Paper 2: Changing Economy Flashcards
Birth rate
The number of births per year per 1000 of the population
Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl
The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding
Waste recycling
The process of extracting and reusing useful substances
Commonwealth
A voluntary association of 56 independent and equal sovereign states, mostly former British Empire territories, united by language, history, culture, and shared values of democracy and human rights.
Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 of the population
De- Industrialistion
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets, and increasing competition from NEEs.
Demographic Transition Model
A model showing how populations change over time in terms of birth rates, death rates, and total population size.
Development
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology, and human welfare.
Development gap
The widening difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s economically richest and poorest countries (between HICs and LICs).
European Union
An international organisation of 27 European countries formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation. Citizens can live and work in any member country.
Fairtrade
A system ensuring producers in LICs and NEEs receive a fairer price for goods like cocoa, coffee, or cotton, improving income, workers’ rights, and working conditions, and reducing exploitation.
Globalisation
The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide.
Gross National Income (GNI)
A measurement of economic activity calculated by dividing the gross national income by the population size, including the value of goods and services and income from overseas investments.
Human Development Index (HDI)
A method of measuring development that combines GDP per capita, life expectancy, and adult literacy to produce an index figure for comparing countries.
Industrial structure
The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
Infant mortality
The average number of deaths of children under 1 year of age, per 1000 live births, per year
Information technologies
Technologies like computers, internet, mobile phones, and satellites that speed up communication and information flow.
Intermediate technology
Technology suited to the needs, skills, resources, and knowledge of local people, often simple and easily maintained in LICs.
International aid
Money, goods, and services given by one country or institution to improve the quality of life and economy of another country.
Life expectancy
The average number of years a person might be expected to live.
Literacy rate
The percentage of people who have basic reading and writing skills.
Microfinance loans
Very small loans given to people in LICs to help them start a small business.
North-south divide (UK)
Economic and cultural differences between Southern and Northern England, affecting health, house prices, earnings, and political influence.
Post-industrial economy
An economy where most employment is in service (tertiary) industries, common in economically developed countries.
Science and business parks
Purpose-built areas for offices and warehouses, often near universities, where high-tech industries are established.
Service industries (tertiary industries)
Economic activities providing services like commercial, professional, social, entertainment, and personal services.
Trade
The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.
Transnational Corporation (TNC)
A company with operations in more than one country, often large with well-known brands.
