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gender linguists Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

what is the name of otto jesperson’s theory?

A

deficit theory

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2
Q

what year did otto jesperson conduct his research?

A

1922

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3
Q

what is jesperson’s deficit theory?

A

-idea that men’s language is the standard
-womens language is difference there insufficient and weaker

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4
Q

what language forms did jesperson identify in women?

A

-talk a lot, and think before they speak more
-use simpler words/ shorter sentences/ more adjectives and adverbs
-more exaggerating and emotional/ less direct
-more false starts/ unfinished sentences

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5
Q

what language forms did jesperson identify in men?

A

-wider vocabulary
-are the establishers of new English words

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6
Q

what year did william labov conduct his ‘nyc department store study’?

A

1966

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7
Q

what is the name of william labov’s 1966 study?

A

nyc department store study

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8
Q

what socioeconomic class were more likely to use the rhotic r?

A

upper/ upper middle

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9
Q

what three department stores did he use for his study?

A

-all on 5th avenue NYC
-Saks (upper middle)
-Macy’s (middle)
-S.Klein (working)

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10
Q

how many responses did labov get from participants at the saks department store?

A

71 participants

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11
Q

how many responses did labov get from participants at the macy’s department store?

A

125 participants

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12
Q

how many responses did labov get from participants at the s.klein department store?

A

68 participants

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13
Q

what percent of the 71 participants at saks used a rhotic r?

A

62% of 71

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14
Q

what percent of the 125 participants at macy’s used a rhotic r?

A

51% of 125 participants

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15
Q

what percent of the 68 participants at s.klein used a rhotic r?

A

20% of 68 participants

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16
Q

what did labov ask the employees in order to elicit a response including a rhotic r use?

A

‘where is x item’
‘on the fourth floor’

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17
Q

what year did peter trudgill conduct his norwich study?

A

1972

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18
Q

what is the name of peter trudgill’s 1972 study?

A

norwich study

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19
Q

what 4 variable did trudgill take into account when selecting participants?

A

-occupation
-education
-housing/location area
-income

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20
Q

how many participants were involved in trudgill’s study?

A

60 participants

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21
Q

how did trudgill choose his participants

A

randomly, from the electoral register

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22
Q

why did trudgill take into account the 4 variables that he did?

A

to observe overt and covert prestige

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23
Q

which gender did trudgill record more non-standard forms of english in?

A

men

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24
Q

what did trudgill present participants with in order to elicit research content?

A

questions about their jobs, education level, income etc

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25
Q

what linguistic variable did trudgill focus on?

A

the pronunciation of ‘-ing’ words

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26
Q

what year did robin lakoff conduct her research?

A

1975

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27
Q

what is the name of the theory robin lakoff conducted in 1975?

A

deficit theory (expanded from jesperson)

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28
Q

what word forms did robin lakoff record more of in women?

A

-empty adjectives
-tag questions
-indirect commands
-intensifiers
-modal verbs

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29
Q

what conversational forms did robin lakoff observe more in women?

A

-apologizing
-backchanelling
-hedging

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30
Q

what language forms did robin lakoff observe less of in women?

A

-swearing
-use of slang words
-sense of humour

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31
Q

what sorts of participants did lakoff use in her research?

A

all white, middle class, young adult women

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32
Q

what year did lesley milroy conduct her belfast study?

A

1975

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33
Q

what was the name of milroy’s 1975 study?

A

belfast study

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34
Q

define ‘social network’ in linguistic terms

A

a discourse community

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35
Q

what are the 2 main categories of social networks?

A

open and closed

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36
Q

define open social network

A

-participants do not necessarily know each other
-lower density

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37
Q

define closed social network

A

-small, more isolated and close-knit participants
-higher density

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38
Q

define multiplexity

A

when members of one social network know each other through another social network(s)

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39
Q

what 3 areas of belfast did lesley milroy select to study?

A

-ballymacarrett
-hammer
-clonard

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40
Q

what social class were predominantly present in the 3 areas of milroy’s belfast study?

A

working class

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41
Q

which phonological variables did milroy focus on in her study?

A

-‘th’ (in words such as ‘mother’
-‘a’ (in words such as ‘hat’)

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42
Q

which gender used more non-standard forms of english in milroy’s study?

A

men

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43
Q

name one reason milroy suggested for men using non-standard english forms more than women?

A

they formed tighter-knit groups than women, who were more social

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44
Q

what year did zimmerman and west conduct their research?

A

1976

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45
Q

what theory did zimmerman and west investigate in their 1976 research?

A

dominance model

46
Q

how many conversations did zimmerman and west record?

A

31 conversations between 2 people at at time

47
Q

what genders made up zimmerman and west 31 recorded conversations?

A

-10 only female
-10 only male
-11 mixed gender

48
Q

what did zimmerman and west observe in men in their research?

A

-spoke more overall
-interrupted/ talked over women more
-delayed/minimal responses to women
-rarely interrupted other men

49
Q

what did zimmerman and west observe more in women in their research?

A

-remained silent more/ for longer periods of time
-only interrupted other women, not men

50
Q

what is the basis of the dominance model?

A

-language men use is superior and holds more dominance in society
-language women use is seen as inferior

51
Q

why could the dominance model be seen as problematic?

A

it suggests that men’s language is more important and valid than women’s language

52
Q

what year did dale spender conduct her research?

A

1980

53
Q

what did dale spender conduct her research on?

A

dominance theory

54
Q

what did dale spender have in common with robin lakoff?

A

both referred to a ‘women’s language’

55
Q

what was dale spender’s main contribution to the idea of the dominance theory?

A

language determines the limits of society

56
Q

what year did esther greif conduct her supporting research?

A

1980

57
Q

which theorists was esther greif supporting with her own additional research?

A

zimmerman and west

58
Q

what additional findings did esther greif highlight?

A

-fathers interrupt their children more than mothers
-both parents interrupt daughters more than sons

59
Q

what year did geoffrey beattie conduct his research?

A

1982

60
Q

what theorists did geoffrey beattie challenge in 1982?

A

zimmerman and west

61
Q

how did beattie challenge the zimmerman and west study?

A

asking ‘why do interruptions equal dominance?’
‘do interruptions reflect interest and involvement?’

62
Q

how long did geoffrey beattie spend recording his own material?

A

10 hours

63
Q

how many interruptions did geoffrey beattie record?

A

557 interruptions

64
Q

what frequency did men and women interrupt at?

A

-men 34.1
-women 33.8
-more or less the same frequency

65
Q

what year did jenny cheshire conduct her research?

A

1982

66
Q

what was the name of the study conducted by jenny cheshire?

A

reading children study

67
Q

what did jenny cheshire analyse in her study?

A

syntax variation

68
Q

how many participants did jenny cheshire observe?

A

25 children, mixed gender

69
Q

what did jenny cheshire see girls do when speaking to a teacher?

A

codeswitch into prestige forms

70
Q

what did jenny cheshire suggest variation in boy’s speech was caused by?

A

governed by norms within the peer group

71
Q

what did jenny cheshire suggest variation in girl’s speech was caused by?

A

more personal, less controlled by norms

72
Q

what year did pamela fishman conduct her research?

A

1983

73
Q

what phrase did pamela fishman coin?

A

‘conversational shitwork’

74
Q

how did pamela fishman contradict the deficit theory?

A

she said that despite women being dominated in discourse, they are stronger adapters

75
Q

how many hours of conversation did pamela fishman record?

A

52 hours of conversation

76
Q

who did pamela fishman record speaking?

A

young american couples

77
Q

what ages were the participants recorded by pamela fishman?

A

25-35 years old

78
Q

what did fishman concentrate on in her research?

A

tag questions

79
Q

what year did jennifer coates conduct her research?

A

1989

80
Q

what did jennifer coates conduct her research on?

A

mixed gender friendship group

81
Q

what language form did jennifer coates observe in women?

A

epistemic modal forms

82
Q

what main observations did jennifer coates make in her 1989 study?

A

-men will often reject topics of conversation introduced by women
-women will typically accept topics introduced by men
-women are more likely to initiate conversation, but less likely to be successful continuing it

83
Q

what was the main thing stated by jennifer coates’ research?

A

gendered friend groups create gender stereotypes in language as a result of different styles of speaking

84
Q

what year did deborah tannen conduct her research on the difference model?

A

1990

85
Q

what was the name of the research conducted by deborah tannen?

A

difference model

86
Q

what is the basis of the difference model?

A

men and women do speak in different ways, and neither one is superior

87
Q

how many key differences did tannen outline in the difference model?

A

6 key differences

88
Q

difference model: status vs

A

support

89
Q

difference model: advice vs

A

understanding

90
Q

difference model: orders vs

A

proposals

91
Q

difference model: conflict vs

A

compromise

92
Q

difference model: independence vs

A

intimacy

93
Q

difference model: information vs

A

feelings

94
Q

name all 6 key differences outlined by deborah tannen?

A

-status vs support
-advice vs understanding
-orders vs proposals
-conflict vs compromise
-independence vs intimacy
-information vs feelings

95
Q

what year did jane pilkington conduct the bakery study?

A

1992

96
Q

what was the name of the study conducted by jane pilkington?

A

bakery study

97
Q

what did pilkington say was the basis if women’s discourse?

A

affirming solidarity and maintaining relationships

98
Q

what did pilkington say was the basis if men’s discourse?

A

to challenge other points of view

99
Q

how long did pilkington observe conversations in the bakery for?

A

9 months

100
Q

what year did cameron conduct research in?

A

1995

101
Q

what phrase did cameron coin in 1995?

A

‘political correctness’

102
Q

define ‘political correctness’

A

cleaning up of political language

103
Q

what year did labov conduct his research on gender paradox theory?

A

2001

104
Q

what phrase did labov coin in 2001?

A

gender paradox

105
Q

define labov’s ‘gender paradox’

A

-women conform more to linguistic norms because female deviations are more overtly stigmatized
-however, they deviate more than men

106
Q

what group did labov suggest were the leaders of linguistic change?

A

nonconformist women

107
Q

what year did deborah cameron investigate the diversity theory?

A

2012

108
Q

what is the name of the research done by deborah cameron?

A

diversity theory

109
Q

what forms the basis of cameron’s diversity theory?

A

-it is not biological sex that affects language use
-however, it is societal gender roles that do

110
Q

what term did cameron coin in 2012?

A

‘verbal hygeine’

111
Q

define cameron’s term ‘verbal hygeine’

A

the ways people think they are supposed to speak in order to meet expected norms of society

English language- theorists and studies (6 decks)

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