Paper 1-> physical Flashcards
How does a wave cut platform form ?
• waves erode cliff to form wave cut notch-> overlying cliff collapses-> cliff retreats-> wave cut platform
How do headland & bays form ?
• soft rock erode more easily-> turn into bays-> bays are sheltered-> deposition occurs & sand beach forms
• hard rock erodes less-> leaves a headland
How are cave, stacks, arches, stumps formed ?
• destructive waves hit cracks which cause them to open & grow into caves-> cave break through headland & forms arch-> arch erodes & collapses bc of destructive waves-> leaves a stack-> stack eroded & collapses-> leaves a stump
What is coastal deposition ?
• material & sediment being dropped by waves
What is longshore drift ?
• movement of sediment down the beach by waves
What happens during long shore drift ?
• waves hit at an angle bc of prevailing winds-> swash picks sediment & moves it up beach-> backwash moves sediment back down beach at 90• -> process repeats & sediment moves along beach in zig zag motion
How are sand dunes formed ?
• embryo dunes form around deposited obstacles-> become vegetation-> rotting vegetation adds organic matter to sand making it fertile
How does a spit form ?
• longshore drift-> change in coastline-> material continues out to sea-> waves have less energy as area is protected by headland-> material deposited-> spit gets larger & extends into bay-> hook may be formed if prevailing winds change direction-> if there is no river, spit can extend across bay & join headland-> creating coastal bar-> if there is river, current from river prevents spit from extending-> water behind spit turns into salt marsh
What are advantages of gryones ?
• stop people walking along beach
• larger beach-> more space for activities attracts tourists-> boost economy
• acts as wind break
What are disadvantages of gryones ?
• dangerous-> deep water on 1 side & shallow on other
• unattractive
• levels of beach will arise & no longer prevent longshore drift
What are advantages of sea wall ?
• strong barrier-> protects valuable land
• often built with walkways-> pedestrians can access coastline
• if well maintained-> effective for years
What are disadvantages of sea wall ?
• expensive & high maintenance cost
• restrict people access to beach
• if waves break over sea wall-> flooding
• unattractive
• construction can cause disturbance & destroy natural habitats
• don’t impede movement of sediment down drift-> don’t prevent longshore drift
What are disadvantages of rock armour ?
• difficult access
• dangerous when climbing over
• expensive to import rock
• require constant upkeep
• unattractive-> covers most of beach, litter trapped
• imported rocks don’t blend in
What are advantages of gabions ?
• good value for money
• although unnatural-> can be attractive if vegetated & looked after-> attract people
What are disadvantages of gabions ?
• when damaged-> dangerous
• use of gabions restricted to sandy beaches
• easily destroyed-> regular maintenance needed
• unattractive
What are advantages of beach nourishment ?
• wider beech-> more space for people
• people living along sea protected from flooding
• natural & blends with environment
• protects valuable land
• attract tourists & animals
What are disadvantages of beach nourishment ?
• overtime process will have to be repeated as sand will be transported down beach
What are advantages of dune regeneration ?
• protects land uses behind them
• popular for picnics & walking on
• helps maintain habitats for rare reptiles
• costs are minimal
• boardwalks built for pedestrians
What are disadvantages of dune regeneration ?
• has to be checked 2x a year & fertilisers applied
• expensive systems put in place to prevent planted areas from trampling
• fenced off & keep out signs-> deter tourists
What are disadvantages of dune regeneration ?
• has to be checked 2x a year & fertilisers applied
• expensive systems put in place to prevent planted areas from trampling
• fenced off & keep out signs-> deter tourists
What are the characteristics of tropical rainforests ?
• close to equator-> high temperatures & high rainfall
• hot & wet
• equator receive intense sunlight & air rises causing low air pressure
What are the 4 layers of a rainforests ?
• emergent layer
• canopy area
• under canopy
• shrub layer
What are the adaptations of drip tip leaves ?
• facilitate water run off by channelling rainwater away from leaf’s centre-> prevent water logging & promotes efficient photosynthesis & nutrient absorption for soils
What are adaptations of buttress roots ?
• provide stability to tall trees by spreading horizontally & vertically-> anchor trees-> prevent from toppling & enhance nutrient absorption from soil
What are adaptations of lianas ?
• woody vines that ding onto other trees to reach sunlight-> allows to photosynthesise
How is logging & selective logging a cause of deforestation ?
• clear felling trees chopped down in an area-> led to destruction of forest habitats
• selective logging-> fully grown trees cut down
How is mineral extraction a cause of deforestation ?
• rainforests cleared for mining & road constructions
How is settlement & population growth a cause of deforestation ?
• in past-> poor urban people enraged to move to countryside-> transmigration
• rainforests felled for settlers
How is farming a cause of deforestation ?
• tribal people in rainforests grow food for themselves-> subsistence farming
• method-> every tree in sight set on fire-> grow crops on land
• Malaysia-> largest palm oil exporter-> lots of land converted to palm oil plantations
How is mining an opportunity in Thar desert ?
• people mine materials e.g. gypsum-> used for plaster & is sold-> boosts economy & provides jobs for local people
How is agriculture an opportunity in That desert ?
• people used to be subsistence farmers but now indira ghandi canal been built-• people can irrigate crops which leads to commercial farming-> boost economy as farmers sell crops
How is tourisms an opportunity in Thar desert ?
• local people act as guiders for desert safaris-> brings jobs & money
How is energy an opportunity in That desert ?
• solar panels & wind farms provide energy for indistry
How is extreme temperature a challenge in That desert ?
• high temperatures-> high evaporation rates-> water shortage-> affect people, animals, plants
• high temperatures-> difficult for farmers to work in heat & live stocks need shade to protect themselves from sun
• irrigation-> salination-> infertile soils
How is accessibility a challenge in Thar desert ?
• high temperatures cause tarmac to melt & strong winds blow over roads & some places only accessible to camels-> limited road access
• over laden buses can increase heat
• difficult to travel by car-> vehicles overheat & breakdowns are common
How is water supply a challenge in Thar desert ?
• low annual rainfall-> water is limited resource
• high temperatures cause tarmac & strong winds-> high evaporation rates
• demand for water increasing as population increases, farming & industries have developed
What are adaptations of fennec fox ?
• hints at night since it’s cooler
• big ears-> cool blood down
• small nose-> reduce water loss
What are adaptations of camel ?
• 2 sets of eyelashes-> protect eyes from sand
• humps-> store fat for more energy
• thick leathery feet pads-> protect from hot sand
• thick fur-> keep warm at night
What are adaptations of cactus ?
• spines-> prevent water loss as they are small & don’t lose as much water in extreme weathers
• thick flesh-> store water, helpful during droughts
• depth of roots-> grow close to surface of soil as it allows them to get water first
• thin root hairs-> absorb even smallest drops of water
• long tap roots-> can reach water which is deeper in ground
What are advantages of planting trees to manage desertification ?
• trees stabilise/ bind roots-> prevent soil erosion
• decomposing leaf litter-> help add valuable nutrients
• cheap/ practicals
• people can sell goods provided by trees e.g. rubber from gumtrees
What are disadvantages of planting trees to manage desertification ?
• takes long time to grow trees
• trees need water-> absorb most of water-> drought
What are advantages of national parks to manage desertification ?
• encourages tourism
• provide jobs
• protects land
What are disadvantages of national parks to manage desertification ?
• cost to maintains
• enforce laws
• wardens needed
What are advantages of appropriate technology (magic stones) to manage desertification ?
• cheap, easy to do (appropriate)
• keeps soil together & water builds up-> reduce soil erosion, becoming infertile
• traps water & soil
• successful, minimum maintenance
• increase crops/ vegetation restablished
