Paper 2: AS NE KT1 1060-66 Flashcards
Who did Edward promise the throne too? Dates
William of Normandy 1051
Harold Godwinson 1066 on his deathbed
Blasphemy
Words that insult or show contempt for God, including swear words.
Outcome of Gate Fulford?
The Norwegians won decisively and captured York.
It allowed Hardrada and Tostig to prepare for Harold Godwinson’s response.
How much of population were slaves?
10%
Blood feuds
A revenge system based on family loyalties and honour. If someone was killed, the victim’s family had the right to take revenge on the murderer’s family, who then had the right to retaliate themselves, and so on.
Godwinsons names?
Harold, Wulfnorth, Leowine, Edith, Gryth, Tostig
Oath
A solemn promise to do something. Anglo-Saxons swore oaths of holy relics to make them especially binding. A relic was often a body part of a dead saint, kept in a special container.
Hundred
A unit of land administration. In some parts of England, a hundred was 100 hides of land.
Tithings
Group of 10 men over 12 who had collective responsibility over eachother.
Hue and cry
The process of chasing someone thought to have committed a crime. Would be fined if not done.
Role of the King?
Make taxes, Pass Laws, Defend country
Outcome of Hastings?
Harold Godwinson killed
William the Conqueror is King
Reasons of Gate Fulford?
Revenge for Tostigs land, Hadrada claim to the throne
Who were the claimants of the throne?
William of Normandy, Harold Godwinson, Edgar Aethling, Harald Hadrada
Events of Stanford Bridge?
King Harold II marched his army 200 miles in just four days
Vikings taken by suprise and unprpared
A Norwegian warrior supposedly held the narrow bridge alone
Harald Hardrada and Tostig killed
How many Earls?
5
What was the Church like?
Had Large stone statues, Worshipped many saints, Had morality plays, Had Trial by ordeals.
Outcome of Stanford Bridge?
Harald Hardrada and Tostig killed
Tostig is chopped up
Vikings return only needing 24 of 300 ships
Reasons of Hastings?
Williams claim to throne
Harold Godwinson protecting England
Harold Godwinson corination? What did he do to prepare?
Traveled to the North to encourage itan to choose him, Stationed armys along the coast to protect it. Done on the day of Edwards Burial
The Danelaw
The part of England where Danish (Viking) power had been strongest, and which had kept some of its Danish laws instead of Anglo-Saxon ones.
Names of the 3 battles?
Gate Fulford, Stanford Bridge, Hastings
Consequences of Stanford Bridge?
Harold’s army had little time to recover because William the Conqueror landed in southern England on 28 September 1066.
Harold had to rush his exhausted troops south
William had time to prepare for Hastings
Geld tax
A tax on land, originally to pay off the Viking (Danegeld). It went to the king.
Shire reeve
An official of the king, his sheriff. Sheriffs managed the king’s estates, collected revenues, and were responsible for enforcing the law.
Embassy
An official visit by representatives of one ruler to another ruler.
Role of Thegns?
Fight for King, Collect Tax, Owned Land
Ceorls
Free peasants farmers not tied to their land.
List the Social Hierarchy
King, Earls, Thegns, Ceorls, Peasants/Villiens,Slaves/Thralls
Aristocracy
People at the top who are seen as being important because of their wealth and power.
Hostages, What would happen to them?
People given to another as part of an oath or agreement. If the oath or agreement was broken, the hostages could be killed or maimed (e.g., have their hands cut off or be blinded).
How much of population were Peasants?
70%
Reasons of Stanford Bridge?
Harald Hadrada’s claim to throne
Wanted to keep Northumbria
How much of population were Ceorls?
10%
Shield wall
A military tactic used by both Vikings and Anglo-Saxon armies. Troops were set out in a line, several men deep. The man in front overlapped their shields with their neighbours’ shields to create a strong defensive wall.
Claim of Harald Hadrada?
Wanted to gain power and land
King Harthacnut promised if he was heirless Magnus of Norway would inherit but it went to Edwar the Confessor instead
What punishments were used?
Corporal (Branding or Maiming), Capital (Death by hanging for treason)
Who helped make laws and choose the King?
The Witan
Consequences of Hastings? When was the new King crowned?
End of Anglo-Saxon Rule
William crowned King of England on 25 December 1066
Fyrd, Where and how many men were provided?
The men of the Anglo-Saxon army and fleet. Every 5 hides provided one man for the fyrd.
Consequences of Gate Fulford?
Casualities on both sides
Viking have North of England
Claim of Edgar Aethling?
Last male descendant of the Anglo-Saxon royal house
How was land divided?
Into Shires,Hundreds and Hides
Events of Gate Fulford?
Anglo-Saxons positioned themselves along a marshy riverbank, hoping to use the terrain to their advantage.
Vikings attacked with a ferocious shield wall formation
The Anglo-Saxon army collapsed and fled, suffering heavy casualties.
What happened so that collective responsibility would work?
Groups of 10 over 12 males would form tithings who had responsibility for eachother. Fines for not joining Hue and cry.
Role of Earls?
Advisors to the King, Land owners, Have Armies, Protect the people
Anglo-Saxon
People who had settled in England after the Romans left Britain. They came from different parts of Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
Earls
Highest Anglo-Saxon aristocracy, a word comes from the Danish term for chieftain.
Why was there a rebellion against Tostig?
Tostig was a southerner with little connection to the region, He was accused of heavy taxation and ruling with an iron fist, allegedly resorting to political assassinations.
Housecarl
Highly trained troops that stayed with their lord wherever he went; a bodyguard.
What are the English customs of becoming King?
Being blood related, Identified as his succesor, Accepted by nobles and Witan
Burhs?
Fortified towns, where trading happened, taxed by the King, used silver pennies
What happened on the embassy to Normandy? What does it show? Dates?
Harold Godwinson taken prisoner and made a oath to help William Duke of Normandy. It shows that Harold broke an oath and that he was a trusted advisor to the KIng.
1064
How was guilt determined?
Used Jury trials and Trials by Ordeal
Anointed
To put sacred oil on someone as part of a religious ceremony.
What were the trials by ordeals?
Hot water, Hot iron and Cold water
Role of Ceorls?
Owned Farmland, Fight for King, Local descions
How much tax do Earls take?
1/3
Claim of William of Normandy?
Wanted to extend power of Normandy
Promised it in 1051 the King
Promised it in 1064 by Harold Godwinson
Thought Harold Godwinsons corination was unlawful
Role of peasants/villiens?
Paid rent and tax, 3 days of work for Thegns, Fight for 40 days
What was the fall of Tostig? Dates
In 1065, a major rebellion broke out against him in Northumbria.Exiled
Who was the King of Anglo Saxon England? Dates?
Edward the Confessor, 1042-1066
Weldgeld or wergild
Compensation payable to a person’s family for someone’s death or murder.
Date of Battle of Gate Fulford? Who fought it?
20th Sptember 1066
Harald Hadrada and Tostig vs Edwin and Morcar
Beacon signals
Fires lit on a hill or high places (cliffs in hilltops etc.) to signal over long distances.
When did Tostig become the Earl of Northumbria?
1055
Why were the Godwin family powerful?
Influence or ownership of all land by 1057, Strong military power, Support from the church
Date of Battle of Hastings? Who fought it?
14th October 1066
Harold Godwinson vs William Duke of Normandy
How much of the population lived in Towns?
10%
Reasons for Williams Win?
Good tactics- Feigned rereat
Preparation- Waited for Harold to come to him,Made a castle
Harolds Mistakes- Rushed to Hastings, Had to disband army
Luck-Harold killed, Made the crossing
House of Godwin
The “house” of Godwin refers to the Godwin family. The current British royal family is the House of Windsor, for example
Harold Godwinsons responce to the Uprising against Tostig?
Married Edith Morcars sister, Got Tostig Exiled to gain power and become next in line for the throne.
Succession
Succession to the throne refers to the process that decides who should be the next king or queen. It comes from the idea of “succeeding” to the throne.
Claim of Harold Godwinson?
Had great power and wealth in England
Promised by the King on his deathbed 1066
Supported by the Witan
Who replaced Tostig as the Earl of Northumbria?
The rebels expelled Tostig and declared Morcar, a local noble, as their new earl.
Events of Hastings?
Saxons had a strong shield wall on Caldbec Hill
Wlliam removed helmet to show he was still alive
Feigned retreat broke the shield wall
Norman killed Harold, possibly shot in the eye
How many Thegns?
100’s
Why was there a problem with succesion?
King Edward the Confessor died without a heir because he practised celibacy, He promised the throne to multiple people
Hides
The measurement used for land in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England. One hide was about 120 acres – the amount a family needed to support themselves.
Date of Battle of Stanford Bridge? Who fought it?
25th September 1066
Harold Godwinson vs Harald Hadrada and Tostig
