Paper 2 AO2 Flashcards
Robin Lakoff (1975)
Lakoff’s research can be seen as representative of the deficit approach or deficit model
Otto Jespersen
Argued that male language is the
norm and the language of others ( including women) were deficient.
Pamela Fishman
Dominance model, linked to gender theory: the dominance model. The majority of research which supports this focuses on how men are dominant in speech for example “ speaking more, interrupting, holding the floor and shifting topics”
Deborah Tannen
Difference model she is an advocate of the difference model. Tannen represents male and female language use in series of six contrasts:
1st contrast
Status vs supports: men use language to show power and dominance in conversations, women are more likely to use language choices that support and agree with others
2nd contrast
Independence vs intimacy: men will use language to show they do not need to rely on others, women will prefer to use language as a way of connecting with others and maintaining closeness
3rd contrast
Advice vs feelings: men are more likely to offer solutions to a problem through their language choices, women will show empathy and understanding to a given situation
4th contrast
Information vs feelings: men are far more likely to be factual in their language choices, women in contrast will use language choices that are less factual and stem from emotional viewpoints
Toys r us
In 2013 a danish edition of the catalogue for the toy firm toys r us made a clear attempt to challenge gender stereotypes
Language and sexuality- Carolyn Todd- Non Binary Star
Asia Kate Dillon started removing feminine pronouns from their online press material, replacing “she”, “her”, “hers” with simply their name.
Teens on tv
Michael Rosen
Hornyak (1994)
The shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by highest ranking person
John Swales (1990)
Set of professional practices and share specialist knowledge
