourists visited in 2012
74
How is media city important for Manchesters importance ?
• 8000 digital & creative business employ 45000 ppl in companies like ITV & BBC
75
How has London improved transport by ?
• integrated bus system • fast tube network • bikes with docking points • Oyster card & contact less • reducing emissions
76
How has Manchester improved atmospheric pollution ?
• enlarged metrolinks • encouraging public transport • bike2work schemes
77
What are the problems with transport in Manchester?
• trams over crowded • traffic congestions • poor air quality-> too many ppl using cars • expensive public transport • railway strikes & train cancells
78
How was the cycling scheme sustainable for Uk ?
• encourage cycling • 6000 new bikes for hire • cycling green & healthy way to get around city • have blue surface so motorist spot them easily • provide fast, direct cycle routes in & out of central london
79
What are some problems with the cycling scheme ?
• bikes expensive to replace & repair • often stolen • super highway difficult to build-> need lots of space
80
How was the congestion charge sustainable for Uk ?
• reducing congestion & pollution • congestion charge led to 6% increase in bus passengers during charging hrs
81
What the problems with congestion charge ?
• rich ppl may continue to drive bc they can afford-> poorer ppl lose out • tourists may be put off from visiting city & spending money
82
How has clean technology be sustainable for Uk ?
• encourage clean technology • red buses go green-> conventional engine combined with electric motor-> buses quieter, cleaner
83
What are some problems with clean technology ?
• hybrid buses expensive to buy • doesn’t always work-> batteries often break • difficult to replace
84
How has waste been sustainable in Freiburg ?
• financial reward given to ppl who compost • 350 collection points for recycling
85
How has energy been sustainable in Freiburg ?
• local ppl invest in renewable-> 1 district invested £5 million • investors receive free football tickets
86
How has transport been sustainable in Freiburg?
• restrictions on car parking-> £20000 • 70% population live near tram stop • any ticket for event includes transport
87
How has green space been sustainable in Freiburg?
• green roofs at vauban • unlaced tramways • 44% of wood from local black forest
88
How have jobs been sustainable in Freiburg?
• provide jobs in research & manufacture of solar technology • 10000 people employed in 1599 environmental businesses
89
How has water been sustainable in Freiburg?
• river dreisam flows through & managed storing flood water
90
What are the solutions of healthcare in favela ?
• medical staff took health kit into ppl homes & were able to detect 20 different diseases & treat them • infant mortality fell & life expectancy increased
91
What are the problems with water supply in Rio ?
• 12% of Rio’s didn’t have access to running water • 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud
92
What are the solutions to water supply in Rio ?
• 7 new treatment plants built & 300 kn of pipes laid • 2014-> 95% of population has mains water supply
93
What are the solutions for nervy in Rio ?
• installed 60km of new power lines • built nuclear generator • developed new hydroelectric complex-> increased Rio’s supply of electricity by 30%
94
What are the problems with education in Rio ?
• 25% of poorest children don’t go school • only half of children continue education after age of 14-> drop out & drug traffick
95
What are solution to education in Rio ?
2018-> schools of tomorrow organisation have 18000 scholarships to kids in rio
96
What are the challenges with informal jobs in Rio?
• most work in informal economy e.g. street vendors • informal sector poorly paid • 1/3 of 35 million workers have no formal employment contract-> don’t pay taxes-> gov recieves no income-> negative multiplier effect
97
What are the opportunities of informal jobs in Rio ?
• local government use education to reduce youth unemployment • schools of tomorrow-> offer skill based practical courses, free childcare provided for teenage parents
98
What are challenges of crime in Rio ?
• street crime (night) • powerful hand control drug trafficking on favelas • 49% increase mugging in main tourist area
99
What are solutions to crimes in Rio ?
• BOPE-> unit of military police • 2013-> police units established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
100
How is air pollution an environmental challenge in Rio ?
• causes 5000 deaths per yr • ppl prone to getting bronchitis, lung cancer • green house effect
101
How is traffic congestion an environmental challenge in Rio ?
• increases stress & pollution levels • waste time for commuters & businesses • 40% increase in cars in last decade
102
What are the solutions to traffic congestion in Rio ?
• new toll roads to city centre to reduce congestion • fit more ppl on train-> less cars on roads-> less c02 in atmosphere-> reducing global warming
103
How is water pollution an environmental challenge in Rio ?
• ships empty their fuel tanks in bay as there isn’t any room elsewhere-> fuel leaks into sea • 200 tonnes of raw sewage flows into bay daily
104
What are the solutions of water pollution in Rio ?
• 12 new sewage works built in 2016 • ships fined for leaking fuel in sea • 5km sewage pipes installed around most polluted areas
105
How is waste pollution an environmental challenge in Rio ?
• favelas built on slopes-> access difficult for waste collection Lorrie’s • most waste dumped & pollutes after system-> disease
106
What are the solutions to waste pollution in Rio ?
• university power plant set up-> collects rotting rubbish-> uses methane to supply power to 1000 homes • more recycling centres
107
What are the challenges of favelas ?
• services-> 12% of homes don’t have electricity • construction-> built on steep slopes, heavy rain-> landslides • crime-> 20 per 1000 ppl killed • unemployment-> rates 20% • health-> overcrowding-> disease
108
What are the challenges of favelas ?
• informal work-> irregular employments-> don’t pay tax to gov • transport-> limited road access
109
What are some of the schemes in favela bairro project ?
• self help scheme-> locals given building material to improve houses • site & service scheme-> local authority relocate ppl from favelas • PPV-> 300 officers patrolling communities in favelas • health & leisure centres-> day centres for kids-> supervision so parents work
110
What are the advantages & disadvantages of Agribusiness: lynford farm ?
• +-> large scale machinery & farms-> maximise productivity, provide jobs in Uk • - -> pesticides kill insect, soil degradation
111
What are the advantages & disadvantages of organic farming: riverford ?
• +-> reduce food miles, avoids chemical-> biodiversity • - -> expensive, lower yields
112
What are the challenges of food import in Uk ?
• transportation-> food miles-> c02-> global warming • intensive farming-> fertilizers-> pollution
113
What is a solution to balance water in Uk ?
Transfer water from areas of surplus to deficit
114
What are the advantages & disadvantages of Fracking ?
• +-> emits less co2 than other fossil fuels, increases domestic gas supply, creates jobs • - -> water contamination, increased seismic activity
115
What are advantages & disadvantages of wind energy ?
• + -> renewable, cheapest energy • - -> disrupt landscapes, impact tourism, high construction costs
116
What are advantages & disadvantages of nuclear energy ?
• + -> small amount needed, low carbon footprint • - -> health of workers, expensive
117
What are the factors that affect energy supply ?
• exploration & production cost • physical • political • climate • technology
118
What are some impacts of energy insecurity ?
• food production-> running out of energy-> less food produced-> food processing increases-> lower GDP • conflict-> energy cut-> countries find other energy-> expensive
119
What are the advantages & disadvantages of gas in Uk ?
• + -> gas is cleaner than oil, no oil spills • - -> fracking-> environmental damage, pipelines expensive to build
120
What are the advantages of campuses project ?
• gas projects-> $ 1 billion to economy-> cheap energy • reduces reliance on imported energy-> improve perus energy security • jobs for local ppl
121
What are disadvantages of camisea project ?
• deforestation, habitat loss • disrupt indigenous communities • pipes lines can leak
122
How can sustainable energy be provided ?
• gov help->raising awareness, cash incentives, uk brought green deal-> energy saving for home • improving technology-> carbon Forbes allow vehicles to be lighter & use less energy, introduction of electric cars
123
What are the advantages of Chambamontera scheme ?
• provide reliable electricity to remote community • improve education & healthcare by better lighting & power for medical equipment
124
What are the disadvantages of Chambamontera scheme ?
• high initial installation costs for scheme • requires ongoing maintenance & technical knowledge-> challenging for local communities

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