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History Paper 2 > Paper 2 - After February Revolution > Flashcards

Paper 2 - After February Revolution Flashcards

Revision For Summer 2019 History Exam - LEARN

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1
Q

Who made up the 1917 Provisional Government? (3 marks)

A

Octobrists, Kadets and Social Revolutionaries

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2
Q

What reforms did the Provisional Government make? (5 marks)

A 
Freedom of Speech / religion
Trade Unions & 8 hour day
Abolished the secret police
Released political prisoners
Prepared for elections in November (note delay)
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3
Q

Why did the Provisional Government not make major reforms?

A

They only saw themselves as temporary until elections

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4
Q

What minor reforms did the Provisional Government make and what effect did this have? (2 marks)

A

Delayed reforms for peasants/nationalities - peasants seized land
Continued war so food shortages grew worse - rationing was introduced and then rations were reduced - discontent grew

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5
Q

When did the Provisional Government launch there disastrous offensive?

A

June 1917

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6
Q

What happened in the offensive? (3 marks)

A

60,000 Russians were killed
Russians were forced to retreat 100’s of km
desertions rose

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7
Q

What was the effect of the June offensive?

A

Law and order broke down

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8
Q

What was the Petrograd soviet and what did they do? (3 marks)

A

3000 members elected by workers and soldiers
Organised railways, food supplies, post and telegraph
Had support in factories, army, railway and postal services

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9
Q

What was Order No.1 ?

A

Only obey Provisional Government when Soviet agreed

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10
Q

Why did Order No.1 initially support the Provisional Government? (3 marks)

A

Fear that Tsarist forces try to take back power

Dominated by Mensheviks who believed that Russia needed a bourgeois phase before it could have a workers revolution

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11
Q

What did Stalin believe about the Bolsheviks?

A

They should work with the Provisional Government as there were not enough industrial workers to seize power

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12
Q

What did Lenin believe about the Bolsheviks?

A

They should overthrow the Provisional Government if they allied with the peasants

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13
Q

What were Lenin’s April Thesis

A

Russia must withdraw from the war
Bolsheviks must not work with the Provisional Government
Overthrow Provisional Government and replace it with the Soviets
Overthrow capitalist system - give factories and farms to workers’ and peasants’ Soviets work with peasant

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14
Q

What did Lenin’s ideas give the Bolsheviks?

A

A strong message and direction

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15
Q

Did the Bolsheviks set up in response to Lenin’s April Theses?

A

Newspapers and the Red Guard which had 10,000 armed workers by July

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16
Q

What happened in the July Days?

A

Many deserters in Petrograd & riots vs food shortages led the Bolsheviks to try to seize power. But the Soviet did not support them so the Provisional Government was able to use soldiers to crush the uprising.
400 killed/injured. Bolshevik leader fled or arrested.

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17
Q

Who became Prime Minister after the July Days?

A

Kerensky

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18
Q

What did Kerensky do after the July Days?

A

He closed down Bolshevik press

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19
Q

What slogans did Lenin devise to appeal to soldiers, peasants and workers? (2 marks)

A

“Peace Land Bread”

“All power to the Soviets”

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20
Q

Who became Bolshevik in August - left the Red Guard?

A

Trotsky

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21
Q

When was the Kornilov Revolt?

A

September 1917

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22
Q

What happened in the Kornilov Revolt? (4 marks)

A
  • German forces were drawing closer; many deserters arrived in Petrograd.
    Kerensky wanted to restore order so appointed Kornilov as Commander in Chief to bring troops to Petrograd to quell unrest.
  • But Kornilov wanted to break the power of the soviets and issued a statement condemning the PG for being led by the soviets.
  • Kerensky feared Kornilov was about to overthrow him so he released/armed Bolsheviks.
  • Bolshevik railway workers stopped Kornilov’s troops getting to Petrograd; printers refused to print articles in favour of the coup. Kornilov was arrested.
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23
Q

What were the results of the Kornilov Revolt? (4 marks)

A
  • Kerensky looked weak while the Bolsheviks were seen as the victors over counter Revolution.
  • The Bolsheviks were armed. They dominated the Petrograd soviet; Trotsky became its president.
  • Membership grew to 340,000 with 25,000 in Red Guard. They had newspapers e.g. Pravda
  • The Petrograd Soviet set up the MRC under Trotsky in case Kerensky planned a counter coup.
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24
Q

How did Lenin persuade the Bolshevik Central Committee to try take power again? (2 marks)

A
  • Before All Russia Congress of Soviets (would not all be Bolsheviks) met so the Bolshevik takeover would be a fait accompli.
  • Before the elections to the Constituent Assembly which he knew the Bolsheviks would not win. If already in power, they could ignore the results.
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25
Q

Who opposed Lenin for the Constituent Assembly? (2 marks)

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev

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26
Q

What was Trotsky’s role?

A

Leader of Petrograd Soviet, MRC and Red Guard

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27
Q

What happened in the October Revolution? (3 marks)

A
  • 24th Oct Kerensky belatedly ordered the closure of Bolshevik newspapers, arrest of MRC & block river crossing to working class district. Pushed Bolsheviks into action
  • That night, Bolsheviks took key points in Petrograd
  • telegraph/telephone exchange, railways stations, power stations, main roads….
    Kerensky tried to find soldiers to defend the PG- failed.
  • Next day, the sailors on the Aurora fired on the Winter Palace & Red Guard entered, & arrested PG. Women’s’ Battalion and Cadets surrendered without resistance.
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28
Q

Why did the Provisional Government fail and why was the Bolsheviks’ October Revolution so successful? (4 marks)

A
  • Provisional Government became more unpopular
  • Bolsheviks
  • Kornilov Revolt
  • October Revolution
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29
Q

What was Lenin’s key role in the success of the Bolsheviks? (2 marks)

A

April Theses, seize power in October

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30
Q

What was Trotsky’s key role in the success of the Bolsheviks? (2 marks)

A

Led Red Guard etc., organised takeover.

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31
Q

Why did the Provisional Government become more unpopular? (3 marks)

A
  • Continuation of war - Food shortages desertions
  • Postponed Reforms - Peasants/Nationalities frustrated ( peasants seized land)
  • Soviets - Order No.1 undermined Provisional Government; 1917 Trotsky led Petrograd Soviet
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32
Q

Why were the Bolsheviks so successful? (4 marks)

A
  • Lenin returned - April Theses - overthrow PG; leave war, win peasants(but July Day suggests not enough support yet)
  • Slogans - Peace Bread Land, Power to Soviets
  • Trotsky became Bolshevik in August; led Red Guard
  • Bolsheviks were organised - Red Guard, Pravda…
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33
Q

How did the Kornilov Revolt help the Bolsheviks?

A

discredited Kerensky
armed the Bolsheviks; seen as = heroes
Bolsheviks dominated Petrograd Soviet; Trotsky became its leader
Set up MRC

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34
Q

How did the October Revolution help the Bolsheviks? (3 marks)

A
  • Lenin-persuaded other Bolsheviks to take power before Congress of Soviets met
  • Trotsky organised military takeover - MRC & Red Guard occupied key positions
  • no one supported Provisional Government- little opposition in Winter Palace
35
Q

What year was the All Russian Congress of Soviets in?

A

1917

36
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks have a majority in the All Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

Their opponents walked out in protest

37
Q

What did Lenin declare the new government to be?

A

The Sovnarkom (Bolsheviks & Left Social Revolutionaries)

38
Q

What were the early decrees? (10 marks)

A
  • Land Decree- land belonging to Tsar & nobles (later church too) would be redistributed by peasant soviets (effectively acknowledging peasant land seizures (SR policy)
  • Peace without penalty- they announced an armistice & began negotiations for a treaty.
  • Workers Control in factories;
    8 hour day, insurance for unemployed, sick, injured
  • Nationalities free to choose own govt
  • Titles and ranks in army abolished
  • Women were declared equal- could own property; child care was promised.
  • Banks were nationalised
  • The Supreme Council of the National Economy would plan the economy and control wages and prices.
  • Non-religious weddings were instituted; easy divorce was allowed.
  • Free education & access to uni for all, no exams.
39
Q

When did the Constituent Assembly close? (2 marks)

A

January 1918

40
Q

Why did the Constituent Assembly close? (6 marks)

A
  • Lenin knew Bolsheviks would not win the election & wanted to postpone them.
  • He was overruled by those who argued this would be unpopular. The Bolsheviks had criticised the PG for doing this.
  • The Bolsheviks only got 24% seats; SR’’s got a majority.
  • The assembly rejected Bolshevik decrees so Lenin closed the Assembly. Red Guards prevented delegates entering on the 2nd day.
  • Lenin declared the All Russian Congress of Soviets (which had a Bolshevik majority) was the parliament.
  • This action caused the SRs to oppose the Bolsheviks in the Civil War.
41
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? (2 marks)

A

March 1918

42
Q

Why did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk occur? (2 marks)

A
  • Trotsky refused to negotiate with German govt- waiting for World Revolution. “Neither peace nor war”
  • February 1918 Germans therefore re-launched attack and conquered much territory
    Lenin intervened and agreed to harsh terms
43
Q

What did Russia loose in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? (4 marks)

A
  • 26% population,
  • 27% agricultural land,
  • 74% iron & coal mines,
  • 50% industry.
44
Q

Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? (3 marks)

A
  • He knew Russia could not fight the Germans and they Germans were taking more & more territory
  • He needed to concentrate on Civil War and couldn’t fight both the Whites & the Germans
  • He predicted that Germany would be defeated by Allies, so treaty only temporary.
45
Q

What were the results of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? (3 marks)

A
  • It was very unpopular; it galvanised Russian nationalists into fighting the Bolsheviks.
  • Even Bolsheviks like Bukharin resigned in protest.
  • However it did enable the Reds to focus of defeating the Whites and as Lenin predicted, it was overturned in November 1918.
46
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks win the Civil War 1918-20? (3 marks)

A
  • The Whites’ weaknesses
  • Reds’ strengths
  • Effective propaganda
  • Bolshevik territory
  • Red Terror
  • War Communism
47
Q

What were the White’s weaknesses? (9 marks)

A
  • No overall leader - Lost potential rallying point when Tsar killed 1918.
  • Different aims eg Landlords want land back , SRs didn’t, Czech Legion just wanted to get home!.
  • White generals Kolchak, Deniken, & Yudenich disliked each other, 1000s miles apart & attacked at different times.
  • Didn’t control industrial resources - initially supplied by Allies-GB/Fr/US
  • to keep Russia in war and stop spread of Communism
  • Fr wanted debts repaid; GB furious at murder of Royal Family
  • However this meant that the Whites were associated with “Foreign invaders”.
  • Foreign Aid stopped by 1919.
  • Peasants preferred Bolsheviks as they didn’t want land to be restored to the nobles & brutality of Whites.
  • White officers were corrupt- demoralised unpaid troops deserted/looted
  • White leaders not politicians- didn’t rule well or use propaganda effectively
48
Q

What were the Reds’ strengths? (2 marks)

A
  • Trotsky created the Red Army & ran it with severe discipline - desertion was punishable by death. Red soldiers were better behaved. He
  • Brought back ranks /medals
  • Conscripted 5 million soldiers
  • Inspiring speeches
  • Mobile HQ on train with printing press/cinema/car
  • Used ex-Tsarist officers guarded by political commissars
49
Q

What was the effective propaganda? (3 marks)

A
  • agitprop
  • posters
  • cinema
50
Q

How did Bolshevik territory aid the Bolsheviks?

A

was one compact unit with good internal communications (railways) and main industrial centres - could supply army and conscript troops.

51
Q

How did the Red Terror help the Bolsheviks? (2 marks)

A
  • July 1918 Royal family shot
  • August 1918 Kaplan shot Lenin. Suspected opponents executed without trial. 300,000 killed?
    (White terror worse)
52
Q

How did War Communism help the Bolsheviks?

A

The State took control of the economy in order to increase production to equip and feed the Red Army.

53
Q

What was War Communism?

A

The State took control of the economy in order to increase production to equip and feed the Red Army.

54
Q

When did War Communism occur?

A

1918 - 1921

55
Q

How did The State equip and feed the Red Army? (7 marks)

A
  • Grain was requisitioned . Peasants who refused to hand over grain were arrested or killed..
  • Industry nationalised and centrally controlled
  • One man management restored
  • Factories had to meet quotas
  • Labour conscription all aged 16-50 forced to work where told
  • harsh punishments e.g. for lateness, low pay (in kind or tokens), long hours & . TU’s banned
  • Private trade abolished.
56
Q

What were the economic effects of War Communism? (9 marks)

A
  • Industrial output fell
  • Food production fell to 37% 1913 level
  • Peasants had no incentive if it was going to be seized
  • The money paid for it was worthless so some peasants hoarded grain so food detachments took whatever they could find- sometimes the seed crop, leaving little for the peasants’ needs and nothing to plant next spring.
  • Currency worthless - led to barter
  • Transport broke down- so food shortages in towns grew acute. .
  • The lack of good led to a black market.
  • Many urban dwellers fled to the countryside- 75% Petrograd.
  • In the countryside- 5 million died from famine and disease. Cannibalism emerged.
57
Q

What were the political effects of War Communism? (2 marks)

A
  • So many peasant uprisings- Bolsheviks were in danger of losing control over the countryside.
  • Inflation, lack of food, harsh rules led to discontent among workers- strikes & protests. By end of 1920, 75% Petrograd factories on strike.
58
Q

What was the Kronstadt Mutiny? (4 marks)

A
  • “heroes of the revolution” mutinied vs Bolshevik rule demanding
  • freedom of press, speech, free elections, trade unions,
  • relaxation of controls on workers (civil war over!) end of requisitioning
  • Although crushed by Trotsky, this was a warning to Lenin to end War Communism.
59
Q

When did the Kronstadt Mutiny occur?

A

1921

60
Q

When was the NEP introduced?

A

1921

61
Q

Who introduced the NEP?

A

Lenin

62
Q

Why did Lenin introduce the NEP?

A

as temporary partial restoration of capitalism to recover & win back support of peasants

63
Q

What was the NEP? (8 marks)

A
  • Peasants given incentive to grow more- only paid 10% tax- could sell surplus in market
  • Free trade partially restored.
  • Forced labour ended
  • Smaller industries denationalised
  • Currency stabilised & money wages resumed
  • Managers/experts received more pay
  • Foreign trade /investment encouraged
  • 1925 peasants allowed to buy more and & employ labourers (Kulak)
64
Q

What were the effects of the NEP? (2 marks)

A
  • By 1926, 1913 levels of production restored.
    Peasant unrest died down.
  • Trade and small businesses flourished. Nepmen made profit
65
Q

Why did some communists dislike the NEP? (5 Marks)

A
  • Trotsky critics effect on prices - Scissors Crisis 1923-industrial production less than agricultural so prices of goods rose. If this continued, peasants would not sell grain.(govt lowered price of goods)
  • Communists disliked inequalities e.g. experts paid more, Nepmen and kulaks,
  • War Communism had seemed more communist whereas NEP allowed private ownership
  • NEP favoured peasants- workers’ conditions still poor.
  • NEP meant dealings with bourgeois governments
66
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks adopt brutal tactics?

A

Lack of support - Dictatorship

67
Q

What brutal tactics did the Bolsheviks adopt? (9 marks)

A
  • Cheka set up to root out opponents;
  • Non-Bolshevik press suppressed.
  • Other parties banned. Kadets 1917
  • Religious leaders arrested- accused of corruption. 330 priests executed.
  • Anti-religious propaganda
  • RE banned
  • Monasteries turned into hospitals.
  • Many churches closed
  • Bolshevik Party (renamed Communist) decisions made by small Politburo of 5-10 members.
68
Q

In what year was the 10th party Congress?

A

1921

69
Q

What was banned in the 10th party congress? (2 marks)

A
  • banned all other parties even SRs and Mensheviks

- banned factions within Bolshevik party

70
Q

What was decided in the 10th party congress?

A

Cheka was renamed the OGPU

71
Q

What happened to Georgia & Ukraine after the civil war?

A

They declared themselves independent & were invaded & forced to rejoin the Russian Federation. The Red Army was “helping the soviets to overthrow their bourgeois government”.

72
Q

Who did the Red Army fail to recapture?

A

Poland

73
Q

When was the USSR created?

A

1922

74
Q

What was the long name for the USSR?

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

75
Q

What was the USSR created with?

A

11 “autonomous” republics

76
Q

What type of governments did the USSR republics have to have and who were they controlled by? (2 marks)

A
  • Communist governments

- Moscow Politburo

77
Q

What year did Lenin die in?

A

1924

78
Q

How did the Bolsheviks control Russia? (3 marks)

A
  • Popular polices/persuasion
  • Repression
  • Defeated their opponents in the civil war
79
Q

How did the Bolsheviks control Russia through Popular polices & persuasion? (3 marks)

A
  • 1917 Land Decree to win peasants’ support
  • 1921 NEP - needed to win back support of peasants after uprisings caused by War Communism
  • Propaganda (take this from the Civil War section)
80
Q

How did the Bolsheviks control Russia through Repression? (7 marks)

A
  • 1918 Dissolution of Constituent Assembly otherwise would be handing power to SR
  • Cheka hunted /executed opponents;
  • newspapers censored
  • religious persecution
  • other parties banned
  • Red Army re-conquered Georgia and Ukraine
  • crushed Kronstadt Mutiny 1921
81
Q

How did the Bolsheviks control Russia through defeating their opponents in the civil war ? (3 marks)

A
  • 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk - enabled Bolsheviks to focus on Civil War
  • Red army strengths- 5 million men, controlled industrial area…
  • White weakness- disunited.
82
Q

What abbreviations can you use in the exam? (6 marks)

A
  • USSR
  • SR
  • NEP
  • MRC
  • Cheka
  • OGPU
83
Q

What abbreviations are you nat allowed to use in the exam? (5 marks)

A
  • govt
  • PG
  • didn’t
  • e.g.
  • /
84
Q

😜

A

😝

History Paper 2 (3 decks)

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