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Geography > Paper 2- human > Flashcards

Paper 2- human Flashcards

1
Q

How long did it take for the world’s population to be doubled from 0.5 billion to 1 billion?

A

300 years

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2
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The proportion of the world’s population that lives in cities

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3
Q

In most HICs, what % of people live in cities?

A

Over 60%

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4
Q

How does urban growth vary in HICs compared to LICs?

A

Urban population grows quicker in LICs

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5
Q

Give the 2 reasons why cities grow

A
  • natural increase

- rural-urban migration

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6
Q

What is natural increase?

A

Birth rate is higher than the death rate

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7
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

Movement of people from the countryside into cities

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8
Q

What are megacities and give 3 types of them:

A

City with a population of over 10 million

  1. slow-growing, no squatter settlements (LA)
  2. growing, under 20% in squatter settlements (Rio)
  3. rapid-growing, over 20% in squatter settlements (Mumbai)
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9
Q

How developed is Rio de Janeiro and where is it located?

A

NEE, south-east Brazil

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10
Q

What are the 4 zones in Rio and what is located in each?

A

North- industry, squatters, international airport
Centro- shopping, finance center, historic buildings
West- wealthy suburbs, industry, olympic stadium
South- hotels, luxuary flat, Rochina (largest favela in SA)

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11
Q

Give 5 reasons why Rio is an important city:

A
  1. Cultural capital of Brazil
  2. UNESCO world heritage site
  3. Host of 2016 olympics
  4. Regional, national and international industrial center
  5. Major port
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12
Q

Where have skilled workers and ones seeking new business opportunities migrated from to Rio?

A

Skilled workers- UK and USA

Business opportunities- South Korea and China

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13
Q

What are the 2 social challenges in Rio?

A

Access to services (health + education)

Access to resources (water and energy)

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14
Q

What % of pregnant females in Rio get medical care?

A

74%

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15
Q

What is the average life expectancy in Rio compared to the word?

A

63, compared to 73 in the world

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16
Q

Give 3 reasons why only half of school children continue education beyond 14 in Rio

A
  • shortage of schools/teachers
  • lack of funding
  • teens need to work to earn money for families
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17
Q

What % of Rio’s population has no running water?

A

12%

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18
Q

How do many poor people get their electricity supply in Rio?

A

Illegally taping into the mains supply

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19
Q

What social opportunities are created in Rio from healthcare?

A

Medical stuff can detect + treat 20 diseases in people’s homes

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20
Q

What social opportunities are created in Rio from education?

A

School grants and university in Rochina favela

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21
Q

What social opportunities are created in Rio for water?

A

300km of new pipes

95% had mains water by 2014

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22
Q

What social opportunities are created in Rio for energy?

A

60km of power lines

New nuclear generator

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23
Q

What % of Brazil’s employment does Rio provide?

A

Over 6%

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24
Q

What are the 8 types of formal employment in Rio?

A
  1. Retail
  2. Construction
  3. Steel
  4. Tourism
  5. Service industry
  6. Port industry (in + ex)
  7. Oil refining
  8. Manufactoring
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25
Q

What are the 2 economic challenges in Rio?

A

Unemployment

Crime

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26
Q

What increased the unemployment in Rio?

A

2015 recession

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27
Q

How many are unemployed in Rio favelas?

A

Over 20%

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28
Q

What are the 2 solutions to the economic challenge of unemployment in Rio?

A

Schools of Tomorrow programme improves education in poorer areas
Free childcare for teen parents to return to education

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29
Q

What was the solution to the economic challenge of crime in Rio?

A

Police have taken control of drug/crime dominated favelas- eg; Pacifying Police Unit (PPU)

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30
Q

What are the 3 challenges in Rio’s environment?

A

Air pollution and traffic congestion
Water pollution
Waste pollution

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31
Q

How many deaths per year does air pollution cause in Rio?

A

5000

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32
Q

Give 3 reasons why there is increased traffic congestion in Rio

A
  1. steep mountains limit where roads can go
  2. number of cars increased
  3. increased crime so more drive
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33
Q

What are 3 solutions to air pollution and traffic congestion in Rio?

A
  1. expansion of the metro system
  2. new toll roads (so cost of travel is considered)
  3. coast roads one-way during rush hour
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34
Q

Give 3 reasons why water pollution is high in Rio

A
  1. open sewers- government hasn’t payed for sewage pipes
  2. oil spills
  3. ships empty fuel tanks in bay
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35
Q

In order to combat water pollution in Rio, how many new sewage works have been built and since when?

A

12 new sewage works since 2004

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36
Q

What deters ships from emptying their fuel tanks in Rio?

A

They are fined if done illegally

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37
Q

Why is waste collection difficult in Rio favelas?

A

Many favelas are built on steep slopes with few roads

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38
Q

What can waste dumped in water systems cause?

A

Diseases and rats

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39
Q

What is the solution to waste pollution in Rio?

A

Power plant which consumes 30 tonnes of waste a day whilst producing enough electricity for 1000 homes

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40
Q

What are favelas and why do people live in them?

A

Illegal settlements where people build houses on land they don’t own, because of the high cost of housing in Rio

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41
Q

What are the 5 challenges in squatter settlements?

A
  1. Crime
  2. Health
  3. Services
  4. Construction
  5. Unemployment
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42
Q

What is the murder rate in favelas?

A

2% murdered

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43
Q

What is the infant mortality rate in favelas?

A

5% die

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44
Q

What is the average income in favelas?

A

Less than £75 a month

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45
Q

What can heavy rain cause in favelas?

A

Landslides

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46
Q

What % of non-improved favelas don’t have electricity?

A

30%

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47
Q

In Rocinha, what % of houses have brick, electricity, water and a sewerage system?

A

90%

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48
Q

What did the favela barrio project do?

A

The local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes

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49
Q

What 5 improvements were made to the Complexo de Alemao favelas?

A
  1. Paved roads
  2. Access to water supply
  3. Improved sanitation
  4. Cable car system with 1 free return ticket a day
  5. Pacifying Police Unit (PPU) patrolling
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50
Q

What is a pro and a con for some favelas being demolished for the Olympics?

A

Pro- 800 new houses built which are better than favelas

Con- no shops and 90 minutes from city center

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51
Q

What are 3 successes for the Favela Barrio Project?

A
  • improved quality of life
  • better mobility/accessibility
  • higher employment
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52
Q

What are 3 failures for the Favela Barrio Project?

A
  • new infrastructure not maintained
  • residents lack skills/resources to repair
  • more training needed to improve literacy
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53
Q

In the UK, what % of people live in urban area?

A

82%

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54
Q

Give 3 places in the UK and why they grew?

A

Manchester - industrial revolution (mining)
Liverpool - ports (trading)
London - politics and finance

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55
Q

Where are people in the UK tending to move?

A

From urban to rural and into London and south-east England

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56
Q

Why is Bristol a major city?

A

It’s the largest city in south-west England

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57
Q

Give 4 reasons why Bristol is an important city in the UK

A
  1. Education- 2 unis
  2. Tourism- UKs 8th most popular city
  3. Industry- silicon chip manufacturers
  4. Culture and entertainment- home to creators of Wallace and Gromit
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58
Q

Why is Bristol an important international city in terms of transport?

A
  • good road and rail links
  • ferry services to europe
  • 2 major docks
  • airport
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59
Q

What are 3 opportunities from migration in Bristol?

A
  • hard working work-force
  • enriching culture
  • young migrants balance ageing population
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60
Q

What are 3 challenges from migration in Bristol?

A
  • expensive housing (due to population growth)
  • teaching children whose mother-tongue isn’t english
  • integration into wider community
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61
Q

What are the 3 main social opportunities in Bristol?

A
  1. Entertainment
  2. Shopping
  3. Sport
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62
Q

In terms of sports, what is coming to Bristol which creates social opportunities?

A

Sports teams are developing new stadiums

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63
Q

Name a venue and a theatre in Bristol that provide social opportunities

A

Venue- Colston Hall

Theatre- Bristol Old Vic

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64
Q

What 6 things does Cabot Circus contain?

A
  • shops
  • leisure facilities
  • offices
  • cinema
  • hotel
  • apartments
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65
Q

What happened to Bristol’s harbourside to create social opportunities?

A

Conversion of workshops and warehouses into bars, nightclubs, an art gallery and museum

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66
Q

How many people a year does what event on Bristol’s harbourside attract?

A

Harbourside Festival attracts 300,000

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67
Q

How has Bristol’s industry changed since the closing of ports, and what does this increase?

A

Major developments in tertiary and quaternary sectors, increasing employment

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68
Q

What are the 3 industries in Bristol which provide economic opportunities and what do they do?

A
  1. Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) - supplies army with equipment
  2. Aerospace industry - 14/15 major high tech global companies
  3. Aardman animations - stopmotion clay animations, won an oscar
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69
Q

How many people does the Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) employ?

A

Over 10,000

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70
Q

Give 6 reasons why Bristol became the first UK city to be awarded the European Green Capital in 2015

A

1- increased use of brownfield sites
2- reduced water pollution by monitoring and maintenance
3- increasing the use of renewable energy
4- reduce energy use by 30%
5- reduce CO2 emissions by 40%
6- monitoring air pollution

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71
Q

What are the 2 ways in which urban change has created environmental opportunities in Bristol?

A

Integrated Transport System (ITS)

Urban greening

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72
Q

What does Bristol’s ITS do and how?

A

Connects different methods of transport and encourages the use of public transport by…

  • electrification of the rail line to London (greener + more reliable journey)
  • aiming to double number of cyclists by 2020
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73
Q

What is urban greening in Bristol and what is being done?

A

Increasing and preserving open space in urban areas by…

  • having more than 1/3 of Bristol being open space
  • 8 nature reserves
  • 300 parks
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74
Q

What are the 2 environmental challenges in Bristol and what is being done to reduce these challenges?

A
  • urban sprawl; new sites on brownfield, between 2006-13 only 6% of new housing on greenfield
  • dereliction; lottery grants, graffiti art to revive
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75
Q

How much waste does Bristol produce per year?

A

Half a million tonnes

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76
Q

Give 4 ways Bristol is reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal

A
  • increasing waste recycling to 50%
  • reducing landfilled waste
  • waste treatment plant treating 200,000 tonnes per year
  • waste used to supply electricity for 25,000 homes
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77
Q

Give 4 ways Bristol is reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal?

A
  • increasing waste recycling to 50%
  • reducing amount of waste sent to landfill
  • waste treatment plants treating 200,000 tonnes of waste a year
  • waste used to generate electricity for 25,000 homes
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78
Q

How many people die prematurely in Bristol due to air pollution?

A

200 per year

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79
Q

What are 3 of Bristol’s actions to reduce air pollution?

A
  1. Walking and cycling route to city centre
  2. electric vehicle programme
  3. smartphone app with public transport info
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80
Q

Why are there inequalities in Bristol?

A

Lack of investment

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81
Q

How do houses compare between Filwood and Stoke Bishop?

A

Filwood- many poorly insulated

Stoke Bishop- home to many millionaires in large villas

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82
Q

How does health compare between Filwood and Stoke Bishop?

A

Filwood- life expectancy is 78, lower than UK average, lowest participation in sports in Bristol
Stoke Bishop- life expectancy is 83 years, above UK average

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83
Q

How does education compare between Filwood and Stoke Bishop?

A

Filwood- only 36% got top grades at GCSE in 2013

Stoke Bishop- 94% got top grades in 5 GCSEs, nearly 50% have degree or equivalent

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84
Q

How does unemployment compare between Filwood and Stoke Bishop?

A

Filwood- 1/3 of people 16-24 are unemployed

Stoke Bishop- only 3% unemployed

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85
Q

How does child poverty compare between Filwood and Stoke Bishop?

A

Filwood- over 1/2 of children live in low-income households

Stoke Bishop- less than 4% of children live in poverty

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86
Q

Why was the green-belt in Bristol set up?

A

To prevent urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe

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87
Q

What have towns near Bristol expanded to become?

A

Commuter settlements

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88
Q

What happened at Harry Stoke in Bristol and what land was it built on?

A

1200 new homes, 2000 more planned by 2017 on greenfield site

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89
Q

Give 3 reasons why locals objected to the development of housing at Harry Stoke

A
  • traffic congestion, noise, poor air quality
  • loss of animal habitats
  • increased flood risk
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90
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages for regenerating Bristol’s harbourside

A

Advantages:

  • buildings preserved
  • people still live in centre so it is alive

Disadvantages:

  • Not all like architecture
  • Renovations costs a lot so flats are expensive
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91
Q

What are 3 advantages for developing on brownfield sites?

A
  1. Existing buildings put to a range of uses
  2. Land is derelict so any changes are improvements
  3. Sites usually in urban areas, reducing urban sprawl and car use for commuting
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92
Q

What are 2 disadvantages for developing on brownfield sites?

A
  1. Expensive as old buildings may need demolishing

2. Sites contaminated from previous use

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93
Q

Give 2 reasons why the temple quarter needed regeneration

A
  • very run down

- gave a bad impression to visitors

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94
Q

What was the target for the Temple Quarter regeneration project?

A

To create 17,000 new jobs by 2037

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95
Q

What were the 3 key PROJECTS in the Temple Quarter regeneration and what did they do?

A
  1. Improved access around Bristol- (road layout/cycle path)
  2. Enterprise Zone status- (incentives for businesses to move)
  3. New bridge across river avon - (access to Bristol Arena)
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96
Q

Name 4 regeneration projects for Bristol’s temple quarter regeneration

A
  1. Glass wharf- office development
  2. Temple studios- technical enterprises
  3. Temple Meads station- redeveloped to be modern
  4. Arena Island- bridge to new arena
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97
Q

Where is Freiburg located?

A

Germany

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98
Q

What is a key feature of sustainable urban living?

A

Waste recycling

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99
Q

How much did Freiburg reduce the annual waste disposal?

A

From 140,000 to 50,000 tonnes in 12 years

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100
Q

What % of packing waste is recycled in Freiburg?

A

More than 88%

101
Q

For how many homes did Freiburg provide energy for by burning non-recyclable waste?

A

28,000

102
Q

In Freiburg, what are financial rewards given for?

A

People who compost green waste and use textile nappies

103
Q

What can locals invest in in Freiburg?

A

Renewable energy resources

104
Q

In Freiburg, what provides jobs?

A

Attending sustainability conferences

105
Q

In Freiburg, how many people are employed in how many environmental businesses?

A

Over 10,000 people are employed in 1500 environmental businesses

106
Q

What in Freiburg has developed new systems for solar cooling and air-con?

A

The Institute for Solar Energy

107
Q

What are 3 features needed for sustainable living?

A
  • energy conservation
  • water conservation
  • creating green space
108
Q

What can be used to harvest rainwater?

A

Green roofs

109
Q

How many solar panels are installed in Freiburg?

A

400

110
Q

Which renewable resource in Freiburg can heat pools, and how many?

A

Biogas, 3 swimming pools

111
Q

What % of Freiburg is forested?

A

40%

112
Q

What 3 things do green spaces do?

A
  1. keep air clean
  2. provide natural free recreational resource
  3. provide wildlife habitat
113
Q

How many trees have been planted in parks and streets in Freiburg?

A

44,000

114
Q

What 3 features reduce traffic congestion in Freiburg?

A
  • 400km of cycle paths
  • restricted car parking spaces
  • low fairs for trams
115
Q

What 3 features reduce traffic congestion in Singapore?

A
  • high petrol prices
  • restricted city entrance in rush hours
  • bus network
116
Q

What 3 features reduce traffic congestion in Beijing?

A
  • cars banned from the city one day a week
  • congestion charge and pollution tax
  • 30 new metro lines by 2020
117
Q

What is development?

A

Positive change that makes things better; eg improved QOL

118
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The difference in standard of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries

119
Q

What type of measurement is Gross National Income (GNI) and what does it mean?

A

Economic measurement of development- total value of goods and services provided by a country

120
Q

What type of measurement is Human Development Index (HDI), how is it measured and what 3 things does it consider?

A

Social measure of development expressed in values 0-1 where 1 is the highest
It considers: life expectancy, years of education, GNI per capita

121
Q

What is infant mortality rate a measure of?

A

A country’s healthcare system

122
Q

Is the literacy rate higher in HICs or LICs?

A

HICs

123
Q

Is the birth rate higher in HICs or LICs?

A

LICs

124
Q

What are 3 limitations of social and economic measures to measure development?

A
  1. Gives an average so not always representative
  2. Data sometimes out-of-date
  3. May not take into account informal/subsistence economies
125
Q

Describe the birth rate, death rate, and population in stage 1 of the demographic transition model (DTM) and give an example

A

Birth rate- high fluctuating
Death rate- high fluctuating
Population- fairly stable
Eg- rainforest tribes

126
Q

Describe the birth rate, death rate, and population in stage 2 of the demographic transition model (DTM) and give an example

A

Birth rate- high
Death rate- decreasing
Population- growing
Eg- Afghanistan

127
Q

Describe the birth rate, death rate, and population in stage 3 of the demographic transition model (DTM) and give an example

A

Birth rate- drops rapidly
Death rate- decreasing slower
Population- growing slower
Eg- Nigeria

128
Q

Describe the birth rate, death rate, and population in stage 4 of the demographic transition model (DTM) and give an example

A

Birth rate- low fluctuating
Death rate- low
Population- fairly stable
Eg- USA

129
Q

Describe the birth rate, death rate, and population in stage 5 of the demographic transition model (DTM) and give an example

A

Birth rate- very low
Death rate- slightly increasing (aging population)
Population- decreasing (unless immigration)
Eg- Germany

130
Q

What are the 5 stages called in the demographic transition model (DTM)?

A 
1- High fluctuation
2- Early expanding
3- Late expanding
4- Low fluctuation
5- Natural decrease
131
Q

What do population pyramids show?

A

How the number of men and women in different age groups is changing

132
Q

In a population pyramid, what does a narrowing base indicate?

A

Decreasing birth rate

133
Q

In a population pyramid, what does a wider middle indicate?

A

Decreasing death rate

134
Q

In a population pyramid, what does a taller top indicate?

A

Higher life expectancy

135
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

The proportion of people below and above normal working age

-lower number means more work

136
Q

What are the 3 main causes of uneven development?

A
  • physical
  • economic (trade)
  • historical (colonialism)
137
Q

What 4 PHYSICAL reasons cause uneven development?

A

1- landlocked
2- climate-related illness
3- extreme weather events
4- lack of supplies (eg: water)

138
Q

In trade, where does supply of raw materials, and processing come from?

A

Supply of raw materials- LICs

Processing- HICs

139
Q

During the colonial period (1650-1950) where did most money go?

A

European powers

140
Q

Where can imbalances exist?

A

Between countries or within countries

141
Q

How much of the world’s wealth does North America earn compared to Africa?

A

North America- 35%

Africa- 1% (and more people)

142
Q

Out of the NEEs, which has recorded the highest growth since 2000?

A

China

143
Q

In HICs and LICs, what fraction of deaths account for over 70s?

A

HIC: 7/10
LIC: 2/10

144
Q

In HICs and LICs, what fraction of deaths account for under 15s?

A

HIC: 1/100
LIC: 4/10

145
Q

What are the main causes of death in HICs and LICs?

A

HIC: chronic diseases (cancer)
LIC: infectious diseases (malaria) + childbirth

146
Q

What is an immigrant?

A

A person who moves into a country

147
Q

What is an emigrant?

A

A person who moves out of a country

148
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life

149
Q

What is a refugee?

A

A person forced to move from their country (eg; civil war, natural disaster)

150
Q

What is a displaced person?

A

A person forced to move from their home but stays in their country

151
Q

How many economic migrants have moved into the UK since 2004 and give a pro and con about them?

A

1.5 million
Pro- pay tax and work hard
Con- pressure on health + education services

152
Q

When did the Syrian civil war start, how many people have fleed and to where?

A

2011- 4 million fled to Turkey and Germany

153
Q

What 7 strategies can help reduce the development gap?

A
  • investment
  • industrial development
  • intermediate technology
  • aid
  • tourism
  • fair trade
  • debt relief
154
Q

Who can invest money and expertise in LICs to increase profits?

A

Countries and trans-national corporations (TNCs)

155
Q

Name 3 benefits that industrial development brings and what is this effect called?

A

The multiplier effect:

  • employment
  • investment in houses
  • education
156
Q

Give 3 forms of aid:

A
  • money
  • services
  • emergency supplies
157
Q

Who does intermediate technology help and on what scale and give an example of one?

A

Local people on a small scale– creating a reservoir close to fields for irrigation in Etheopia

158
Q

What system in the EU makes trade unfair?

A

There is a 15% import tariff tax on chocolate but not on cocoa beans so Ghana can’t develop more valuable chocolate industry

159
Q

What is FREE trade?

A

Countries don’t charge tariffs (taxes) or have quotas (limits) to benefit poorer countries

160
Q

What is Fairtrade®?

A

International movement that sets standards for trade to ensure poor countries get a fair deal

161
Q

Give the 3 reasons why poor countries have built up debt

A
  • high import prices
  • export value reduced
  • debt interest rates increased
162
Q

What is 1 good and 1 bad thing about debt relief?

A

Good- can use money for health education etc

Bad- corrupt governments don’t spend money wisely

163
Q

What do microfinance loans do and give an eg?

A

Help individuals set up small businesses

Eg- buying a phone and paying to use phone

164
Q

Where is Jamaica located?

A

An island in North America

165
Q

Give 4 positive ways tourism has contributed to Jamaica’s development

A

1- provides 200,000 jobs
2- earns US$2 billion a year from tourism
3- sustainable ecotourism is expanding
4- in northern tourist areas wealthy have high QOL

166
Q

Give 3 negative ways tourism has contributed to Jamaica’s development

A

1- some parts are isolated
2- large number in poor housing and lacking services
3- mass tourism creates environmental problems (footpath erosion, waste, emmitions)

167
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

West Africa

168
Q

What % of the world’s oil does Nigeria supply?

A

2.7%

169
Q

Complete the sentence- Nigeria is the 5th largest contributor to…

A

UN global peacekeeping missions

170
Q

Give 2 reasons why Nigeria is regionally important in Africa

A
  • largest population

- highest GDP in 2014

171
Q

In terms of political context, when did Nigeria become independent and when did it have a stable government?

A

Independent- 1960

Stable government- 1999

172
Q

What conflict has arisen between the multi-ethnic country Nigeria?

A

Religious conflict between Islamic north and Christian south

173
Q

What is the film industry in Nigeria called which is the second largest in the world?

A

Nollywood

174
Q

What title has the Nigerian football team won and how many times?

A

The African Cup of Nations 3 times

175
Q

Why does Nigeria’s environment form bands?

A

Increasing rainfall towards south

176
Q

Name 3 of Nigeria’s political links

A
  • United Nations (UN)
  • African Union
  • British Commonwealth
177
Q

What 2 things does Nigeria mainly export?

A

Crude oil and cotton

178
Q

What % of export earnings does oil account for?

A

95%

179
Q

Why does Nigeria now have a balanced economy?

A

Growth of communications, industrialisation and agriculture paying less

180
Q

Why has manufacturing growth in Nigeria been hindered?

A

Dependence on export of raw materials

181
Q

What % of Nigeria’s GDP does manufacturing account for?

A

10%

182
Q

Give 3 ways as to why manufacturing affects economic development (this is the multiplier effect)

A

Regular work = secure income
Stimulates growth for other industries (eg parts for cars)
More employed

183
Q

What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?

A

A large company that operates in several countries

184
Q

What are 3 advantages of TNCs in Nigeria?

A

1- employment + development of new skills
2- investment by companies in infrastructure and education
3- valuable export revenues earned

185
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?

A

1- workers poorly paid
2- poor working conditions
3- most profit goes abroad

186
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the TNC Shell Oil in the Niger Delta in Nigeria

A

Advantages:

  • direct employment for 65,000
  • contributes to taxes

Disadvantages:

  • oil spills cause water pollution
  • oil theft costs money
187
Q

What is emergency aid?

A

Short-term aid following a natural disaster or conflict

188
Q

What is emergency aid?

A

Short-term aid following a natural disaster or conflict

189
Q

What is developmental aid?

A

Long-term support to improve the quality of life

190
Q

What does it mean when aid is ‘tied’?

A

Aid is given with certain conditions

191
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

Aid given from one country to another

192
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

Richer governments give to organisations (eg: world bank) which distribute money to LICs

193
Q

What is voluntary aid?

A

Money donated by public to NGOs

194
Q

What are 3 organisations which gave aid to benefit Nigeria?

A

1- world bank 2014 provided loans to businesses
2- USA helps prevent spread of HIV/AIDS
3- Nets for Life (NGO) distributes mosquito nets and educates

195
Q

Why isn’t aid always effective? (3)

A
  • corruption
  • increased dependence
  • donors influence aid use
196
Q

Name 5 effects that economic growth in Nigeria has on the environment

A
  1. Soil erosion from mining
  2. Exhaust emissions from traffic congestion
  3. Loss of habitats from deforestation
  4. Oil spills
  5. Waste disposal
197
Q

What % of Nigerian forest has been destroyed and why?

A

70-80% due to agriculture, urban expansion and industrial development

198
Q

How much crude oil was spilt in the Bodo Oil Spill and when/where did it occur?

A

2008-9 in the Niger Delta : 11 million gallons

199
Q

What were 2 negative impacts of the Bodo oil spills and what was done to restore?

A
  • impact on ecosystem
  • destroyed livelihood of farmers and fishers

In 2015, shell paid £55 million compensation

200
Q

In what 4 ways has the quality of life in Nigeria improved as the economy has developed?

A
  • improvements to infrastructure
  • better health-care
  • access to safe water
  • improved diet so higher productivity
201
Q

What % of Nigerians still live in poverty?

A

60%

202
Q

What challenges in Nigeria must be met to continue to improve the quality of life?

A

Political - continued stable government
Environmental - less threat of disease
Social - trust and no terrorist groups

203
Q

What was the major job sector in the 1800s, 1900s and 2000s in the UK?

A

1800s - primary sector
1900s- manufacturing/secondary sector
2000s - tertiary sector and advance in quaternary sector

204
Q

What are the 3 causes of economic change in the UK?

A

Globalisation, de-industrialisation and government policies

205
Q

Give 2 reasons why de-industrialisation has occurred

A
  • technology replacing people

- other countries produce cheaper goods

206
Q

What is globalisation and what has it caused?

A

The growth and spread of ideas around the world

  • many work for global brands in quaternary sector online
  • increased trade and cheaper imports
207
Q

What is a post-industrial economy and when did this start to occur in the UK?

A

Manufacturing industry is replaced by growth in tertiary and quaternary sectors- 1970s

208
Q

How many people in the UK work in information technology (IT)?

A

Over 1.3 million

209
Q

The UK is the world’s leading centre for what and how much of the UKs GDP does this account for?

A

Financial services (accounts for 10% of UK’s GDP)

210
Q

How many people does the UK research sector employ and how much is contributed to the economy?

A

Over 60,000 people and over £3 billion

211
Q

Give 3 examples of UK research organisations

A

1- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
2- NHS
3- Environment Agency

212
Q

Give an example of a UK science park and name 3 benefits

A

University of Southhampton Science Park

  • excellent uni links for graduates
  • attractive and green
  • transport links
213
Q

Give an example of a UK business park and name 3 benefits

A

Cobalt Business Park

  • cheap and available land
  • businesses benefit working together
  • transport links
214
Q

What are 3 impacts of industry on the physical environment?

A
  • visual pollution
  • processes cause pollution
  • transport causes air pollution
215
Q

Give 3 ways industrial development can be more sustainable

A
  • care in design to reduce visual pollution
  • desulphurisation to reduce harmful gases
  • heavy fines
216
Q

What are 3 impacts of quarrying in the UK?

A
  • destroys habitat
  • scars landscape
  • pollutes water
217
Q

What are 3 ways quarrying in the UK is made more sustainable?

A
  • strict controls
  • recycling encourages
  • companies expected to restore quarry
218
Q

In Torr Quarry, Somerset, how many are employed and how much does this economy generate per year?

A

Over 100 generating over £15 million

219
Q

Give 2 reasons why Torr Quarry is environmentally sustainable

A
  • monitoring of noise, vibration, dust

- restored to create wildlife lakes

220
Q

Why is the population in South Cambridgeshire increasing?

A

Migration from Cambridge, UK and eastern Europe

221
Q

What are 3 social effects of the South Cambridgeshire growth?

A
  • increased traffic (80% car ownership)
  • housing on edge of villages reduces community spirit
  • young can’t afford high house price so move
222
Q

What are 3 economic effects of the South Cambridgeshire growth?

A
  • reduced agricultural employment as farmers sell land for houses
  • pressure on services
  • high petrol prices
223
Q

How much has the population in the Outer Hebrides declined since 1901?

A

More than 50%

224
Q

What is the main reason for population decline in the Outer Hebrides?

A

Limited employment mean young move

225
Q

What are 2 social effects of the Outer Hebrides decline?

A
  • less young to support old

- less children means schools close

226
Q

What are 2 economic effects of the Outer Hebrides decline?

A
  • infrastructure can’t support tourism industry

- services closing

227
Q

What are the 4 improvements that can be made to transport infrastructure in the UK?

A
  • London’s Crossrail
  • South-west super highway (A303)
  • Liverpool2
  • London’s airports
228
Q

What 4 things can transport infrastructure in the UK do?

A
  • create jobs
  • reduce journey time
  • ease congestion
  • boost economy
229
Q

What is happening in the £2 billion South-west super highway project?

A

Route converted to dual carriageway

230
Q

What does London’s Crossrail do?

A

Bring an additional 1.5 million people within 45 minute journey to London’s business districts

231
Q

What does the Liverpool2 port do?

A

Reduce freight traffic on the roads whilst creating thousands of jobs

232
Q

Name 2 pros and 1 con of airport development? (eg: a new runway at Heathrow)

A

Pros:

  • boosts tourism
  • provides jobs

Con:
-noise and air pollution

233
Q

What is the north-south divide?

A

The cultural and economic divide between the south of England and the rest of the UK

234
Q

What are 2 pros and 2 cons about the south of the UK?

A

Pros:

  • higher life expectancy
  • higher income

Cons:

  • higher house price
  • more traffic congestion
235
Q

Why is there a north-south divide in the UK?

A

Since the 1970s, coal and engineering industries have declined in the north and the service sector has grown rapidly in London and the South-east

236
Q

What 2 regional strategies can address the issue of the north-south divide?

A
  • local enterprise partnerships (LEPs)

- enterprise zones

237
Q

What are local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) and what do they do?

A

Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses to encourage investment, boost the economy and create jobs

238
Q

How do governments support businesses in enterprise zones to reduce regional differences?

A
  • business rate discount

- superfast broadband

239
Q

Give 3 things that the Lancashire LEP does:

A
  • 50,000 jobs by 2023
  • £20 million transport investment
  • 97% of region have superfast broadband
240
Q

In what 4 ways does the UK have links with the wider world?

A
  • trade
  • transport
  • electronic communication
  • culture
241
Q

How does transport in the UK link to the wider world?

A
  • airports
  • eurotunnel
  • ferries
242
Q

What is the Arctic fibre project going to do?

A

Connect London and Tokyo

243
Q

What % of internet traffic passes through a network of submarine high-power cables to connect the UK to the rest of the world?

A

99%

244
Q

What can migrants bring to the UK in terms of culture?

A

Food, festivals, fashion

245
Q

In 2013-14, how much money did media exports generate in the UK?

A

£1.28 billion

246
Q

Give 3 ways in which the EU has affected the UK

A

1- financial support
2- laws and controls (eg crime, pollution)
3- goods and services can move freely

247
Q

What sporting connection links the UK with the Commonwealth?

A

The Commonwealth Games

248
Q

What does the commonwealth do for the UK?

A

Provide advice and support on issues such as development and human rights

Geography (2 decks)

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