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Geography > Paper 1- physical > Flashcards

Paper 1- physical Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Environmental events that threaten people

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2
Q

What is ‘hazard risk’?

A

The chance of being affected by a natural hazard

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3
Q

What factors affect the ‘hazard risk’?

A

Urbanisation (more densely populated increases risk)
Poverty (houses are expensive so built on risky ground)
Farming (nutrient-rich floodplains are attractive)
Climate change (sea levels rise)

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4
Q

How is oceanic crust described?

A

Dense, thin

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5
Q

How is continental crust described?

A

Less dense, thicker

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6
Q

What is an example of a constructive margin?

A

Mid-atlantic ridge

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7
Q

What are 2 examples of a destructive margin?

A

West coast of South America

Himalayas

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8
Q

What is an example of a conservative margin?

A

San Andreas Fault

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9
Q

What is the GDP ranking of New Zealand and Nepal

A

New Zealand- 46/193

Nepal- 109/193

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10
Q

How many people died and were injured in the New Zealand and Nepal earthquakes?

A

New Zealand- 181; 2000

Nepal- 9000; 20,000

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11
Q

What was disrupted in the Nepal and New Zealand earthquakes?

A

Electrics, water, sewage pipes

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12
Q

Where is Nepal located and when was it’s earthquake?

A

South Asia- 2015

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13
Q

Where is New Zealand located and when was it’s earthquake?

A

Oceania- 2010-11

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14
Q

What are 2 secondary effects of the New Zealand earthquake?

A

Schools closed for 2 weeks

2200 in temporary housing

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15
Q

What are 2 secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

A

Avalanches (one killed 19)

Flooding from landslides

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16
Q

What are 2 immediate responses to the New Zealand earthquake?

A

International aid

300 Australian police officers flown in

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17
Q

What are 2 long-term responses to the New Zealand earthquake?

A

10,000 new homes

Water, electricity and sewage restored

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18
Q

What are 2 immediate responses to the Nepal earthquake?

A

Helicopters for search, rescue and supply

300,000 migrated for shelter and support

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19
Q

What are 2 long-term responses to the Nepal earthquake?

A

Roads repaired and landslides cleared

International conference to seek support

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20
Q

Give 4 reasons why people live at risk from tectonic hazards?

A
  • Poor people have no choice
  • Earthquake-resistant buildings
  • Volcanoes bring fertile soil and hot water
  • Some have no knowledge of the risk
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21
Q

Give the 4 ways to reduce the risk of tectonic hazard and an example

A
  1. Monitoring; high-tech scientific equipment
  2. Prediction; historical records
  3. Protection; earthquake drills and resistant building
  4. Planning; risk assessments to carefully build infrastructure
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22
Q

Where do surface winds move?

A

From high to low pressure

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23
Q

Why do surface winds curve and what is the effect called?

A

Due to the Earth’s rotation and tilt

The Coriolis effect

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24
Q

What pressure does sinking air cause?

A

High pressure

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25
Q

What pressure does rising air cause?

A

Low pressure

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26
Q

Where do tropical storms form?

A

5-15° north and south equator

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27
Q

What are the 3 conditions for tropical storms to form?

A
  1. Ocean temperature above 27°C
  2. Coriolis effect is high
  3. Unstable air due to heat and humidity
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28
Q

How do tropical storms form in 6 steps?

A
  1. Rising air draws water vapour from the ocean which condenses
  2. Condensing releases heat, drawing up more water vapour
  3. Multiple storms join to form a giant rotating storm
  4. Coriolis effect spins the storm at over 120km/h creating a vast spiral with a calm eye of rapidly descending air
  5. Prevailing wind drifts storm over the ocean gaining strength and heat energy
  6. Upon reaching land, there is less energy and the storm weakens
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29
Q

What are conditions in the eye of a tropical storm?

A

Calm in the small, cloudless area where cold air rapidly descends towards the ground and warms up

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30
Q

What are conditions in the eye wall?

A

Tall blank of clouds with strong winds over 120km/h, heavy rain, thunder and lightning

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31
Q

What distance can a tropical storm affect?

A

Up to 480km

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32
Q

How does climate change affect tropical storms?

A

Sea surface temperatures increased by 0.25-0.5°C

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33
Q

Where was Typhoon Haiyan and when?

A

Philippines, 2013

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34
Q

What % of Tacloban was destroyed in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

90%

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35
Q

What were 3 primary impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6300 killed
40,000 homes destroyed or damaged
400mm of rain caused flooding

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36
Q

What were 3 secondary impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6 million jobs lost
Flooding caused landslides
Looting and violence in Tacloban

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37
Q

What were 3 immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Over 1200 evacuation centres
Field hospitals
Delivery of AID

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38
Q

What were 3 long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Cyclone shelters built
Homes rebuilt in safer areas
Rice farming and fishing re-established

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39
Q

What is the 2-scale prediction warning for tropical storms in the USA and what does it do?

A

The National Hurricane Center gives Watch (advised) and Warning (expected) predictions

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40
Q

What is the difference between weather and climate?

A

Weather- day to day conditions in the atmosphere

Climate- average weather over a 30 year period

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41
Q

What is a weather hazard?

A

Extreme weather events

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42
Q

Where are the Somerset Levels?

A

Area of low-lying land in South-west England

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43
Q

When did the Somerset Level floods occur?

A

2014

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44
Q

What were the 3 causes of the Somerset level floods?

A
  1. Record rainfall
  2. High tides and strom surges
  3. River clogged with sediment, not dredged in 20 years
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45
Q

What are 4 impacts of the Somerset level floods?

A

Over 600 houses flooded
£10 million damage
Power, road and railway cut off
Floodwaters contaminated with sewage, oil and chemicals

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46
Q

What are 2 immediate responses to the Somerset Level Floods?

A

Media interest generated

Boats for transport

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47
Q

What are 3 long-term responses to the Somerset level floods?

A

£20 million flood action plan
8km of river dredged
Road and river bank levels raised

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48
Q

What are the 8 pieces of evidence that show that UK weather is becoming more extreme?

A
  1. 2003 heatwave- over 2000 died
  2. 2007 floods- many homeless
  3. 2008 floods- severe
  4. 2009 heavy snow- 20cm in London
  5. 2009 floods- record November rain
  6. 2010 heavy snow- -18.75°C in NI
  7. 2013/14 flood- England’s wettest winter in 250 years
  8. 2015/16 floods- wettest and warmest
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49
Q

Finish the sentence- Extreme weather might be on the increase because global warming…

A
  • means there is more energy in the atmosphere

- affects atmospheric circulation

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50
Q

What direction does the ‘jet stream’ move and what happens when it sticks?

A

North and south. When it sticks, it results in prolonged periods of the same type of weather.

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51
Q

What can global warming indicate?

A

Climate change

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52
Q

What are the 3 pieces of evidence for recent climate change?

A
  1. Shrinking Glaciers and melting ice
  2. Rising sea levels
  3. Seasonal changes (eg- bird nesting is earlier)
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53
Q

What are the 3 main natural causes of climate change?

A
  1. Orbital changes (The Milankovitch cycle)
  2. Solar activity
  3. Volcanic activity
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54
Q

What are the 3 orbital changes (The Milankovitch cycle) and how long does each change last?

A

Eccentricity- 100,000 years
Axial tilt- 41,000 years
Precession- 26,000 years

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55
Q

Over what period of time do sunspots increase from minimum to maximum and back?

A

11 years

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56
Q

Why does volcanic activity (short-term) reduce temperatures?

A

Volcanic ash can block out the sun

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57
Q

Why does volcanic activity (long-term) reduce temperatures?

A

Sulfur dioxide converts to droplets of sulfuric acid which acts like mirrors to reflect solar radiation

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58
Q

What is the natural greenhouse effect?

A

Keeps the earth naturally warm enough to support life by allowing short-wavelength radiation to pass through, and long-wavelength radiation to be trapped in the atmosphere

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59
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased, due to human activities

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60
Q

Give 3 reasons why the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increased

A

Burning fossil fuels
Deforestation
Increasing numbers of livestock

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61
Q

What are the 4 ways in which climate change can be managed/mitigated?

A
  1. Alternative energy sources
  2. Carbon Capture
  3. Planting trees
  4. International agreement
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62
Q

The burning of fossil fuels accounts for what % of all CO2 emmitions?

A

87%

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63
Q

How much energy does the UK want to produce from renewable energy resources and by when?

A

15% by 2020

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64
Q

Why is Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS) not widely used?

A

It isn’t economically viable

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65
Q

Give 2 reasons why planting trees helps to reduce climate change?

A

Removes CO2 via photosynthesis

Trees release moisture, producing clouds and blocking incoming solar radiation

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66
Q

To what temperature does the 2015 Paris Agreement limit global temperature increase to?

A

1.5°C

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67
Q

What are the 7 global impacts of climate change?

A
  1. Reduced crop yield + water supply
  2. More heat-related illness
  3. Flooding
  4. Stronger tropical storms
  5. Droughts
  6. Desertification
  7. Changing habitats/ecosystems
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68
Q

Name 3 agricultural adaptations to adapt to climate change?

A

Irrigation systems
Drought resistant crops
Planting trees for shade

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69
Q

How high have sea levels raised since 1990 and how high could they raise to by 2100?

A

20cm, could raise to 1m

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70
Q

Name 3 adaptations to reduce the risk of rising sea levels from climate change?

A

Constructing sea walls
Building houses on stilts
Creating artificial islands

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71
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A complex natural system made up of plants, animals and the environment

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72
Q

What do producers do?

A

Convert energy from the sun into sugars via photosynthesis

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73
Q

How do consumers get energy?

A

From eating producers or other consumers

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74
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

Break down dead plant and animal material so nutrients are used by plants in nutrient cycling

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75
Q

What are 3 human activities can cause change on an ecosystem?

A

Agricultural fertilisers
Ponds drained for farming space
Wood cut down

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76
Q

What are 3 human activities can cause change on an ecosystem?

A

Agricultural fertilisers
Ponds drained for farming space
Wood cut down

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77
Q

Why did Avington Park Lake in Hampshire deteriorate?

A

There was a lack of maintenance so silt accumulated and excessive vegetation blocked the view

78
Q

How was Avington Park lake restored in 2014 and what effect did this have?

A

The lake was de-silted and reshaped so new habitats were created

79
Q

What is a large-scale global ecosystem called and how are they defined?

A

Biomes are defined by one dominant type of vegetation

80
Q

How are biomes distributed?

A

West to east belts, parallel to lines of latitude

81
Q

Where are tropical rainforests found?

A

A few degrees either side of the equator

82
Q

What is the climate in rainforests?

A

Hot and humid with high, variable rainfall

83
Q

What are the soils like in rainforests?

A

iron-rich, but infertile because nutrient cycling is so rapid

84
Q

In which canopy of the rainforest are drip tips found?

A

Middle canopy

85
Q

Where is Malaysia located and what % of it is tropical rainforest?

A

South-east Asia, 67%

86
Q

What are the 7 threats to Malaysia’s rainforest?

A
  1. Logging
  2. Road building
  3. Energy development
  4. Mineral Extraction
  5. Population pressure
  6. Commercial farming
  7. Subsistence farming
87
Q

What are the 3 impacts of deforestation in Malaysia

A

Reduces biodiversity/medicinal potential
Exposes the ground for soil erosion
Reduces photosynthesis

88
Q

What are 3 economic gains from deforestation?

A

Job creation
Minerals are valuable
Tax revenue can support public services

89
Q

What are 3 economic losses from deforestation?

A

Decreased rainforest tourism
Possibly medicinal plants could become extinct
Rising temperatures can devastate farming

90
Q

Every 2 seconds, what area of rainforest is destroyed?

A

The size of a football field

91
Q

What size of area has been lost already due to deforestation?

A

The size of China

92
Q

What 3 things has Brazil done to reduce deforestation?

A

Cracks down on illegal deforestation
Leading the world in conservation
Committed to reducing carbon emmitions

93
Q

Give 6 reasons why tropical rainforests should be protected

A
  1. Biodiversity
  2. Climate change
  3. Medicine
  4. Resources
  5. Water
  6. People/tribes
94
Q

What are the 4 ways for sustainable commercial management of the rainforest?

A
  1. Selective logging/replanting
  2. Conservation and education
  3. Ecotourism
  4. International agreements
95
Q

What does the FSC stand for and what does it do?

A

Forest Stewardship Council- promotes sustainable forestry through education programmes

96
Q

Where are hot deserts found?

A

30° north and south of the equator

97
Q

What is a desert?

A

A dry, arid area that receives less than 250mm of rainfall per year

98
Q

Why do deserts have an extreme temperature range?

A

The lack of cloud cover means there are high daytime temperatures but very cold nights

99
Q

What does ‘saline’ mean and why are soils saline in the desert?

A

Salty, evaporation draws salts to the surface

100
Q

Why is there limited leafy vegetation and organic matter in the desert?

A

Soils are sandy or stony

101
Q

What 2 adaptations reduce transpiration?

A

Small leaves

Waxy surfaces

102
Q

Where is the Thar desert located and what is it’s population?

A

Stretches across north-west India into Pakistan. It is the most densely populated desert in the world

103
Q

What are the 5 opportunities for development in the Thar desert?

A
  1. Mineral extraction
  2. Tourism- camel safaris
  3. Energy- coal, oil, solar, wind
  4. Farming- mustard, cotton
  5. Irrigation
104
Q

What are the 3 challenges of development in hot deserts?

A
  1. Extreme temperatures
  2. Water supply
  3. Accessibility
105
Q

What are the 3 sources of water in the desert?

A

Ponds- tobas (natural) and johads (man-made)
Rivers / streams
Aquifers- saline water

106
Q

What is the irrigation system in the Thar desert and how long is it?

A

Indira Ghandi Canal, 650km

107
Q

Why is the road network in the Thar desert limited?

A

Tarmac can melt

Strong winds might blow sand across the road

108
Q

What is desertification and where does it mostly occur?

A

Land gradually turns into a desert, on the borders of existing deserts

109
Q

What are the 6 causes of desertification?

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Soil erosion
  3. Salination (killing plants)
  4. Over-cultivation (producing food)
  5. Overgrazing
  6. Fuelwood needed
110
Q

What are the 6 ways to reduce desertification?

A
  1. Water and soil management
  2. Ponding banks- stores water in ponds
  3. Contour traps- embankments on slopes to stop water washing away
  4. National parks
  5. Tree planting
  6. Appropriate technology
111
Q

What is relief and give 3 factors for it?

A

The physical features of a landscape including…

  • height above sea level
  • the steepness of slopes
  • the shape of landforms
112
Q

What does relief greatly depend upon?

A

Geology (rock type)

113
Q

What is the geology in the north-west of the UK compared to the south-east?

A

In the north-west, the rock of more resistant and in the south-east there is weaker rock

114
Q

What is a landscape?

A

An area whose characteristics are the result of the action and interaction of natural and human factors

115
Q

How do waves form?

A
  1. Wind blows over the sea

2. Friction with the seabed causes ripples which turn into waves

116
Q

What happens when waves reach the coast?

A

Friction with the seabed distorts the circular motion, creating an elliptical orbit as waves become shallower. Then the wave breaks and collapses onto the beach.

117
Q

What are 3 features of constructive waves?

A
  1. Formed by storms far away
  2. Long wavelength
  3. Stronger swash than backwash
118
Q

What are 3 features of destructive waves?

A
  1. Formed by local storms
  2. Short wavelengths and high waves
  3. Stronger backwash than swash
119
Q

What is weathering?

A

The weakening and breakdown of rock

120
Q

What is an example of mechanical/physical weathering?

A

Free-thaw

121
Q

What is an example of chemical weathering and how does it work?

A

Carbonation- rainwater absorbs CO2 from the air and becomes acidic so contact with alkaline rocks causes rocks to slowly dissolve

122
Q

What is biological weathering caused by?

A

The actions of flora and fauna (plants and animals)

123
Q

What are 2 example of biological weathering? (one flora, one fauna)

A

Flora- plant roots grow in cracks in rock

Fauna- animals burrow into weak rocks

124
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downward movement of weathered material under the influence of gravity

125
Q

What are the 4 types of mass movement?

A
  1. Rockfall
  2. Landslide
  3. Mudflow
  4. Rotational slip (slumping)
126
Q

What does erosion do?

A

Wears away the landscape

127
Q

What are the 4 types of erosion? (coasts + rivers)

A
  1. Abrasion
  2. Attricion
  3. Solution
  4. Hydraulic power/action
128
Q

What are the 4 types of transportation? (coasts + rivers)

A
  1. Solution
  2. Suspension
  3. Saltation
  4. Traction
129
Q

When does deposition occur in coasts?

A

Water slows down and waves lose their energy

130
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

When waves approach at an angle to the coast, moving sediment in a zig-zag pattern

131
Q

What is the definition of swash?

A

The sediment carried up the beach

132
Q

What is the definition of backwash?

A

The sediment carried back down the beach

133
Q

What are the 3 coastal landforms resulting from erosion?

A
  1. Headlands and bays
  2. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
  3. Wave-cut platform
134
Q

What can form in a bay due to deposition?

A

Beaches

135
Q

What are the 4 coastal landforms formed by deposition?

A
  1. Beaches
  2. Sand dunes
  3. Spits
  4. Bars
136
Q

How are sand dunes formed in 3 steps?

A
  1. Embryo dunes form around obstacles (eg: rock)
  2. Dunes develop and are stabilised by vegetation
  3. Decomposing vegetation makes the sand fertile so a wider range of plants grow
137
Q

How are spits formed in 4 steps?

A
  1. Longshore drift transports sand along the coast
  2. There is a change in shape of the coastline
  3. Sediment deposits and a spit grows from land, jutting out to sea
  4. The spit is exposed to changes in the wind, so curves
138
Q

Where and how are saltmarshes formed?

A

Behind a spit- mud deposits build up

139
Q

How is a bar formed?

A

Longshore drift causes spits to grow across a bay

140
Q

Where is Swanage located?

A

Dorset, on the Jurassic coast in south England

141
Q

What type of coastline(s) are in Swanage?

A

Concordant and discordant

142
Q

Name 3 specific features of the Swanage Coast?

A

Poole Harbour
Old Harry Stack
Studland Bay

143
Q

What are the 4 hard engineering strategies to protect the coastline?

A
  1. Sea walls
  2. Groynes
  3. Rock armour
  4. Gabions
144
Q

Which coastal hard engineering strategy is significantly more expensive than the rest?

A

Sea Walls

145
Q

What are the 4 soft engineering strategies for coasts?

A
  1. Beach nourishment
  2. Dune regeneration
  3. Dune fencing
  4. Managed retreat
146
Q

Although soft engineering for coasts is cheaper, what is it’s main disadvantage?

A

It requires a lot of maintenance

147
Q

Which coastal soft engineering strategy is more expensive than the rest?

A

Beach Nourishment

148
Q

During dune regeneration, what is planted to stabilise dunes?

A

Marram Grass

149
Q

Where is managed retreat for coasts done and what is this approach called?

A

Low-value land, it’s called the ‘do nothing’ approach

150
Q

At Medmerry in 2013, what was allowed to happen?

A

The sea was allowed to breach the sea wall and flood the farmland

151
Q

In the Medmerry managed retreat scheme, how much did it cost and what 4 things did it do?

A

It costed £28 million and…

  1. created a natural protective saltmarsh
  2. protected farmland and caravan parks from flooding
  3. established a wildlife habitat
  4. encourages visitors
152
Q

Where is Lyme Regis located?

A

Dorset, south-coast of England

153
Q

What happened in stage 1 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement scheme?

A
  • new sea wall
  • new promenade
  • cliffs stabilised
154
Q

What happened in stage 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement scheme?

A
  • more new sea walls and promenades
  • wide sand and shingle beach (absorbs wave energy)
  • extension of rock armour at the Cobb
155
Q

What happened in stage 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement scheme?

A
  • 390m sea wall

- cliffs stabilised to protect 480 homes

156
Q

Why was stage 3 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme cancelled?

A

The cost outweighed the benefit

157
Q

How much did the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme cost in total?

A

£43 million

158
Q

What are 2 positive and 2 negative outcomes of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A

Positive-

  • increased visitors
  • defenses stood up to storms (doesn’t need to be replaced)

Negative-

  • visitors leave litter and increase traffic
  • sea defenses spoil the landscape
159
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

Area of land drained by a river and it’s tributaries

160
Q

What is a watershed?

A

The edge of a river basin

161
Q

What is a river’s long profile?

A

How a river’s gradient changes downstream

162
Q

What is a river’s cross profile?

A

Shows the cross section- the shape of a valley from one side across to the other

163
Q

What are the 2 types of erosion which changes the river channel and valley?

A

Lateral and vertical

164
Q

What is material transported by a river called?

A

Load

165
Q

When does deposition happen in rivers?

A

When the river’s velocity decreases and no longer has the energy to transport it’s load

166
Q

Where are larger rocks, transported via traction deposited in a river?

A

Upper course

167
Q

Give 2 reasons why lots of deposition occurs at the mouth of a river

A
  1. Gentle gradient

2. Interaction with tides

168
Q

What are the 3 river erosional landforms?

A
  1. Interlocking spurs
  2. Waterfalls
  3. Gorges
169
Q

How do interlocking spurs form?

A

A stream erodes vertically around areas of resistant rock

170
Q

What is a gorge?

A

A narrow, steep-sided valley found downstream of a retreating waterfall

171
Q

What are the 2 river erosional + depositional landforms?

A

Meanders and ox-bow lakes

172
Q

What is a Thalweg?

A

The fastest flow/current of the river

173
Q

What are the 3 river depositional landforms?

A
  1. Floodplains
  2. Levees
  3. Estuaries
174
Q

Give 2 ways how floodplains are created:

A

Migrating meanders and floods depositing layers of silt to form alluvium

175
Q

How are levees formed in 2 steps?

A
  1. Flooding allows water to flow over the sides of the channel
  2. Velocity decreases and sediment is deposited on the banks
176
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Where the river meets the sea

177
Q

What are formed at estuaries and why?

A

Mudflats and salt marshes as velocity falls so material is deposited

178
Q

Where is the River Tees and what is it’s main feature?

A

North-east England- it has a 20m high force waterfall which continues through a gorge

179
Q

On the river tees, what depositional landforms are there?

A

Meanders, levees and floodplains

180
Q

What are sudden floods called?

A

Flash floods

181
Q

What are the 3 physical factors which cause flooding?

A

Precipitation
Geology (impermeable rocks)
Relief

182
Q

What are the 3 human factors which cause flooding?

A

Urbanisation
Deforestation
Agriculture

183
Q

What does a flood hydrograph show?

A

How a river reacts to rainfall

184
Q

What does lag-time show in a flood hydrograph?

A

How quickly water is transferred into the river channel- the time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

185
Q

What are the 4 hard engineering strategies for rivers?

A

Channel straightening- cutting through meanders
Dams and reservoirs- regulate river flow + reduce floods
Embankment- raised river bank
Flood relief channel- space for excess water to flow

186
Q

What are the 4 soft engineering strategies for rivers?

A
  1. Afforestation
  2. Wetlands and flood storage
  3. Floodplain zoning
  4. River restoration
187
Q

In England and Wales, who issues flood warnings and what are their 3 levels of flood warning?

A

The Environment Agency- flood watch; flood warning; severe flood warning

188
Q

Where is Banbury located and what is the river there?

A

Oxfordshire, River Cherwell (Thames tributary)

189
Q

In what 2 years did Banbury flood?

A

1998 and 2007

190
Q

How much damage did the 1998 Banbury flood cost?

A

£12.5 million

191
Q

Name one social, economic and environmental defence that the Banbury flood defence scheme did?

A

Social- raised A361 that can stay open in floods
Economic- 400 houses + 70 businesses protected (value over £100 million)
Environmental- Reservoir, providing habitats

Geography (2 decks)

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