Paper 2: Changing Economic World Flashcards
What term is used to describe the progress of the country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced?
Development
Identify the three broad groups used by the World Bank to classify countries according to their economic and social development.
Low-income countries, newly emerging economies and high-income countries.
Which type of country are those that have a poor quality of life few opportunities and adequate services?
Low-income countries
Which type of country is one where most people enjoy a good standard of living based on high levels of income?
High-income country
Where are the majority of the worlds low-income countries located?
Africa
Where are the majority of the worlds high-income countries located?
Europe, North America and Australasia
How is the UK classified in terms of its economic and social development?
A high-income country
Where are the majority of the worlds newly emerging economies located?
South America, Asia and Africa
Identify three economic and/or social measures of development
Gross national income, birth-rate, death rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rates, access to safe water and human development index
What are the limitations of gross domestic income as a measure of development?
The average figures used can be misleading, if you very wealthy people in the country can distort the figures. In poorer countries, many people work in the informal sector or in agriculture where their income is not taken into account. People may not always be honest about their income because this data is sensitive.
What are the limitations of using death rates as a measure of a country?s development?
Death rates can be high in some low-income countries due to poverty but can also be high in high-income countries where there are many elderly people dying of old age
What are the limitations of using infant mortality as a measure of development?
In the poorest countries, not all deaths of children are reported particularly in remote rural areas. The true death rate may be even higher.
Why is the human development index one of the most commonly used measures of development?
It takes into consideration a range of data which means it is a fairer measure of development.
What is the demographic transition model?
It is a graph that plots changes in birth-rates and death rates over time and shows how the total population grows as the results of these.
What does the demographic transition model not show the effects of?
Migration
Which stage of the demographic transition model features high birth and death rates?
Stage one
In which stage of the demographic transition model does natural increase in population decline most rapidly?
Stage three
What happens to the total population in stage five of the demographic transition model?
It declines
Why do death rates drop rapidly during stage two of the demographic transition model?
Improvements in healthcare living conditions reduce the infant mortality rate. This lowers the death rate as my children are likely to survive beyond infancy.
In which stage of the demographic transition model at the majority of the world?s high-income countries?
Stage four
What is the development gap?
Variations in levels of development across the world.
Identify three physical causes of uneven development.
Weather and climate, relief, landlocked countries, tropical environment and water shortages.
Why are landlocked countries typically less developed?
Countries without a coastline cannot trade using the sea.
How do weather and climate affect development?
Areas that experience extreme conditions such as heavy rainfall, droughts, extreme heat or cold and vulnerability to tropical storms generate challenging conditions but economic development.
Identify the two main economic factors that cause uneven development.
Poverty and trade
Why does a country?s reliance on trading raw materials limit its economic development?
Raw materials such as agricultural products or minerals have a lower value than higher value processed goods. Also, the value of raw materials fluctuates wildly, causing great uncertainty and instability as countries try to become developed. This imbalance has made high-income countries richer and increased the global development gap
How has the colonisation of many low-income countries led to many of them not experiencing significant economic growth?
Many countries colonised by European empires were exploited for raw materials. Over 10million people were forced to work as slaves. During the colonial era, global development became uneven. Since independence, many former colonies have been affected by power struggles and civil wars. They have had to cope with 100s of years of exploitation. They face poor infrastructure & political instability.
Identify two consequences of uneven development.
Significant differences in wealth and health along with high levels of international migration.
Which continent Holds 35% of the world?s total wealth?
North America
Which continent accounts for only about 1% of the world?s wealth?
Africa
Why do the majority of people in low-income countries tend to experience poor healthcare?
Limited access to doctors, health clinics or hospitals. In extreme cases, people can suffer from malnutrition or malnourishment. Diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis account for many deaths.
Identify the two different types of international migrants.
Economic migrants and refugees.
Outline the difference between an economic migrant and a refugee?
An economic migrant is a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life in another country, whereas a refugee is a person who is been forced to move, often due to conflict or a natural disaster and seeks safety in a foreign country.
Identify at least three strategies that can be used to reduce the development gap.
Investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, intermediate technology, fair trade, debt relief and microfinance loans.
Outline how aid can be used to reduce the development gap.
Long-term aid can support development projects such as improving water supply, sanitation and the provision of energy.
What are microfinance loans?
Small-scale financial Support to help community groups or individuals to start small businesses. When successful, these businesses create jobs and increase people?s incomes.
Outline how tourism can help reduce the development gap.
Tourism provides a valuable source of foreign exchange and can often lead to improvements in infrastructure, education and health care. Tourism also creates employment opportunities to raise incomes.
Using an example explain how the growth of tourism can reduce the development gap in an LIC or NEE.
Jamaica is an NEE. Tourism has played a major part in its development. It contributes 24% to Jamaica’s GNI. Tourists spend money in local businesses, providing more employment opportunities (200,000 jobs). It has also led to improvements to infrastructure and quality of life.
Using an example explain how the growth of tourism has caused challenges
Jamaica - development has not been even. Tourist destinations like Montego Bay have rapidly improved while other areas have high levels of deprivation. Litter and air pollution from cruise ships have damaged the environment.
Describe Nigeria?s location
Nigeria is located in West Africa and is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Benin. To the south it borders the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean.
Describe Nigeria?s climate
It experiences a range of climates including tropical rainforest in the south and semi-desert in the north.
Describe Nigeria?s global importance
World?s 21st largest economy. 7th largest population in the world. Twelfth largest oil producer in the world. Lagos is a thriving world city, with a strong financial and economic base. Nigeria plays an important role in peacekeeping around the world.
