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Chemistry (Fin) > Paper 2 C10 - Using Resources > Flashcards

Paper 2 C10 - Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

List 4 things that humans use the Earth’s resouces for

A
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Warmth
  • Transport
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2
Q

Name the two types of processes that scientists want to include in sustainable development

A
  • Agricultural
  • Industrial
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3
Q

Identify the role of sustainable development

A

Meets the resource needs of the current generation without compromising future generations

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4
Q

Give one characteristic of renewable resources

A

Can be replenished quickly

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5
Q

Give one characteristic of finite resources

A

Have a limited supply

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6
Q

Name two new methods of extracting copper from low-grade ores

A
  • Phytomining
  • Bioleaching
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7
Q

Explain why phytomining and bioleaching are a better alternative to traditional mining

A

No need to dig, move and dispose lots of rock
—> Use less energy and are less polluting

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8
Q

Explain how bioleaching works

A
  1. Bacteria living on rock produce leachate solution
    –> Contains metal ions needed
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9
Q

Explain how phytomining works

A
  1. Plants are grown in soil containing metal compounds
  2. Plants absorb metal compounds through their roots
  3. Plants are harvested and burned to form ash
    —> Ash contains metal compounds needed
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10
Q

Explain how the metal compounds from bioleaching and phytomining are turned into a pure metal

A

Metal compounds are processed and purified
–> Pure metal is collected through electrolysis/displacement reaction

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11
Q

Define potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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12
Q

True/False: Potable water is not pure water

A

True - it contains dissolved substances

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13
Q

State why potable water is not pure water

A

It contains dissolved substances

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14
Q

Give two sources of fresh water

A

Rainfall
- Rivers
- Lakes

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15
Q

Explain how fresh water is turned into potable water

A
  1. Suitable water source is chosen
  2. Water from the reservoir is passed through filter beds
  3. Water is sterilised (using chlorine/ozone/UV light)
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16
Q

State why fresh water from reservoirs is sterilised

A

Kills microbes

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17
Q

Name the three things that can be used to sterilise fresh water

A
  • Chlorine
  • Ozone
  • UV light
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18
Q

State why fresh water from reservoirs is passed through filter beds

A

Removes insoluble solids

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19
Q

Name the general process used to obtain potable water when fresh water is limited

A

Desalination

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20
Q

Define desalination

A

Removal of salt from a solution

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21
Q

Name two techniques used to desalinate sea water

A
  • Distillation
  • Membranes (e.g reverse osmosis)
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22
Q

Explain one disadvantage of desalination

A

Both techniques require lots of energy
—> Makes them expensive

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23
Q

List the four main stages of waste water treatment

A
  1. Screening
  2. Sedimentation
  3. Anaerobic & aerobic bacteria digestion
  4. Sterilisation
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24
Q

Explain what happens at the first stage of waste water treatment

A

Screening
Water is screened to remove large pieces (e.g grit)

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25
Q

Explain what happens at the second stage of waste water treatment

A

Sedimentation
Sedimentation tanks contain chemicals that split waste water into sludge and effluent

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26
Q

Explain what happens at the third stage of waste water treatment

A

Anaerobic bacteria digestion
Sludge is broken down by anaerobic bacteria

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27
Q

Explain what happens at the fourth stage of waste water treatment

A

Sterilisation
Water is sterilised with chlorine to kill remaining microbes

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28
Q

Identify the 3 stages of the water purification practical

A
  • pH test
  • Crystallisation
  • Distillation
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29
Q

Explain why a pH test is done in the water purification practical

A

Pure water has a pH of 7
–> pH that is not 7 shows the water contains dissolved acid/alkali

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30
Q

True/False: Water with a pH of 7 is pure

A

False - not all water with a pH of 7 is pure
(but all pure water has a pH of 7)

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31
Q

State why water with a pH of 7 does not mean it is pure

A

Could still contain dissolved solids

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32
Q

Write the method to test for dissolved solids in the water purification practical

A
  1. Weigh an empty evaporating basin using a mass balance
  2. Fill the basin with the water sample
  3. Place basin on tripod and gauze
  4. Heat basin with bunsen burner until water evaporates
  5. Wait for evaporating basin to cool
  6. Weigh evaporating basin again
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33
Q

Describe the result in the water purification practical if there are dissolved solids inside the water

A

The mass of the evaporating basin will increase

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34
Q

Write a method to purify the water through distillation in the water purification practical

A
  1. Set up tripod and gauze with bunsen burner underneath
  2. Place conical flask with water sample on top with bung and delivery tube attatched
  3. Place the delivery tube into a test tube
  4. Place the test tube into a beaker of ice water
  5. Heat water sample until it evaporates
  6. Wait until water collects in the test tube in the beaker
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35
Q

State the purpose of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)

A

Assess the environmental impact of products

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36
Q

List the four stages of a product’s life cycle that an LCA focuses on

A
  1. Extracting and processing raw materials
  2. Manufacturing and packaging
  3. Use and operation
  4. Disposal
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37
Q

List two things included in an LCA that isn’t mentioned in the four stages

A

(Environmental impact of:)
- Transport
- Disribution

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38
Q

Explain one disadvantage of LCAs

A

Some information used is hard to measure
–> Can be subjective
—> May be taken advantage of by companies

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39
Q

Name two methods used to extract raw materials from the ground

A
  • Mining
  • Quarrying
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40
Q

List 4 materials made from limited raw materials

A
  • Glass
  • Clay ceramics
  • Plastic
  • Metal
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41
Q

List 3 ways to reduce energy use/environmental impact of products

A
  • Use fewer products
  • Reuse products
  • Recycle products
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42
Q

State how glass bottles are reused

A

Crushed and melted to make different products

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43
Q

State how metal is reused

A

Melted and reformed into different products

44
Q

Explain how recycling metal uses less energy than extracting it

A

Different metals can be put in a blast furnace together
–> Reduces amount of iron that needs to be extracted

45
Q

Define corrosion

A

Destruction of materials due to chemical reactions in the environment

46
Q

Give a common example of corrosion

A

Rusting

47
Q

List three things that react to cause rusting

A

Iron, air and water

48
Q

Give two ways to stop metal objects from corroding

A
  • Applying a coating (e.g grease or paint)
  • Electroplating
49
Q

Explain how electroplating works

A
  1. Uses electrolysis
  2. Metal object is placed at cathode
  3. Plating metal is placed at anode
  4. Metal ions in electrolyte cover the object in a thin layer of the plating metal
50
Q

Define sacrificial protection

A

Coating a metal in a more reactive metal

51
Q

Give an example of sacrificial protection

A

Galvanisation (zinc is used to coat iron)

52
Q

Give four examples of alloys

A
  • Brass
  • Bronze
  • Gold (in jewellery)
  • Steel
53
Q

Name the two elements that make brass

A

Copper and zinc

54
Q

Name the two elements that make bronze

A

Copper and tin

55
Q

Name the three elements that are mixed with gold in jewellery

A

Copper, silver and zinc

56
Q

Name the two elements that make steel

A

Iron and carbon

57
Q

State why pure metals aren’t used for everyday use

A

They are too soft

58
Q

Outline the difference between low carbon steel, high carbon steel and stainless steel

A
  • Low carbon steel; easily shaped
  • High carbon steel; hard
  • Stainless steels; resistant to corrosion
59
Q

Give one use of low carbon steel

A

Sheeting

60
Q

Give one use of high carbon steel

A

Cutting tools

61
Q

Give one use of stainless steel

A

Cutlery

62
Q

Give one property of aluminium alloys

A

Low density

63
Q

Give one use of aluminium alloys

A

Aircraft

64
Q

Name two types of ceramics

A
  • Glass
  • Clay
65
Q

Name two types of glass

A
  • Soda-lime glass
  • Borosilicate glass
66
Q

Name the three ingredients heated together to create soda-lime glass

A
  • Sand
  • Limestone
  • Sodium carbonate
67
Q

Name the two ingredients heated together to create borosilicate glass

A
  • Sand
  • Boron trioxide
68
Q

Identify which type of glass melts at a higher temperature

A

Borosilicate glass

69
Q

Explain how clay ceramics are made

A
  • Wet clay is shaped
  • Clay is heated in a furnace
70
Q

Give two factors that the properties of polymers depend on

A
  • Which monomer they are made from
  • The conditions they are made in
71
Q

Give two factors that the properties of polymers depend on

A
  • Which monomer they are made from
  • The conditions they are made in
72
Q

Name the two common types of polyethene

A
  • High Density Polyethene (HDPE)
  • Low Density Polyethene (LDPE)
73
Q

Give two properties of HDPE

A
  • Higher melting point
  • Harder
74
Q

Give two properties of LDPE

A
  • Low melting point
  • Soft
75
Q

Explain why HDPE has a higher melting point than LDPE

A

Chains are closer together
–> Stronger forces of attraction

76
Q

Outline the difference between thermosetting and thermosoftening polymers when heated

A
  • Thermosetting polymers do not melt
  • Thermosoftening polymers melt
77
Q

Explain why thermosoftening polymers melt when heated

A

Weak intermolecular forces between chains
–> Less energy needed to separate them

78
Q

State why thermosoftening polymers do not melt when heated

A

Have strong cross-links between polymer chains
–> Hold structure together

79
Q

State what composites are formed from

A

Fibres/fragments held in a matrix/binder

80
Q

Give three examples of everyday composites

A
  • Fibre-glass
  • Wood
  • Reinforced concrete
81
Q

Identify the matrix/binder in wood

A

Lignin

82
Q

Identify the matrix/binder in reinforced concrete

A

Concrete

83
Q

Identify the matrix/binder in fibreglass

A

Polymer

84
Q

Identify the fibre/fragment in wood

A

Cellulose fibres

85
Q

Identify the fibre/fragment in reinforced concrete

A

Steel

86
Q

Identify the fibre/fragment in fibre-glass

A

Glass fibres

87
Q

Give another name for fibres/fragments in a composite

A

Reinforcements

88
Q

Name the molecule that the Haber process is used to manufacture

A

Ammonia

89
Q

Give one use of ammonia

A

Nitrogen-based fertilisers

90
Q

Name the raw materials used to make ammonia

A

Hydrogen and nitrogen

91
Q

Write the chemical formula for ammonia

A

NH₃

92
Q

State where the materials for ammonia are obtained

A
  • Hydrogen; natural gas
  • Nitrogen; air
93
Q

List 3 conditions needed for the Haber process

A
  • High temperature of 450°C
  • High pressure of around 200 atmospheres
  • Iron catalyst
94
Q

State why some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen

A

The reaction is reversible

95
Q

Explain the Haber process

A
  1. Nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from natural gas) are pumped through pipes
  2. Gases are sent to a compressor where pressure is increased
  3. Gases are heated and sent through a tank with an iron catalyst
  4. Ammonia is cooled and condensed into liquid
  5. Remaining nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
96
Q

Identify the two conditions for the Haber Process that are compromised

A
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
97
Q

Explain why temperature is compromised during the Haber Process

A
  • High temperature decreases yield
    –> Favours endothermic (backward) reaction
  • High temperature increases rate of reaction
    –> More kinetic energy leads to more successful collisions
98
Q

Explain why pressure is compromised during the Haber Process

A
  • High pressure increases yield
    –> Favours forward reaction where there are less moles
  • High pressure requires too much energy
    –> Is expensive
99
Q

Write what NPK in NPK fertilisers stands for

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorous
  • Potassium
100
Q

Describe what NPK fertilisers are made of

A

Formulation of salts containing specific percentages of each element

101
Q

State where the ammonium salts and nitric acid needed in NPK fertilisers comes from

A

Ammonia

102
Q

Name the three ingredients in NPK fertilisers that are obtained through mining

A
  • Potassium chloride
  • Potassium sulfate
  • Phosphate rock
103
Q

Name the ingredient of NPK fertilisers that cannot be directly used in the fertiliser

A

Phosphate rock

104
Q

Describe how phosphate rock is treated for use as NPK fertilisers

A

Treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid
–> Produces soluble salts

105
Q

State why water having a pH of 7 does not mean it is pure

A

Could still contain dissolved solids

Chemistry (Fin) (7 decks)

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