Paper 2: Essay Flashcards
Spanish Civil War: causes
July election in 1936 reveals two sides
- Republicans: Soviet support + American volunteer troops
- Nationalists: German/Italian support, led by modern day caudillo Francisco Franco
SCW: Practices
April 1937, Guernica bombed
- tests Blitzkrieg strategy
- targets, kills, wounds over 2000 civilians
- nationalists deny any knowledge
SCW: effects
1938: Stalin halts aid bc US/LN do not interfere after Franco comes to power
-Stalin’s frustration –> Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1939: Franco takes over, but global attention diverted to WWII
Franco = silent ally to US, but doesn’t get involved
Persian Gulf War: causes
During peace negotiations with Iran, Hussein claims that Kuwait is siphoning oil from oil fields at common border, and demands that Kuwait/Saudi Arabia cancel Iraq’s foreign debt
- Iraq amasses troops on Kuwait’s border, alarming Egypt into initiating negotiations
- Hussein breaks off negotiations, orders invasion of Kuwait in 1990
- UN mandates he withdraw by Jan. 1991
- refusal –> war
PGW: practices
- Hussein declared jihad against coalition
- UN authorizes “all necessary means” of force against Iraq
- OPERATION DESERT STORM
- -air operation to hit air defenses, followed by weapon plants/oil refineries
- -Stealth Bombers: Smart bombs with laser guidance systems/infrared night bombing
- OPERATION DESERT SABRE
- -ground operation in Feb.
- -coalition encircles and defeats Iraqis, liberates Kuwait
PGW: Effects
Feb 28, 1991: ceasefire
Coalition won, but Hussein not removed from power, leading to…
-brutal suppression of Kurds and Shi’ite
-second Persian Gulf War (Iraq War) since doesn’t adhere to weapon reductions
Yalta Conference
Feb. 1945 Stalin, FDR, Churchill -split Germany into four -dismantle Germany's industry -Stalin wants reparations of $20 bil. -Stalin pledges support in Pacific
Potsdam Conference
July 1945 Stalin, Truman, Atlee -Nuremberg Trials -No common enemy anymore, tensions/dispute -BEGINNING OF COLD WAR
Truman Doctrine
Economically support Greece/Turkey to prevent them from joining Soviet sphere
Beginning of containment policy
Marshall Plan
American initiative to aid Europe after devastation of WWII
Also containment: establish positive relation to stop communism
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Safeguard freedom/security of members through political/military alliances
COMECON
Economic association of Communist countries (1949)
Facilitate trade/development bw communist nations
Warsaw Pact
mutual defense organization bw USSR and seven satellite states
protect each other if attack
USSR in charge of armed forces
Berlin Blockade
1948
Stalin issues blockade in June to stop rail/road/water traffic to starve out Western powers
Results in Berlin Airlift (back-to-back schedule of supplies)
Blockade lifted in May 1949
Congo Civil War
Lumaba (nationalist/pro-Soviet) = PM, Kasauuba (pro-West) = president. Civil war erupts
- UN sends peacekeepers to protect Belgians/restore order
- Khrushchev sends weapons/technical advisors
- US sends weapons/CIA
Lubama assassinated, Mobutu (commander of army) emerges and seizes control
tribal/ethnic loyalties > nationalistic ideals
