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Geog GCSE > Paper 1: Rivers and Coasts > Flashcards

Paper 1: Rivers and Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

What is abrasion?

A

The wearing away of cliffs by sediment flung by breaking waves.

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2
Q

What is an arch?

A

A wave-eroded passage through a small headland, starting as a cave and widening until it cuts through.

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3
Q

What is attrition?

A

Erosion caused when rocks and boulders transported by waves bump into each other and break up into smaller pieces.

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4
Q

What is a bar?

A

Where a spit grows across a bay, potentially enclosing it to create a lagoon. Bars can also form offshore due to breaking waves.

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5
Q

What is a beach?

A

The zone of deposited material extending from the low water line to the limit of storm waves, divided into the foreshore and backshore.

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6
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

The addition of new material to a beach artificially, through dumping large amounts of sand or shingle.

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7
Q

What is beach reprofiling?

A

Changing the profile or shape of the beach, often transferring material from the lower to the upper beach or down the dune face.

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8
Q

What is a cave?

A

A large hole in the cliff caused by waves forcing their way into cracks in the cliff face.

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9
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

The decomposition of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock; sea water can cause chemical weathering of cliffs.

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10
Q

What is a cliff?

A

A steep high rock face formed by weathering and erosion along the coastline.

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11
Q

What is deposition?

A

Occurs when material being transported by the sea is dropped due to the sea losing energy.

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12
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation to strengthen the dunes and prevent excessive coastal retreat, including replanting marram grass and providing boardwalks.

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13
Q

What is erosion?

A

The wearing away and removal of material by a moving force, such as a breaking wave.

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14
Q

What is a gabion?

A

Steel wire mesh filled with boulders used in coastal defenses.

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15
Q

What is a groyne?

A

A wooden barrier built into the sea to stop the longshore drift of sand and shingle, helping to build beaches and protect against cliff erosion.

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16
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

The use of concrete and large artificial structures by civil engineers to defend land against natural erosion processes.

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17
Q

What are headlands and bays?

A

A rocky coastal promontory made of rock resistant to erosion, with headlands between bays of less resistant rock eroded by the sea.

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18
Q

What is hydraulic power?

A

The process by which breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff, potentially causing the crack to widen and break off rock.

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19
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The zigzag movement of sediment along a shore caused by waves going up the beach at an oblique angle (wash) and returning at right angles (backwash), resulting in the gradual movement of beach material.

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20
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allowing cliff erosion to occur naturally, with benefits including less money spent and the creation of natural environments. It may involve setting back or realigning the shoreline and allowing natural processes to take place.

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21
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity, with varying speeds.

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22
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Weathering processes causing physical disintegration or break up of exposed rock without changing the chemical composition, such as freeze thaw.

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23
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Large boulders dumped on the beach as part of coastal defenses.

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24
Q

What is a sand dune?

A

Coastal sand hill above the high tide mark, shaped by wind action, and covered with grasses and shrubs.

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25
What is a sea wall?
A concrete wall designed to prevent coastal erosion by reflecting wave energy.
26
What is sliding?
Occurs after heavy rain when loose surface material becomes saturated, causing instability and rapid downhill movement, sometimes in an almost fluid state.
27
What is slumping?
Rapid mass movement involving a whole segment of the cliff moving downslope along a saturated shear-plane or line of weakness.
28
What is soft engineering?
Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems.
29
What is a spit?
A depositional landform formed when a finger of sediment extends from the shore out to sea, often at a river mouth. It usually has a curved end because of opposing winds and currents.
30
What is a stack?
An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed. Over time further erosion reduces the stack to a smaller, lower stump.
31
What is transportation?
The movement of eroded material.
32
What is a wave cut platform?
A rocky, level shelf at or around sea level representing the base of old, retreated cliffs.
33
What are waves?
Ripples in the sea caused by the transfer of energy from the wind blowing over the surface of the sea. The largest waves are formed when winds are very strong, blow for lengthy periods and cross large expanses of water.
34
What is the cross profile of a river?
The side to side cross-section of a river channel and/or valley.
35
What is a dam and reservoir?
A barrier (made of earth, concrete, or stone) built across a valley to interrupt river flow and create a human-made lake (reservoir) which stores water and controls the discharge of the river.
36
What are embankments?
Raised banks constructed along the river; they effectively make the river deeper so it can hold more water. They are expensive and can look natural if grassed over.
37
What is an estuary?
The tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea; wide banks of deposited mud are exposed at low tide.
38
What is a flood?
Occurs when river discharge exceeds river channel capacity and water spills out of the channel onto the floodplain and other areas.
39
What is a flood plain?
The relatively flat area forming the valley floor on either side of a river channel, which is sometimes flooded.
40
What is flood plain zoning?
Attempts to organise flood defences so that land near the river, which often floods, is not built on. This land could be used for pastoral farming, playing fields, etc.
41
What is flood risk?
The predicted frequency of floods in an area.
42
What are fluvial processes?
Processes relating to erosion, transport, and deposition by a river.
43
What is a flood warning?
Providing reliable advance information about possible flooding, giving people time to remove possessions and evacuate areas.
44
What is a gorge?
A narrow, steep-sided valley, often formed as a waterfall retreats upstream.
45
What is hydraulic action?
The force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears them away.
46
What is a hydrograph?
A graph showing the discharge of a river, related to rainfall, over a period of time.
47
What are interlocking spurs?
A series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley and around which a river winds its course.
48
What is lateral erosion?
Sideways erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel, leading to the widening of the valley and contributing to the formation of the flood plain.
49
What are levees?
Embankments of sediment along the river bank, formed naturally by regular flooding or built up by people to protect the area against flooding.
50
What is the long profile of a river?
The gradient of a river from its source to its mouth.
51
What is a meander?
A pronounced bend in a river.
52
What is an ox-bow lake?
An arc-shaped lake cut off from a meandering river.
53
What is precipitation?
Moisture falling from the atmosphere as rain, hail, sleet, or snow.
54
What is saltation?
Particles bouncing down the river bed.
55
What is solution?
Soluble particles are dissolved into the river.
56
What is channel straightening?
Removing meanders from a river to make it straighter, allowing it to carry water quickly downstream, reducing flooding risk.
57
What is rewiggling?
Adding natural-looking bends back into a river or stream if it has been straightened artificially.
58
What is suspension?
Fine solid material held in the water while the water is moving.
59
What is traction?
The rolling of boulders and pebbles along the river bed.
60
What is vertical erosion?
Downward erosion of a river bed.
61
What is a waterfall?
A sudden descent of a river or stream over a vertical or very steep slope, often where it meets softer rock after flowing over more resistant material.
62
Where are Mappleton and Great Cowden located?
They are villages on the Holderness Coast in East Yorkshire, northeast England, one of Europe's fastest eroding coastlines
63
What type of coastline is the Holderness Coast?
It’s a soft coastline made of boulder clay (glacial till), which is easily eroded by the sea
64
What coastal management scheme was implemented at Mappleton in 1991?
A £2 million scheme including two rock groynes and rock armour (rip-rap) to reduce erosion and protect the B1242 coastal road
65
What are groynes and how do they work?
Groynes are wooden or rock barriers built at right angles to the coast. They trap sediment moved by longshore drift, building up the beach and reducing wave energy.
66
What is rock armour and what is its purpose?
Large boulders placed at the base of cliffs to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion.
67
Q: What positive impact did the management have on Mappleton?
A: It protected the village and the B1242 road from coastal erosion, helping maintain access and preventing loss of property and infrastructure.
68
Q: How did the scheme benefit tourism in Mappleton?
A: The wider beach created by the groynes made the area more attractive to visitors, boosting the local economy
69
Q: Why is the Mappleton coastal management scheme considered controversial?
A: It successfully protected Mappleton but caused environmental and economic problems further along the coast, raising issues about the fairness and sustainability of such schemes
70
Q: What term describes the negative impact on areas down the coast?
A: "Terminal groyne syndrome" – erosion increases where sediment is no longer being deposited
71
Q: Where is Banbury located?
A: Banbury is a market town in Oxfordshire, southeast England, on the River Cherwell, a tributary of the River Thames.
72
Q: Why is Banbury at risk of flooding?
A: The River Cherwell has a history of flooding due to its clay catchment (which doesn’t absorb water easily), and because of increased urban development reducing infiltration.
73
Q: What major flood defence scheme was completed in Banbury in 2012?
A: A £18.5 million flood defence project including a 2.9 km earth embankment, flood storage area, and new pumping stations.
74
Q: What is the purpose of the flood storage area north of Banbury?
A: To hold excess water during times of heavy rain, reducing the risk of flooding downstream in the town
75
Q: What other flood management strategies were included in Banbury’s scheme?
A: Raising the A361 road, building new embankments and floodwalls, and creating a biodiversity action plan (BAP) habitat.
76
Q: How did the flood scheme benefit Banbury’s residents?
A: Over 400 homes and 70 businesses were protected from flooding, reducing stress and damage costs
77
Q: What are some environmental benefits of the scheme?
A: The creation of new wetland habitats and planting of trees improved biodiversity and the local environment.
78
Q: What is a potential downside of the Banbury flood scheme?
A: The high cost (£18.5 million) may not be justified if future flooding is less frequent or severe.
79
Q: Why might some people oppose large-scale flood management schemes?
A: They can be expensive, alter the landscape, and may shift the problem downstream if not carefully planned
80
Q: Why is Banbury considered a good example of sustainable flood management?
A: It combines hard engineering (embankments, flood storage) with environmental enhancements (wetlands, biodiversity), protecting people while improving the ecosystem

Geog GCSE (6 decks)

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