PAPER 2 - Attribution in sport

Question 1

What are ATTRIBUTIONS ?

Answer 1

perceived causes of particular outcomes

Question 2

Give an example of attributions

Answer 2

• bad weather conditions

- high effort level

Question 3

Which attribution is more likely to increase motivation ?

Answer 3

‘need to put in more EFFORT’

Question 4

Who designed the model of attribution ?

Answer 4

Weiner (1979)

Question 5

What is the name of Weiner’s model of attribution ?

Answer 5

Locus of Causality and Stability

Question 6

What does the locus of causality refer to ?

Answer 6

whether attribution comes from the person (internal) or environment (external)

Question 7

What does locus of causality affect ?

Answer 7

feelings of pride / confidence / shame

Question 8

What does the locus of stability refer to ?

Answer 8

whether attributions are changeable or unchangeable (stable and unstable)

Question 9

What does locus of stability affect ?

Answer 9

expectations of future outcomes

Question 10

INTERNAL : STABLE

Answer 10

ability

Question 11

INTERNAL : UNSTABLE

Answer 11

effort

Question 12

EXTERNAL : STABLE

Answer 12

task difficulty

Question 13

EXTERNAL : UNSTABLE

Answer 13

luck

Question 14

What is the problems with Weiner’s model ?

Answer 14

NOT SPORT SPECIFIC - hard to apply to sport situations e.g. task difficulty frequently changes in sport

ROBERTS AND PASCUZZI - more attributions needed

Question 15

What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?

Answer 15

person’s tendency to attribute their failure to external reasons

Question 16

What is CONTROLLABILITY ?

Answer 16

• third dimension to model
• whether attribution is controllable or not
• only effort is controllable by the performer

Question 17

What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

Answer 17

• failure is inevitable
• low achievers = uncontrollable factors
• high achievers = failure is learning experience

Question 18

What is SPECIFIC LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

Answer 18

failure in particular e.g. ‘I am a hopeless football player’

Question 19

What is GLOBAL LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

Answer 19

failure in groups of situations e.g. ‘I am hopeless at all sport’

Question 20

What is MASTERY ORIENTATION ?

Answer 20

• motivated to become an expert
• attribute failure to controllable factors (effort)
• acquire new skills
• don’t compare to others
• high achievers

Question 21

What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?

Answer 21

• seeking to change learned helplessness into mastery orientation
• attribution need to reassessed for success in the future
• athlete should focus on controllable, unstable factors