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Chemistry (Fin) > Paper 2 C7- Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Paper 2 C7- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define crude oil

A

Remains of plankton and other living material buried in mud

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2
Q

Explain how crude oil is formed

A
  1. Dead plankton and plants sink to the seabed
  2. They are buried between layers of sand and mud (sedimentary) and don’t rot
  3. Immense heat and pressure breaks them down into crude oil
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3
Q

Give two properties of crude oil

A
  • Finite
  • Mixture of mostly hydrocarbons
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4
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

Molecule made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

Name the type of hydrocarbon that is more common in crude oil

A

Alkanes (saturated)

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6
Q

Give the general formula for alkanes

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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7
Q

Define homologus series

A

“Family” of compounds with similar properties due to having the same general formula

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8
Q

Name the alkane with 1 carbon atom

A

Methane

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9
Q

Name the alkane with 2 carbon atoms

A

Ethane

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10
Q

Name the alkane with 3 carbon atoms

A

Propane

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11
Q

Name the alkane with 4 carbon atoms

A

Butane

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12
Q

Give the molecular formula for methane

A

CH₄

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13
Q

Give the molecular formula for ethane

A

C₂H₆

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14
Q

Give the molecular formula for propane

A

C₃H₈

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15
Q

Give the molecular formula for butane

A

C₄H₁₀

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16
Q

Write the suffix for alkanes

A

-ane

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17
Q

Identify the type of bond that connects each atom in a hydrocarbon

A

Covalent

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18
Q

Give the term for a group of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms

A

Fraction

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19
Q

Explain how the mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated

A
  1. Crude oil is heated and evaporated
  2. Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense quickly
  3. These leave the fractionating column at the bottom
  4. Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense later
  5. These leave the fractionating column nearer to the top
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20
Q

Identify two uses of the fractions produced from fractional distillation

A
  • Fuel
  • Feedstock (for the petrochemical industry)
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21
Q

Name the 6 types of fuel made from fractions in order of decreasing boiling points

A
  • Bitumen
  • Heavy fuel oil
  • Diesel oil
  • Kerosene
  • Petrol
  • Liquified petroleum gas
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22
Q

Identify the use of bitumen

A

Roads

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23
Q

Identify the two uses of fuel oil

A
  • Ships
  • Power stations
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24
Q

Identify the use of kerosene

A
  • Aircraft fuel
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25
Q

Give four uses of fractions by the petrochemical industry

A
  • Solvents
  • Lubricants
  • Polymers
  • Detergents
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26
Q

Name the three properties that the size of a hydrocarbon affects

A
  • Boiling point
  • Viscosity
  • Flammability
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27
Q

Describe the relationship between the size of a hydrocarbon and its boiling point

A

The longer a hydrocarbon, the higher its boiling point
The shorter a hydrocarbon, the lower its boiling point

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28
Q

Describe the relationship between the size of a hydrocarbon and its viscosity

A

The longer a hydrocarbon, the higher its viscosity
The shorter a hydrocarbon, the lower its viscosity

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29
Q

Describe the relationship between the size of a hydrocarbon and its flammability

A

The longer a hydrocarbon, the lower its flammability
The shorter a hydrocarbon, the higher its flammability

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30
Q

State why hydrocarbons make good fuels

A

They can combust to release energy

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31
Q

Write the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water

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32
Q

The hydrogen and carbon are ___________ in the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Oxidised

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33
Q

Identify the purpose of cracking

A

Breaks large hydrocarbons down into smaller ones to meet the demand for fuel

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34
Q

[Exam Q] Explain why large hydrocarbon molecules are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules (2 marks)

A
  • Greater demand for smaller molecules
    —> They are more useful/better fuels/used to make polymers
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35
Q

Name the two types of cracking

A
  • Catalytic cracking
  • Steam cracking
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36
Q

Describe what catalytic cracking involves

A

Passing a hydrocarbon over:
- A zeolite catalyst
- At low pressure
- And high temperature

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37
Q

Describe what steam cracking involves

A

Reacting hydrocarbon with:
- Steam
- At high temperatures

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38
Q

Name the two products of cracking

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
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39
Q

In the equation for cracking, the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms are _________ on each side of the equation

A

Equal/the same

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40
Q

Give the general formula for alkenes

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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41
Q

Write the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

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42
Q

State why alkenes are more reactive than alkanes

A

They have a C=C double bond

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43
Q

Give one synonym for alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

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44
Q

Name the first 4 alkenes

A
  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
  • Pentene
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45
Q

Write the suffix for alkenes

A

-ene

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46
Q

Describe a chemical test used to determine the presence of an alkene

A

Bromine water changes from orange to colourless
—> Alkanes cause no colour change with either reaction

47
Q

Identify one use of alkenes

A

Polymers

48
Q

True/False: Alkanes are more likely than alkenes to undergo incomplete combustion

A

False

49
Q

Give the word equation for incomplete combustion of an alkene

A

alkene + oxygen —> carbon (soot) + carbon monoxide + water

50
Q

Give one observation that can be made when an alkene undergoes incomplete combustion

A

Smoky flame

51
Q

Name the type of reaction that involves atoms added across a C=C bond so that it becomes a C-C bond

A

Addition reaction

52
Q

Name the three substances that alkenes can react with in addition reactions

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Water
  • Halogens
53
Q

Write the word equation for an alkene’s addition reaction with hydrogen

A

alkene + hydrogen —> alkane
(e.g. butene + hydrogen —> butane)

54
Q

Write the word equation for an alkene’s addition reaction with water

A

alkene + water —> alcohol
(e.g. propene + water —> propanol)

55
Q

Write the word equation for an alkene’s addition reaction with halogens

A

alkene + halogen —> di[prefix]alkane
(e.g. ethene + bromine —> dibromoalkane)

56
Q

Write the functional group for alcohols

A

-OH

57
Q

Write the general formula for alcohols

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

58
Q

Write the suffix for alcohols

A

-ol

59
Q

Name the first 4 alcohols

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
60
Q

Write the molecular formula for methanol

A

CH₃OH

61
Q

Write the molecular formula for ethanol

A

C₂H₅OH

62
Q

Write the molecular formula for propanol

A

C₃H₇OH

63
Q

Write the molecular formula for butanol

A

C₄H₉OH

64
Q

Write the semi-structural formula for methanol

A

CH₃OH

65
Q

Write the semi-structural formula for ethanol

A

CH₃CH₂OH

66
Q

Write the semi-structural formula for propanol

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

67
Q

Write the semi-structural formula for butanol

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

68
Q

Write the word equation for the reaction of alcohol and sodium

A

alcohol + sodium —> salt + hydrogen

69
Q

Write the word equation for the combustion of alcohol

A

alcohol + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

70
Q

Write the word equation for the reaction of alcohol and an oxidising agent

A

alcohol + oxidising agent —> carboxylic acid + water
(e.g butanol + potassium permanganate/potassium dichromate —> butanoic acid + water)

71
Q

Give the result of dissolving alcohol in water

A

Neutral (pH 7) solution

72
Q

Identify one use of alcohols

A

Fuels

73
Q

Write the word equation for fermentation

A

sugar —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

74
Q

Give three conditions needed for fermentation to happen

A
  • 35°C
  • Anaerobic (without oxygen)
  • Yeast enzyme catalyst
75
Q

Identify two uses of ethanol

A
  • Alcoholic drinks
  • Solvents
76
Q

Write the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

77
Q

Write the suffix for carboxylic acids

A

-oic acid

78
Q

Name the first 4 carboxylic acids

A
  • Methanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid
  • Propanoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
79
Q

Give the molecular formula for methanoic acid

A

CHOOH

80
Q

Give the molecular formula for ethanoic acid

A

CH₃COOH

81
Q

Give the molecular formula for propanoic acid

A

C₂H₅COOH

82
Q

Give the molecular formula for butanoic acid

A

C₃H₇COOH

83
Q

Give the result of reacting carboxylic acid with water

A

Dissolves to form a weak acid

84
Q

Write the word equation for the reaction of a carboxylic acid with a metal carbonate

A

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate —> carbon dioxide + salt + water
(e.g ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —> carbon dioxide + sodium ethanoate + water)

85
Q

Write the word equation for the reaction of a carboxylic acid with alcohol

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester

86
Q

Give an example of an ester

A

ethyl ethanoate

87
Q

State what is needed for a carboxylic acid to react with an alcohol to produce an ester

A

Acid catalyst

88
Q

Define monomer

A

Small unsaturated molecule that joins with others to form a polymer

89
Q

Write the prefix for polymers

A

poly-

90
Q

Name the two types of polymerisation

A
  • Addition polymerisation
  • Condensation polymerisation
91
Q

True/False: When drawing a repeating unit from a monomer, the C=C double bond becomes a single bond

A

True

92
Q

True/False: When drawing a repeating unit for a polymer, the outside C-C bonds do not extend past the brackets

A

False - the lines must always extend past the brackets

93
Q

True/False: When drawing a repeating unit for alkenes larger than ethene, atoms outside of the C=C bond are condensed into their molecular formula to keep the C=C bond open to repeat

A

True

94
Q

Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with two ______________

A

Functional groups

95
Q

Write the general word equation for condensation polymerisation

A

monomer + monomer —> polymer + water
(e.g alcohol + carboxylic acid —> polyester + water

96
Q

Write the word equation for the condensation polymersation reaction between a diol and a dicarboxylic acid

A

diol + dicarboxylic acid —> polyester + water

97
Q

Give an example of a naturally occuring monomer

A

Amino acid

98
Q

Name the two functional groups in the amino acid monomer

A
  • Amine group (-NH₂)
  • Carboxyl group (-COOH)
99
Q

Name the polymer made from amino acids reacting through condensation polymerisation

A

Polypeptide

100
Q

Polypeptides can join together to form _________

A

Proteins

101
Q

Different combinations of ____________ react together to form different proteins

A

Amino acids

102
Q

Give four examples of naturally occuring polymers

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Proteins
103
Q

Name the monomer that makes up starch

A

glucose

104
Q

Name the monomer that males up cellulose

A

glucose

105
Q

State the purpose of DNA

A

Encodes genetic information needed for living organisms and viruses to function

106
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

2 polymer chains coiled together in a double helix

107
Q

Name the monomer that makes up DNA

A

nucleotide

108
Q

Name the three things that a nucleotide is made up of

A
  • Pentose sugar
  • Phosphate group (PO₄³⁻)
  • Nitrogenous base
109
Q

Name the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

GACT
- Guanine
- Adenine
- Cytosine
- Thymine

110
Q

Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine

A

Cytosine

111
Q

Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine

A

Thymine

112
Q

Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine

A

Guanine

113
Q

Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine

A

Adenine

Chemistry (Fin) (7 decks)

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