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Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sinuses draining into the transverse sinuses

A
  • Receives the superior sagittal, occipital and straight sinuses
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2
Q

Drainage of the inferior anastamotic vein of Labbe

A

Transverse sinus

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3
Q

Circle of Willis variants

A
  • Hypoplasia of one or both PCOM
  • Hypoplastic/absent segment A1 segment of ACA
  • Absent or fenestrated ACOM
  • Origin of PCA from the ICA with absent/hypoplastic P1 segment
  • Infundibular dilatation of the PCOM origin
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4
Q

Common or important variants of the corpus callosum

A
  • Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
    • Primary = corpus never forms
    • Secondary: forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
    • Absent septum pellucidum
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Hypoplastic fornices
    • Cavum abnormalities
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5
Q

Four parts of the MCA

A
  • Sphenoidal - Insular - Opercular - Cortical
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6
Q

Posterior cranial fossa variants

A
  • Chiari malformations - Dandy Walker malformations - Mega cisterna magna - Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts - Vermian hypoplasia - Cerebellar dysplasia - Pontocerebellar hypoplasia
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7
Q

Name the nerves which pass through the cavernous sinus in order from superior to inferior

A

a. Occulomotor b. Ophthalmic division of V c. Trochlear d. Maxillary division of V e. Abducens

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8
Q

Variants of the septum pellucidum

A
  • Cavum septum pellucidum - Cavum septum pellucidum et vergae - Cavum veli interpositi
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9
Q

Describe and compare variants of the variants of the septum pellucidum

A
  • Cavum septum pellucidum describes a dilation within the anterior portion fo the septum pellucidum - When it continues further posteriorly it is called cavum septum pellucidum et vergae - Cavum veli interpositi – dilation of the normal cistern of the velum interpositum
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10
Q

4 branches of the supraclinoid branches and terminal segments of the ICA excluding the ACA and the MCA

A
  • Ophthalmic artery - Superior hypophyseal - PCOM - Ant choroidal
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11
Q

Describe the blood supply of the pituitary gland

A
  • Complex supply via the hypophyseal portal system, composed of 6 arteries, three from below and three from above. - Above o Superior hypophyseal artery o Infundibular artery o Prechiasmal artery - Below o Inferior hypohyseal artery o Capsular artery o Artery of the inferior cavernous sinus
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12
Q

List 2 variants of the basal cisterns

A
  • Arachnoid cysts - Cavum velum interpositi
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13
Q

List and briefly describe the congenital anastomoses between the carotid and vertebrobasilar arterial systems

A
  • Persistent primitive trigeminal artery (ICA exits the carotid canal, runs posterolaterally along the trigerminal nerve, associated with small PCOM and vertebrals) - Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (through the hypoglossal canal parallel to the nerve, connecting the cervical ICA with the basilar artery. Single artery which hsupplies the brainstem and cerebellum) - Persistent otic artery - Persistent proatlantal artery
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14
Q

Innervation of the larynx

A
  • Motor: recurrent laryngeal nerve, except cricothyroid which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve - Sensory: o Above the vocal cords – internal laryngeal N o Below the vocal cords: recurrent laryngeal nerve
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15
Q

3 common or important variants of the thyroid gland (no vascular)

A
  • Pyramidal lobe - Lobar hemiagnenesis - Thyroglossal duct cyst - Ectopic thyroid tissue - Zuckerandl’s tubercle
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16
Q

2 common or important variants of the parathyroid glands (no vascular)

A
  • Supranumary glands - Fewer than 4 parathyroid glands - Ectopic parathyroid gland
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17
Q

Variants of the calvarial sutures

A
  • Persistent metopic suture - Wormian bones - Craniosynostosis - Continuation of the occipitomastoid suture - Second symmetric occipitomastoid suture - Accessory parietal suture - Mendosal suture
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18
Q

Pharyngeal impression

A
  • Cricopharyngeus - Aorta - Left main bronchus - Left atrium - (Aberrant right subclavian artery) - (aberrant left pulmonary artery)
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19
Q

Innervation of the 3 constrictor muscles

A
  • Superior and middle: Pharyngeal plexus - Inferior: pharyngeal plexus with possible innervation from recurrent laryngeal and/or external laryngeal nerve
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20
Q

Structure located in the trachea-oesophageal groove, Origin and function

A
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve - Originates: vagus N - Function: Motor supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricopharyngeus) - Sensory and secretomor supply to the laryngeal mucosal structures below the level of the vocal cords
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21
Q

5 important/common variants of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Mainly size and bony septation - Sphenoid sinus: optic nerve relationship o 1: adjacent to the sphenoid sinus o 2: indenting the sinus o 3: Traversing the sinus o 4: Adjacent to the posterior ethmoid sinus - Frontal o Aplastic o Hypoplastic o Enlarged - Agger nasi, Haller, Onodi cells, concha bullosa - Supraorbital air cells
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22
Q

What enters the skull with the internal carotid artery

A
  • Enters through the carotid canal - Sympathetic plexus is carried with it.
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23
Q

5 common or important variants of the vertebral arteries

A
  • Enters the transverse foramina at the level of C7 - Hypoplastic - Terminates as the PICA - Variable origin o Aortic arch o Second branch of subclavian artery o Common carotid o External carotid o Internal carotid - Duplication - Fenestration
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24
Q

4 structures embedded in the parotid glands

A
  • Retromandibular vein - Facial nerve - External carotid artery - Intraparotid lymph nodes
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25
Q

5 common or important variants of the ophthalmic artery

A
  • Middle meningeal can arise from ophthalmic artery - Origin from MCA - Origin from PCom - Communicating branch between the ophthalmic and middle meningeal – sphenoidal artery - Meningo-ophthalmic artery
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26
Q

Arterial blood supply to the thyroid gland

A
  • Superior thyroid (from ECA) - Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
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27
Q

Superior and inferior borders of the cervical lymph level III nodes in the neck

A
  • Superior: inferior border of the hyoid bone - Inferior: inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
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28
Q

Nerves entering the eye through the tendinous annulus of Zinn

A
  • Superior division of the oculomotor nerve - Nasociliary nerve - Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve - Abducens nerve
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29
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland and which ganglion does it involve

A
  • Greater petrosal nerve - Pterygopalatine ganglion
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30
Q

Where do the superior and inferior orbital veins drain to?

A
  • Cavernous sinus
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31
Q

Which nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure outside the ring of Zinn

A
  • Trochlear - Lacrimal nerve - Frontal nerve
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32
Q

Name the muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve

A
  • SR, MR, IR, IO
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33
Q

Layers of the scalp

A
  • Skin - Connective tissue - Aponeurosis - Loose areolar tissue - Pericranium
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34
Q

Nerve supply of the scalp

A
  • Anterior: o Supratrochlear o Supraorbital o Lacrima - Superior scalp o Supraorbital - Posterior scalp o Greater occipital N o Third occipital N - Lateral nerve o Zygomaticotemporal o Zygomatricofacial o Auriculotemporal o Lesser occipital nerve - Muscles of the scalp o Facial nerve
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35
Q

Variants of the calvarial structures

A
  • Microcephaly - Persistent Metopic suture - Wormian bones - Cloverleaf skull - Craniosynostosis
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36
Q

Structures traversing the jugular foramen

A
  • Pars nervosa o Inferior petrosal sinus o CN IC - Pars vascularis o Jugular bulb o CN X. XI
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37
Q

Nerve that supplies the motor innervation to the mylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of the digastric

A

Facial nerve

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38
Q

Nerve supplying taste sensory innervation to the anterior 2.3 of the tongue

A

Chorda tympani

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39
Q

Nerve supplying parasympathetic innervation to the parotid salivary gland and which ganglia it involves

A

Lesser petrosal nerve Otic ganglion

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40
Q

Contents of the masticator space

A
  • Muscles of mastication - Inferior alveolar artery, vein and nerve - Ramus and body of mandible - Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - Pterygoid venous plexus
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41
Q

Structures passing through the foramen spinosum

A
  • Middle meningeal artery - Middle meningeal vein - Nervus spinosus
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42
Q

Boundaries of the epiploic foramen of winslow

A
  • A: free edge of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament) - P: IVC - S: caudate lobe - I: commencement of the duodenum
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43
Q

Liver segments between the right and middle hepatic veins

A

V and VIII

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44
Q

Segments drained by the left hepatic veins

A

II.III

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45
Q

Structure separating segments 2 and 3 from 4

A

Left hepatic vein

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46
Q

Structure in the horizontal plane dividing the superior and inferior liver segments

A

Portal plane - bifurcation of the portal vein

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47
Q

5 important/common variants of the pancreas and its ducts

A
  • Ansa pancreaticum - Pancreatic divisium o Minor papilla drains the pancreas o Major papilla drains the bile duct - Meandering pancreatic duct - Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction
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48
Q

Most common branching pattern of the hepatic duct

A

o Formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts o Joins cystic duct to form the CBD

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49
Q

Most common branching pattern of the portal vein

A

o Right portal vein  Anterior (supplying segments V and VII)  Posterior (segments Vi and VII) o Left portal vein  Transverse and umbilical portions  Supply segments II, III and IV

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50
Q

Most common branching pattern of the hepatic artery

A

o Common hepatic branch  Terminal branch of the Coeliac arteries  Branches • Right gastric • Proper hepatic • Gastroduodenal o Proper hepatic  Right hepatic  Left hepatic  (50%) left hepatic o Right hepatic  Anterior segmental branch (segments V, VIII)  Posterior segmental branch (segmental VI, VII) o Left hepatic  Medial segmental  Lateral segmental

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51
Q

5 common or important variants of the coeliac artery

A

• Extracoeliac origin of its three branches o Aortic  Left gastric  Splenic  Common hepatic o SMA  Left gastric  Splenic  Common hepatic • Other branches from the coeliac artery o Dorsal pancreatic o Right hepatic o Gastroduodenal artery o Inferior phrenic

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52
Q

5 common/important variants of the superior mesenteric artery

A

• Replaced right hepatic artery • Replaced left hepatic artery • Replaced common hepatic artery • Accessory right hepatic artery • Coaeliacomesenteric trunk • Replaced splenic artery • Replaced left gastric artery • Replaced dorsal pancreatic artery • Arc of Buhler • Arc of Riolan

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53
Q

Hepatic vein draining segment 1

A

Caudate vein draining into the IVC

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54
Q

5 common/important variants of the suprarenal arteries

A

• Variable origin of the middle suprarenal artery o Inferior phrenic artery o Coeliac trunk o Superior mesenteric artery o Renal artery o Lumbar artery o Gonadal artery • Variable origin for inferior adrenal artery o Terminal branch of the renal artery o From supplementary renal artery o From the aorta o Gonadal artery o Coeliac trunk

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55
Q

All lymphatics drain to which structure in the abdomen and where is it located

A
  • Cisterna Chyli - At the level of L1-2 to the right of the aorta behind the right crus of diaphragm
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56
Q

Which diaphragmatic hiatus does the thoracic duct pass through and what else passes through with it

A
  • Aortic hiatus - With the o Aorta o Azygos vein and hemiazygous vein
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57
Q

Name 4 organs located within the anterior pararenal space

A
  • Duodenum - Pancreas - Ascending and descending colon
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58
Q

Which fascial layer is formed laterally by the fusion of the anterior and posterior pararenal fascia

A

lateral conal fascia

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59
Q

Name the common and important variants of the extrahepatic biliary tree excluding the gallbladder and pancreatic ducts

A
  • Triple confluence - Aberrant hepatic duct - Low insertion of the RHD into the BHD - Accessory hepatic ducts - RASD inserting into the LHD - RPSD inserting into the LHD
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60
Q

3 pre-aortic plexi which provide autonomic innervation to the GI tract

A
  • Coeliac - Superior mesenteric - Aorticorenal - Inferior mesenteric
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61
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs of the above plexi

A
  • Coeliac: greater and lesser splanchnic - Superior mesenteric: greater and lesser splanchnic - Inferior mesenteric: least splanchnic - Parasympathetic: vagus
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62
Q

What are the sources of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the pelvic plexus

A
  • Parasympathetic: S2,3,4 - Sympathetic: sacral splanchnic
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63
Q

Arterial supply of the ureters

A
  • Renal artery - Abdominal aorta - Superior and inferioer vesical artery - Variably: gonadal, middle rectal and uterine
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64
Q

Innervation of the urinary bladder

A
  • Autonomic: vesical nerve plexus o Symp: hypogastric nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglion, supplied by lumbar splanchnic nerves o Parasymp: pelvic splanchnics - Somatic: pudendal nerves
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65
Q

Order of structures from anterior to posterior of structures entering the renal hilum

A
  • Ureter - Renal vein - Renal artery
66
Q

5 common or important variants of the ureters

A
  • Duplex - Bifid - Ectopic - Ureterocele - Circumcaval
67
Q

5 variants of the hepatic arteries

A
  • CHA o Aorta o SMA o Trifurcation o Coeliacomesenteric trunk - RHA o From coeliac o SMA o Accessory right hepatic - LHA o From left gastric o Accessory left hepatic
68
Q

Relations of the gallbladder

A
  • S: visceral surface of the liver, anterior abdominal wall - I: transverse colon, second part of the duodenum - A: visceral surface of the liver, transverse colon, 9th costal cartilage - P: right kidney, distal first part and proximal second part of duodenum - M: 1st part of duodenum, free margin of the lessor omentum and epiploic foramen - L: right lobe of liver
69
Q

Tributaries of the IVC

A
  • T8: paired inferior phrenic, hepatic veins - L1: right suprarenal, renal veins - L2: right gonadal - L2-5 lumbar - L5: common iliac veins
70
Q

5 variants of the caecum or appendix

A
  • Subhepatic caecum - Mobile caecum - Additional arterial supply from the accessory appendicular artery - Duplex - Agenesis
71
Q

Common or important variants of the arterial supply of the hand

A
  • Incomplete superficial palmar arch - Doubled superficial palmar arc h - Ulnar artery supplies the 3rd finger from both sides - RA supplies the radial side of the index finger with no branch to the thumb - UA supplies the palm upto the ulnar side of the index finger
72
Q

Average age of the appearance of the secondary ossification centres of the elbow

A
  • Capitellum 2-24 month - Radial head 3-6 years - Internal epicondyle 4-7 years - Trochlea 8-10 years - Olecranon 8-10 years - External epicondyle 10-13 years
73
Q

5 common/important variants of the brachial artery

A
  • Duplicated for its entire course - Duplicated for part of its course - Superficial brachial artery courses anteriorly, not posteriorly to the median nerve - Accessory brachial artery: duplication uniting prior to the cubital fossa - Bifurcation in the proximal arm: superficial radial artery
74
Q

5 common or important variants of the glenoid labrum and labral biceps complex

A
  • Buford complex - Sublabral foramen - Superior sublabral sulcus - Pseudo- SLAP lesion
75
Q

Termination of the axillary artery

A

Lower border of teres major

76
Q

Structure dividing the axillary artery into three parts

A

Pectoralis minor

77
Q

Variants of the carpal bones

A
  • Scaphoid o Bipartite o Tripartite o Coalition o Scaphoid hypoplasia - Lunate o Articular facet variation o Lunotriquetral coalition o Accessory ossicles  Os epilunate  Os hypotriquetrum  Os hypolunatum o Bipartite lunatum - Triquetrum o Os triquetrum o Os triquetrum secundarium o Os triangulare - Pisiform o Os pisiforme secundarium - Hamate o Bipartite hook of hamate o Os hamuli proprium o Capitohamate coalition
78
Q

Innervation of FCR

79
Q

Anatomic variants in the innervation of the hand

A
  • Variant branching of the median nerve
  • Variant branching of the ulnar nerve
    • Trifurcation
    • Additional superficial branch
    • Dorsal sensory branch from PDN
  • Riche-Cannieu anastomoses
  • Berrettini anastomosis
  • Variation in the innervation of the hypothenar and thenar muscles
80
Q

Anterior rami contributing to the brachial plexus

81
Q

Name the nerves arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

A
  • Lateral pectoral nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve - Lateral root of the median nerve
82
Q

Muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous N

A
  • Coracobrachialis - Biceps brachii - Brachialis muscles
83
Q

Boundaries of the quadrilateral space

A
  • M: lateral border of the long head of triceps
  • L: medial cortex of the surgical neck of humerus
  • S: inferior border of the teres minor
  • I: superior border of the teres major muscle
  • A: subscapularis
  • P: teres minor
84
Q

Nerve supplying the deltoid muscle

A

Axillary nerve

85
Q

Variants of the brachial plexus

A
  • Prefixed
  • Postfiexed
  • Contribution from the C4 or T2 ventral rami
  • Trunk, divisions or cord may be absent
  • Variations in the branching patterns
86
Q

Variants of the upper limb skeletal muscles

A
  • Sternalis muscle
  • Poland syndrome: absence of the pectoralis major
  • Pre fixed or post fixed origin of the pectoralis minor
  • Serratus anterior
    • Attachment to the 10th rib
    • Absence of attachments to the 1st rib
    • Union with fibres of the levator scapula, external intercostal or external oblique
  • Subclavius can insert into the coracoid process, or the upper border of the scapula
  • Biceps
    • Duplicated long head
    • Bifid/bifurcated insertion
    • Accessory head of the long head of the biceps tendon
  • Supranumerary heads of brachialis
  • Triceps
    • Patella cubiti
    • 4th head from medial humerus
    • Long head may be supplied by the axillary nerve
  • Absence of the palmaris longus
  • Duplication of the flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Linburd-comstock anomaly: FPL sends a connecting tendon to FDP
  • Anomalous head of FPL – gantzer muscle
87
Q

Artery of adamkiewicz: side and level of origination

A
  • On the left from the level of the 9th to 12th intercostal arteries
88
Q

Area supplied by the posterior spinal arteries

A
  • Posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord
89
Q

Origin and course of the anterior spinal artery

A
  • Originates from the vertebral arteries at the level of the medulla
  • Courses along the anterior surface of the spinal cord within the anterior median fissure.
90
Q

Arteries which give rise to the segmental medullary and radicular arteries

A
  • Branches of the vertebral artery
  • Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
  • Ascending cervical arteries
  • Deep cervical arteries
  • Posterior intercostal arteries
  • Lumbar arteries
  • Lateral sacral arteries
91
Q

5 important/common variants of the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Hemiverteba
  • Block vertebra
  • Butterfly vertebra
  • Cervical rib
92
Q

Differences in types of spinous processes between the typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Cervical spinous proceses: bifid
  • Thoracic: long and downwards pointing
  • Lumbar: short and thick
93
Q

Level of the conus medullaris in the foetus, neonate and adult

A
  • Foetus: l3
  • Neonate L1-2
  • Adult: L1-2
94
Q

5 important or common variants of lumbosacral segmentation

A
  • Sacralisation of L5
  • Lumboralisation of S1
  • Limbus vertebra
  • Sacral agenesis
  • Sacral hemiagenesis
  • Lumbar rib
95
Q

1.Common/important variants of the sacrum

A
  • Sacral agenesis
  • Sacral hemiagenesis
  • Lumboralisation of S1
  • Tarlov Cyst
  • Meningocele
96
Q

Contents of a typical intervertebral foramen at the level of the midlumbar spine

A
  • Spinal nerve root
  • Dorsal root ganglion
  • Recurrent meningeal nerve
  • Segmental spinal artery
  • Intervertebral veins
  • Transforaminal ligaments
97
Q

Contents of a typical intervertebral foramen at the level of the midlumbar spine

98
Q

Spinal nerve exiting between the C7 and T1 vertebrae

99
Q

Spinal nerve exiting between the T6 and T7 vertebrae

100
Q

Spinal nerve exiting between the L5 and S1 vertebrae

101
Q

5 common or important variants of the arterial supply to the spinal cord

A
  • Right sided origin of the artery of Adamkiewicz
  • Duplication of the ASA
  • Branching origin of the posterior spinal artery
  • Variation in the number of radicular thoracic spinal arteries
  • Discontinuous PSA, cruciate configuration
102
Q

5 osseous variants of the cervical spine

A
  • Incomplete posterior arch of C1
  • Os odontoideum
  • Variable bifid spinous processes
  • Variable length of spinous processes
  • Accessory transverse foramina
  • Fused vertebra
103
Q

Variants of the lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Block vertebra
  • Butterfly vertebra
  • Hemivertebra
  • Sacralisation of L5
  • Lumbar rib
104
Q

What does the 12th cranial nerve supply?

A
  • Motor to the tongue
  • Taste and general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
105
Q

Orientation of the facet joints of the lumbar spine

A
  • Face obliquely
  • The superior articular facet is concave and faces posteromedially
  • The inferior articular facet is convex and faces anteriorly
106
Q

5 common or significant variants of the aortic arch branches

A
  • Bovine configuration
  • Common origin of the left subclavian and left common carotid artery
  • Origin of the vertebral arteries from the aortic arch
  • Right sided arch
  • Double aortic arch
107
Q

Vascular structures which accompany the segmental bronchi

A

The segmental bronchi are accompanied by the pulmonary arteries

108
Q

5 important/common variants of the coronary arteries

A
  • Malignant course of the right coronary artery
  • Right sided dominant
  • Single coronary artery
  • Hypoplastic coronary arteries
  • Absent coronary arteries
109
Q

Anterior, posterior and inferior boundaries of the transverse pericardial sinus

A
  • Anterior: intrapericardial portion of the pulmonary trunk
  • Posterior: superior vena cava on right, left atrial appendage on the left
  • Inferior: oblique pericardial sinus
110
Q

1.Pericardial recesses arising from the transverse pericardial sinus

A
  • Aortic recesses: superior and inferior
  • Pulmonary recesses: right and left
  • Post caval
  • Pulmonary venous: right and left
111
Q

Anterior, posterior and superior boundaries of the oblique pericardial sinus

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Superior: Transverse pericardial sinus
112
Q

Pericardial recess arising from the oblique pericardial sinus

A
  • Aortic: superior and inferior
  • Pulmonic: right and left
  • Post caval
  • Pulmonary venous: right and left
113
Q

Pericardial recesses arising from the pericardial cavity proper

A
  • Aortic: superior and inferior
  • Pulmonic: right and left
  • Post caval
  • Pulmonary venous: right and left
114
Q

3 common or important variants of the lung fissures

A
  • Azygous fissure
  • Accessory fissure of the left lung
  • Inferior and superior accessory fissures
115
Q

2 common or important variants of the major bronchi

A
  • Pig bronchus
  • Cardiac bronchus
  • Oesophageal bronchus
116
Q

Course of the oesophagus in the chest

A
  • Courses through the thoracic inlet to the left of the midline
  • Returns to the midline at T5
  • Courses to the left of the midline within the posterior mediastinum
  • Curves anteriorly to pass through the diaphragm at the level of T10
117
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus in the chest

A
  • Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
118
Q

Course of the azygos vein

A
  • Enters the chest through the aortic hiatus
  • Ascends in the posterior mediastinum before arching over the right main bronchus posterior at the root of the right lung
  • Joints the SVC
119
Q

Tributaries of the azygos vein

A
  • Hemiazygos
  • Accessory hemiazygos
  • Posterior right intercostal
  • Right superior phrenic
  • Right superior intercostal
  • Tracheal veins
  • Oesophageal
  • Bronchial pericardial
  • Venous vertebral plexus
120
Q

Name the segments of the left upper lobe

A
  • A: apicoposterior segment
  • S: superior lingular segment
  • I: inferior lingular segment
  • A: anterior segment
121
Q

Name the segments of the left lower lobe

A
  • A: anteromedial
  • L: lateral
  • P: posterior
  • S: superior
122
Q

5 common or important variants of the pulmonary veins

A
  • Common trunks
    • Common draining trunk of the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins
    • Single accessory right middle pulmonary vein
      • Two right middle pulmonary veins
      • One accessory right upper and one accessory right middle pulmonary vein
      • Superior segment right lower lobe vein
      • Basilar segment right lower lobe vin
      • Right top pulmonary vein
123
Q

Relations of the oesophagus at level of the carina

A
  • A: trachea
  • P: vertebral bodies of T4/5
  • M: Is in the midline

L: pleura and lungs, recurrent laryngeal nerves

124
Q

Structures which traverse the diaphragm at the oesophageal hiatus

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Vagus
  • Small oesophageal arteries
125
Q

Structures which the phrenic nerves supplies in the thorax

A
  • Mediastinal pleura
  • Pericardium
  • Central parts of diaphragmatic pleura
126
Q

Structures which the vagus nerves supply in the thorax

A
  • Superior and inferior cardiac nerves
  • Anterior and posterior bronchial nerves
  • Oesophagus
127
Q

5 common or important variants of the SVC

A
  • Duplicated SVC
  • Left sided SVC
  • Separate drainage of the brachiocephalic veins into the right atrium
  • The azygos drains directly into the right atrium

Anomalous drainage of the coronary veins

128
Q

Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture

A
  • Posteriorly: T1 Vertebral body and CV joints
  • Laterally: 1st ribs and costal cartilages
  • Anteriorly: superior border of the manubrium
129
Q

Division of the subclavian artery

A
  • -Divided by the anterior scalene muscle into thirds
130
Q

Branches of each part of the subclavian artery

A
  • 1st:
    • Internal thoracic
    • Thyrocervical
    • Vertebral
  • 2nd: costocervical trunk

3rd: dorsal scapular

131
Q

2 variants of the aortic arch excluding branches

A
  • Duplicated
  • Right sided
132
Q

2 variants of the origin of the right subclavian artery

A
  • Arises distal to the left subclavian artery
  • Bovine configuration
133
Q

Where does the variant thyroid IMA artery usually arise from

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

134
Q

5 variants of the carotid arterial system

A
  • Kissing carotids
  • Retropharyngeal carotid
  • Vertebral arteries arise from the CCA
  • Congenital absence of the ICA
  • Persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses
  • Variant branching patterns of the ECA
135
Q

5 common or important variants of the male gonads and their development

A
  • Undescended testes, unilateral
  • Bilateral undescended testes
  • Bell clapper deformity
  • Ectopic testis
  • Testicular appendages
  • Both testes within one scrotal sac
  • Polyorchidism
136
Q

Contents of the spermatic cord

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Artery to ductus deferens
  • Testicular artery
  • Cremasteric artery
  • Panpiniform plexus
  • Genital branch o the genitofemoral nerve
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
    • Sympathetic nerve fibres on arteries

Parasympathetic nerve fibres on the ductus deferens

137
Q

Female equivalent of the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal and its attachment

A
  • Round ligament
  • Attached to the
    • Cornu of the uterus
    • Labia majora and mons pubis soft tissue
138
Q

5 common/important variants of the ureter

A
  • Duplex
  • Bifid
  • Ectopic
  • Ureterocele
  • Circumcaval
139
Q

Zonal anatomy of the prostate gland

A
  • Peripheral zone approximately 70% of total prostate volume
  • Central zone approximately 25%, posterior to the prostatic urethra, forming the base of the prostate
  • Transition zone 5% - anterior to the prostatic urethra
140
Q

Arterial supply of the prostate gland

A
  • Prostatic branch of the inferior vesical artery
  • Can be supplied by the middle rectal arteries
141
Q

What structures exit the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?

A
  • Piriformis
  • Suprapiriform
    • Superior gluteal vessels
    • Superior gluteal nerve
  • Infrapiriform fossa
    • Inferior gluteal vessel
    • Internal pudendal vessels
    • Nerves of the sacral plexus
      • Inferior gluteal nerve
      • Pudendal nerve
      • Sciatic nerve
      • Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
      • Nerve to obturator internus
      • Nerve to quadratus femoris
142
Q

5 common/important uterine variants

A
  • Arcuate
  • Didelphys
  • Unicornuate
  • Bicornuate
  • Uterine agenesis
  • Septate uterus
143
Q

How the internal structure of the trigone differs from the remainder of the bladder

A
  • An area of smooth mucosa
  • The remainder of the urinary bladder is lined with a rough, trabeculated transitional cell epithelium
144
Q

Blood supply to the urinary bladder

A
  • Upper part: superior vesical artery
  • Lower part
    • Men: inferior vesical artery
    • Women: vaginal artery
145
Q

5 common or important variants of the internal iliac artery

A
  • Origin at differing levels
    • S1
    • L5
    • L5/S1
  • Branching pattern variation
    • Iliolumbar from trunk
    • Obturator from the posterior division
    • Obturator with inferior vesical
    • Abnormal obturator artery
  • Types
    • 1: superior gluteal and a common trunk arise from the IIA
    • 2: internal pudendal artery and a common trunk arise from IIA
    • 3: Internal pudendal artery and two gluteal arteries originate from the same trunk
    • 4: internal pudendal and two gluteal arteries originate from the same trunk
    • 5: inferior gluteal and common trunk arise from the IIA
146
Q

Spinal cord segments supplying the pelvic diaphragm

A
  • S3,4
  • Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
147
Q

supplying the pelvic diaphragm which peripheral nerve is involved

A
  • Pudendal nerve
148
Q

5 variants of the origin of the obturator artery

A
  • Common iliac
  • External iliac
  • Posterior division of the internal iliac
  • With superior gluteal
  • With iliolumbar
  • With inferior epigastric
  • From both external and internal iliac
149
Q

What artery supplies the prostate and what does it arise from

A
  • Prostatic branch from the inferior vesical artery
150
Q

Specific route by which cancer cells may spread from the prostate gland to a vertebral body

A
  • Prostatic venous plexus communicates with the pudendal plexus to the deep dorsal vein, with communication to the Batson vertebral plexus
151
Q

What lies immediate posterior to the prostate? What separates it from the prostate

A
  • Rectum
  • Separated by rectovesical fascia
152
Q

Common or important variants of the sciatic nerve

A

Early division in the pelvis

  • Common peroneal nerve piercing the piriformis with the tibial nerve exiting below
  • Common peroneal travels above the piriformis and tibial nerve below

Sciatic nerve goes over the piriformis

Sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis

153
Q

5 anatomical variants of popliteal artery branching

A
  • Hypoplastic infrapopliteal vessels
  • Trifurcation
  • High bifurcation - above poplieus
  • High origin of the anterior tibial
  • High origin of the posterior tibial
  • Peroneal arises off the anterior tibial
154
Q

5 important/common variants of the deep veins of the lower leg

A
  • Duplicated superficial femoral vein
    • Duplication in the adductor canal
    • Duplication in the mid thigh
    • Medial to the main SFV
    • Lateral to the main SFV
  • Triplication
  • Duplicated popliteal veins
155
Q

5 common/important variants of the superficial venous drainage of the lower limb

A
  • GSV
    • Duplication
    • Segmental hypoplasia
    • Accessory saphenous veins
  • SSV
    • Duplication
    • Variable termination
    • Variable presence of communicating branches with the popliteal vein
156
Q

Blood supply to the femoral head

A
  • Blood supply to the superiormedial (tip) of the femoral head is via the ligamentum teres
  • The remainder is supplied by branches of the circumflex femoral arteries (medial and lateral)
157
Q

Branches from the sciatic nerve

A
  • Articular branches
  • Muscular branches to
    • Biceps femoris
    • Semitendinosis
    • Semimembranosus
    • Adductor magnus
  • Tibial
  • Common peroneal
158
Q

5 common or important variants of the arterial supply of the foot

A
  • Incomplete plantar arch
  • Absence of the DP
  • DP as a continuation of the peroneal
  • Hypoplastic DP
  • Absence of the arcuate artery
  • Arcuate artery arising form the lateral tarsal artery
  • Supply of the dorsal metatarsal arteries form the plantar arch alone
  • No communication between the dorsal and plantar arches
159
Q

Common/important tarsal bone variations

A
  • Calcaneonavicular coalition
  • Talocalcaneal coalition
  • Os talotibiale
  • Os trigonum
  • Congenital vertical talus
  • Os calcaneus secundaris
  • Enlarged peroneal tubercle
  • Retrotrochlear eminence
  • Assimilated os sustentaculum tali
  • Accessory navicular
160
Q

5 common/important variants in the common/superficial femoral artery

A
  • Superficial femoral artery
    • Duplication
    • Hypoplasia
  • Level of bifurcation of the common femoral artery
  • Persistent sciatic artery
  • Duplicated profunda femoris
  • Absent profunda femoris
  • Lateral and medial circumflex arteries can originate from the common or superficial femoral arteries
161
Q

Locking and unlocking mechanisms of the knee joint when a patient stands and then sits

A
  • There is medial rotation of the femur on tibia see on the last 5 degrees of extension
  • This locks the knee joint in extension
  • Unlocking – results in lateral rotation, popliteus

Anatomy (11 decks)

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