paper 2 basic knowledge Flashcards
what are the 3 type of experiments that could be used in a psychology study
Lab experiments- controlled conditions, the experimenter tries to control as many variables as possible adv: high control, easy to replicate, reliable disad: low ecological validity, demand characteristics
Quasi experiments- Similar to lab as highly controlled however IV is not manipulated as already exists adv- more ethical disad-low EV demand characteristics.
Field experiments- real life situation, ppts are not normally aware theyre in an experiment adv- high EV, less chance of demand characteristics disad- less control over extraneous variables, ethics questi oned?
what are the different types of sampling
Types of sampling
Random sampling: names out of a hat +fairness -may get unrepresentative sample
Self selected sampling: volunteers respond to an advert e.g milgram + ppts were more likely to go through with research - too less/too many people (unknown quantity)
Opportunity sampling: 99% used, who is available at the time of the study +easy and quick -may not get range of people
Stratified sampling: involves classifying population into categories and choosing particpants for each category of same proportion +more equal -time consuming too many categories
Quote sampling: giving a certain number of people to get e.g 50 men and 50 women interview at shopping centre +high validity - not as representative
Snowball : sample built up through friends of friends e.g online survey +easy and anonymous info -friends of friends not as representative
what are the types of self report methods
Self report methods
1. Interview- face to face
3 types (structured, semi structured and unstructured)
- Questionnaire- a method to gather lots of information
Open, closed, likert scale (agree-disagree) and rating scale (on a scale of 1-10) - Psychometric tests- type of questionnaire that give a standardised measure of psychological variable
Types of psychometric tests- naturalistic (ALL behaviour is observed)
Overt (person is aware of observations)
Covert (NOT aware of observation)
Non participant (researcher doesn’t join in)
Participant (researcher joins in)
what are the 4 coding systems
4 coding systems- event sampling (recording the amount of time a behaviour occurs)
Time samping (recording behaviour at specfifc time intervals)
Rating scale (using a scale to determine the severity of the behaviour)
Symbols (using codes to distinguish the behaviour e.g HT= hitting)
how do you measure observational data
CLASSIFYING OR CODING, this is where we have to generate a list of all possible behaviours which are relevant to what we are studying. These are called categories of behaviour
what is a hypothesis
Hypothesis- one tailed suggests only one outcome and has a direction e.g there wil be a significant positive correlation…
Two tailed unsure of the direction e.g there will be a significant difference
Null hypothesis- predicts that a relationship between variables wont be found e.g. there will be no significant difference.
what is inter rate reliability
INTER RATE RELIABIITY- this is a method of checking for consistency, if more than one observer is working on the study. They must check that they are all looking for the same type of behaviour and recording it in the same way.
what is the test for spearmans row
SPEARMANS ROW A test for correlation when you have ordinal data 1. Table 2. Fill out scores and variables 3. Work out differences in rank valyes 4. Square the difference 5. Add up all diffreences ed2 6. Work out n = ppts 7. Use the formula r=1-6ed2 over n (n2-1)
what is target population
Target population-everyone who could be in the study and choosing who could be in the study is sampling. There are many different sampling techniques
what is a case study and its adv and disad
A CASE STUDY- is an indepth study using a range of methods. Investigations on a single person or group where data is gathered from a variety of sources. There are two types of case studys.
- INSTINSIC- these represent nothing but themselves and don’t generalise any further and
- EXTRINSIC- these give examples of a more general behaviour e.g phobias and then generalising its findings to other people.
Advantages of case studys- they are rich in depth information which can contradict current psychological research and can stimunlate new findings. There is no deception
Disadvantages- replication is not possible, and the researcher may have their own sybjective views e.g bowlbly. Cant be generalised. Also theyre not always ethical because the information is usually used in an experiment however they must protect the PPTS identity.
what are the 3 experiemental designs
independent group design
Matched group design
Repeated group design
what is content analysis
CONTENT ANALYSIS- a method generally used to analyse QUALAITIVE DATA. It allows researchers to turn qual-quan data e.g. trasnscrips and audio recordings
how do you form data from QUAL to QUANT data
Methods of qual-quan
1. Frequency analysis (times a word comes up)
2. Concordance analysis (times a phrase comes up)
Steps to this- read and examine data, identify coding units, apply coding units and tally made of coding units
how do you produce qual to qual data
Read and alayse data
Identify themes
Order and organise themes
Table of themes
what are the strengths and weaknesses of content analysis
Content analysis strengths-
• Well designed
• Easier and cheaper
• Easy to compare
content analysis weakness
cant generalise
can be deemed unscientific
richness is lost within data (reductionist))
