Paper 2 cramming

Question 1

aarts and wright

Answer 1

use of modal verbs have changed

Question 2

thornborough

Answer 2

language use changes/ establishes identity

Question 2

jean aitchison infectious disease

Answer 2

prescriptivists view change as an infectious disease

Question 2

sapir whorf hypothesis

Answer 2

language constructs the way which we view the world

Question 3

deutscher

Answer 3

identity changes language use

Question 4

pennycook

Answer 4

english has only achieved its status via colonialism

Question 4

what year was the printing press made?

Answer 4

1472

Question 5

conversion definition

Answer 5

words shifting word classes

Question 6

lexical attrition

Answer 6

words which fall out of everyday use

Question 6

giles accomodation theory

Answer 6

upwards/ downwards convergence/divergence

Question 7

difference model tannen

Answer 7

report vs rapport, information vs understanding,

Question 8

androcentric language

Answer 8

male biased terminology, eg mankind

Question 9

lakoff deficit model

Answer 9

empty adjectives, indirect commands, hedging, tag questions, avoidance of swearing

Question 10

amelioration/ perjoration definitions

Answer 10

a word acquring a more positive or negative meaning