Paper 2 C10 - Using Resources Flashcards
List 4 things that humans use the Earth’s resouces for
- Food
- Shelter
- Warmth
- Transport
Name the two types of processes that scientists want to include in sustainable development
- Agricultural
- Industrial
Identify the role of sustainable development
Meets the resource needs of the current generation without compromising future generations
Give one characteristic of renewable resources
Can be replenished quickly
Give one characteristic of finite resources
Have a limited supply
Name two new methods of extracting copper from low-grade ores
- Phytomining
- Bioleaching
Explain why phytomining and bioleaching are a better alternative to traditional mining
No need to dig, move and dispose lots of rock
—> Use less energy and are less polluting
Explain how bioleaching works
- Bacteria living on rock produce leachate solution
–> Contains metal ions needed
Explain how phytomining works
- Plants are grown in soil containing metal compounds
- Plants absorb metal compounds through their roots
- Plants are harvested and burned to form ash
—> Ash contains metal compounds needed
Explain how the metal compounds from bioleaching and phytomining are turned into a pure metal
Metal compounds are processed and purified
–> Pure metal is collected through electrolysis/displacement reaction
Define potable water
Water that is safe to drink
True/False: Potable water is not pure water
True - it contains dissolved substances
State why potable water is not pure water
It contains dissolved substances
Give two sources of fresh water
Rainfall
- Rivers
- Lakes
Explain how fresh water is turned into potable water
- Suitable water source is chosen
- Water from the reservoir is passed through filter beds
- Water is sterilised (using chlorine/ozone/UV light)
State why fresh water from reservoirs is sterilised
Kills microbes
Name the three things that can be used to sterilise fresh water
- Chlorine
- Ozone
- UV light
State why fresh water from reservoirs is passed through filter beds
Removes insoluble solids
Name the general process used to obtain potable water when fresh water is limited
Desalination
Define desalination
Removal of salt from a solution
Name two techniques used to desalinate sea water
- Distillation
- Membranes (e.g reverse osmosis)
Explain one disadvantage of desalination
Both techniques require lots of energy
—> Makes them expensive
List the four main stages of waste water treatment
- Screening
- Sedimentation
- Anaerobic & aerobic bacteria digestion
- Sterilisation
Explain what happens at the first stage of waste water treatment
Screening
Water is screened to remove large pieces (e.g grit)
Explain what happens at the second stage of waste water treatment
Sedimentation
Sedimentation tanks contain chemicals that split waste water into sludge and effluent
Explain what happens at the third stage of waste water treatment
Anaerobic bacteria digestion
Sludge is broken down by anaerobic bacteria
Explain what happens at the fourth stage of waste water treatment
Sterilisation
Water is sterilised with chlorine to kill remaining microbes
Identify the 3 stages of the water purification practical
- pH test
- Crystallisation
- Distillation
Explain why a pH test is done in the water purification practical
Pure water has a pH of 7
–> pH that is not 7 shows the water contains dissolved acid/alkali
True/False: Water with a pH of 7 is pure
False - not all water with a pH of 7 is pure
(but all pure water has a pH of 7)
State why water with a pH of 7 does not mean it is pure
Could still contain dissolved solids
Write the method to test for dissolved solids in the water purification practical
- Weigh an empty evaporating basin using a mass balance
- Fill the basin with the water sample
- Place basin on tripod and gauze
- Heat basin with bunsen burner until water evaporates
- Wait for evaporating basin to cool
- Weigh evaporating basin again
Describe the result in the water purification practical if there are dissolved solids inside the water
The mass of the evaporating basin will increase
Write a method to purify the water through distillation in the water purification practical
- Set up tripod and gauze with bunsen burner underneath
- Place conical flask with water sample on top with bung and delivery tube attatched
- Place the delivery tube into a test tube
- Place the test tube into a beaker of ice water
- Heat water sample until it evaporates
- Wait until water collects in the test tube in the beaker
State the purpose of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
Assess the environmental impact of products
List the four stages of a product’s life cycle that an LCA focuses on
- Extracting and processing raw materials
- Manufacturing and packaging
- Use and operation
- Disposal
List two things included in an LCA that isn’t mentioned in the four stages
(Environmental impact of:)
- Transport
- Disribution
Explain one disadvantage of LCAs
Some information used is hard to measure
–> Can be subjective
—> May be taken advantage of by companies
Name two methods used to extract raw materials from the ground
- Mining
- Quarrying
List 4 materials made from limited raw materials
- Glass
- Clay ceramics
- Plastic
- Metal
List 3 ways to reduce energy use/environmental impact of products
- Use fewer products
- Reuse products
- Recycle products
State how glass bottles are reused
Crushed and melted to make different products
State how metal is reused
Melted and reformed into different products
Explain how recycling metal uses less energy than extracting it
Different metals can be put in a blast furnace together
–> Reduces amount of iron that needs to be extracted
Define corrosion
Destruction of materials due to chemical reactions in the environment
Give a common example of corrosion
Rusting
List three things that react to cause rusting
Iron, air and water
Give two ways to stop metal objects from corroding
- Applying a coating (e.g grease or paint)
- Electroplating
Explain how electroplating works
- Uses electrolysis
- Metal object is placed at cathode
- Plating metal is placed at anode
- Metal ions in electrolyte cover the object in a thin layer of the plating metal
Define sacrificial protection
Coating a metal in a more reactive metal
Give an example of sacrificial protection
Galvanisation (zinc is used to coat iron)
Give four examples of alloys
- Brass
- Bronze
- Gold (in jewellery)
- Steel
Name the two elements that make brass
Copper and zinc
Name the two elements that make bronze
Copper and tin
Name the three elements that are mixed with gold in jewellery
Copper, silver and zinc
Name the two elements that make steel
Iron and carbon
State why pure metals aren’t used for everyday use
They are too soft
Outline the difference between low carbon steel, high carbon steel and stainless steel
- Low carbon steel; easily shaped
- High carbon steel; hard
- Stainless steels; resistant to corrosion
Give one use of low carbon steel
Sheeting
Give one use of high carbon steel
Cutting tools
Give one use of stainless steel
Cutlery
Give one property of aluminium alloys
Low density
Give one use of aluminium alloys
Aircraft
Name two types of ceramics
- Glass
- Clay
Name two types of glass
- Soda-lime glass
- Borosilicate glass
Name the three ingredients heated together to create soda-lime glass
- Sand
- Limestone
- Sodium carbonate
Name the two ingredients heated together to create borosilicate glass
- Sand
- Boron trioxide
Identify which type of glass melts at a higher temperature
Borosilicate glass
Explain how clay ceramics are made
- Wet clay is shaped
- Clay is heated in a furnace
Give two factors that the properties of polymers depend on
- Which monomer they are made from
- The conditions they are made in
Give two factors that the properties of polymers depend on
- Which monomer they are made from
- The conditions they are made in
Name the two common types of polyethene
- High Density Polyethene (HDPE)
- Low Density Polyethene (LDPE)
Give two properties of HDPE
- Higher melting point
- Harder
Give two properties of LDPE
- Low melting point
- Soft
Explain why HDPE has a higher melting point than LDPE
Chains are closer together
–> Stronger forces of attraction
Outline the difference between thermosetting and thermosoftening polymers when heated
- Thermosetting polymers do not melt
- Thermosoftening polymers melt
Explain why thermosoftening polymers melt when heated
Weak intermolecular forces between chains
–> Less energy needed to separate them
State why thermosoftening polymers do not melt when heated
Have strong cross-links between polymer chains
–> Hold structure together
State what composites are formed from
Fibres/fragments held in a matrix/binder
Give three examples of everyday composites
- Fibre-glass
- Wood
- Reinforced concrete
Identify the matrix/binder in wood
Lignin
Identify the matrix/binder in reinforced concrete
Concrete
Identify the matrix/binder in fibreglass
Polymer
Identify the fibre/fragment in wood
Cellulose fibres
Identify the fibre/fragment in reinforced concrete
Steel
Identify the fibre/fragment in fibre-glass
Glass fibres
Give another name for fibres/fragments in a composite
Reinforcements
Name the molecule that the Haber process is used to manufacture
Ammonia
Give one use of ammonia
Nitrogen-based fertilisers
Name the raw materials used to make ammonia
Hydrogen and nitrogen
Write the chemical formula for ammonia
NH₃
State where the materials for ammonia are obtained
- Hydrogen; natural gas
- Nitrogen; air
List 3 conditions needed for the Haber process
- High temperature of 450°C
- High pressure of around 200 atmospheres
- Iron catalyst
State why some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen
The reaction is reversible
Explain the Haber process
- Nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from natural gas) are pumped through pipes
- Gases are sent to a compressor where pressure is increased
- Gases are heated and sent through a tank with an iron catalyst
- Ammonia is cooled and condensed into liquid
- Remaining nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
Identify the two conditions for the Haber Process that are compromised
- Temperature
- Pressure
Explain why temperature is compromised during the Haber Process
- High temperature decreases yield
–> Favours endothermic (backward) reaction - High temperature increases rate of reaction
–> More kinetic energy leads to more successful collisions
Explain why pressure is compromised during the Haber Process
- High pressure increases yield
–> Favours forward reaction where there are less moles - High pressure requires too much energy
–> Is expensive
Write what NPK in NPK fertilisers stands for
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorous
- Potassium
Describe what NPK fertilisers are made of
Formulation of salts containing specific percentages of each element
State where the ammonium salts and nitric acid needed in NPK fertilisers comes from
Ammonia
Name the three ingredients in NPK fertilisers that are obtained through mining
- Potassium chloride
- Potassium sulfate
- Phosphate rock
Name the ingredient of NPK fertilisers that cannot be directly used in the fertiliser
Phosphate rock
Describe how phosphate rock is treated for use as NPK fertilisers
Treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid
–> Produces soluble salts
State why water having a pH of 7 does not mean it is pure
Could still contain dissolved solids
