PAPER 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What did people in the Middle Ages believe about the body?
A
It was made up of 4 Humours.
2
Q
What are the 4 Humours?
A
Blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm.
3
Q
When was Hippocrates alive?
A
460BC-370BC
4
Q
When was Galen alive?
A
130AD -216AD
5
Q
What did Hippocrates believe?
A
If you are healthy the humours are balanced; if you are ill you have imbalanced humours.
6
Q
Give an example of Hippocrates belief about nosebleeds.
A
You have too much blood and to cure this you need to get rid of it or produce more of the imbalanced humours.
7
Q
What did Galen do?
A
He developed the 4 Humours by investigation the “Theory of Opposites”.
8
Q
What is a clinical observation?
A
A Ancient Greek method which Medieval doctors followed. It is the observation of a patient, to produce the diagnosis of a disease.
9
Q
What two things did Medieval doctors tend to concentrate on?
A
A pulse and note the colour, smell and taste of ones urine.
10
Q
How many years at University could it take for a Medieval doctor to qualify?
A
At least 7 years.
11
Q
How were surgeons trained in the Medieval period?
A
As apprentices.
12
Q
How did doctors learn in the Medieval period?
A
By listening to lectures and debating about what they have read in books.
13
Q
What did wise women offer?
A
Traditional remedies for illnesses.
14
Q
How were wis women paid in comparison to doctors in the Medieval period?
A
In goods her than expenses.
15
Q
Give an example remedy that a wise woman may offer.
A
A willow leaf - as they have natural pain killers.
16
Q
What was one of the earliest remedy books?
A
The Leech book of Bald.
17
Q
Give ways in which Christianity held back medicine in the Middle Ages.
A
The Church encouraged prayer and superstition
The Church mostly banned direction of human corpses
The Church encouraged the belief that illness was a punishment from God
18
Q
Give ways in which Christianity progressed medicine in the Middle Ages.
A
The Church encouraged people to go on Crusades - when travelling to the Middle East they came in contact with Muslim doctors.
19
Q
What had major influence in the Middle Ages?
A
The Church and religion.
20
Q
Why did the Church and Religion have such big impacts in the Middle Ages?
A
Many people could not read nor write.
21
Q
What was Medieval society?
A
More religious than scientific.
22
Q
What was all education controlled by?
A
The Church.
23
Q
Give four Medieval beliefs about the cause of illness/ disease.
A
Miasma Theory
4 Humours
Religion
Astrology
24
Q
What did Christians do when in the presence of someone sick?
A
They would look after them but not treat/ attempt to cure them as it would be going against God.
25
Give two sites of Medieval hospitals & asylums.
London and Bedlam.
26
What did Monasteries have that could provide treatment to the sick and poor?
Infirmaries.
27
Give an example of a large hospital during the middle Ages.
St Leonard's in York.
28
When was Al Razi alive?
865-925BC
29
What did Al Razi do?
He stressed the importance of careful observation of patients and distinguished the difference between measles and smallpox for the first time.
30
How many books did Al Razi write?
Over 150.
31
Give the controversial title of one of Al Razi's books.
Doubts about Galen.
32
Why was Baghdad important to medicine?
It became the centre of translation for Greek manuscripts into the language of Islamic Arabic.
33
What did Prophet Muhammad inspire people to do?
"Seek learning even as far as China" and said "For every disease Allah has given a cure".
34
What did Baghdad do in the Middle Ages?
Treat patients, not simply care for them
Provide medical care for EVERYONE
Doctors were permanently present
Looked for cures
35
What did Christians do in the Middle Ages?
Cared for patients - no treatment
Only provided medical care for certain people
Doctors were not always present.
36
Give two Muslim doctors who were influential in Western Medicine.
Al Razi and Ibn Sina.
37
What did Padua and Bologna in Italy soon become?
The best places to study medicine in Europe.
38
How did medical ideas reach England?
Through trade, as merchants brought new equipment, books and drugs.
39
Who practiced sugary in the Middle Ages?
Barber surgeons and their apprentices.
40
What four operations were most common in the Middle Ages?
Amputation
Blood letting
Trepanning
Eye- couching
41
In what three ways did doctors in the Middle Ages deal with problems of pain and blood-loss?
Cauterising
Alcohol
Calming tea
42
Why were towns in the Medieval period unhealthy places to live?
People lived close together
Few regulations about waste disposal
Clean water was in short supply
Butchers bout live animals into the town to slaughter
43
How did monasteries help?
They knew the dangers of filth and dirt
Carefully extracted drinking water from upstream rivers and streams
They had physic gardens where treatments were grown
44
Give the attempt at solution for: towns built near rivers - threat of waterborne diseases.
Councils tried to stop river pollution.
45
Give the attempt at solution for: pipes made of lead.
THEY DID NOT KNOW LEAD WAS POISONOUS
46
Give the attempt at solution for: pipes made of wood.
THEY DID NOT KNOW WET WOOD WAS A BREEDING GROUND FOR BACTERIA
47
Give the attempt at solution for: waster removed via streams - where people collected their drinking water.
People left money in their wills to build and maintain privies.
48
Give the attempt at solution for: drains clogged with waste and often overflown.
Rich people had servants sweep the streets.
49
Give the attempt at solution for: leather tanners which used dangerous chemicals & butchers dumping blood and guts in rivers.
Local craft guides tried to restrict skilled workers activities.
50
Give two key health problems present in the Middle Ages.
Getting clean water and disposal of personal business/ waste.
51
Define the term 'laissez-faire'.
A policy of minimal government involvement.
52
Give some facts about monasteries in the Middle Ages.
Built from brick - insulation
In the countryside - isolated
Strictly organised
Wealth was astronomical
53
Give symptoms of the Black Death.
```
Spasms/ fits
Tremors
Dark bruises
Headache
Vomiting
Buboes
```
54
How would someone have gotten the Black Death in the Medieval period?
Rats carried infected fleas
Fleas bite the lower half of humans
Disease infects the blood
Blood circulates round the body
55
When did the Black Death lay dormant in England?
The 1340s.
56
When did the Black Death mutate and Become the Great Plague (making it airborne)?
The 1600s.
57
What is the scientific name for the strand of bacteria that caused the plague?
Yersiniz Pestis.
58
What were the impacts of the Renaissance in England?
The printing press became a huge method of transferring knowledge
Travel improved
Anatomy knowledge and art work helped teaching and discoveries in English Universities
59
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
A Belgian medical student who believed said everything that Galen had said.
60
What did Vesalius discover as a professor?
A text highlighting many of Galen's mistakes.
61
What did Vesalius receive after the release of his book?
Heavy criticism.
62
Why did Vesalius receive heavy criticism for his book?
He had overturned centuries of belief that Galen had covered.
63
What did Abroise Pare become?
The most famous surgeon in Europe.
64
What did Pare publish?
Many books with illustrations.
65
What did Pare promote?
The use of ligatures and amputations.
66
What did Pare believe about cauterising?
It was cruel.
67
What did Pare design?
False limbs.
68
Who did Pare admire and what did he do?
Vesalius and copied his work from Latin to French.
69
Where did William Harvey study?
Cambridge University.
70
What theory did Harvey come up with?
The theory that the heart pumps the blood around the body and in a continuous circle.
71
Why did Harvey wait to publish his theory?
Due to high belief and trust in Galen.
72
What did Harvey prove?
Blood could only flow one way.
73
How long did it take for Harvey's ideas to be taught at universities?
50 years.
74
What did the mnemonic plague affect?
The lungs.
75
What did the bubonic plague affect?
The glands.
76
When did the Great Plague break out in London?
Spring 1665.
77
When did the Great Plague in England most likely come from and why?
Holland as there hd been a plague there a few yers prior.
78
Why did the disease spread quickly?
The summer of 1665 was extremely hot.
79
When was the Great fire of London?
1666.
80
What did the plague show?
Medicine hadn't massively improved
Knowledge surrounding the causes of disease had not improved
The King and government started to take responsibility for public health
81
What did people in the Middle Ages do in attempt to stop the plague?
```
Public meetings were banned
Streets were swept
Cats were killed
Religious people prayed (and fasted)
Diets changed
Tobacco was smoked to ward off miasma
Plague victims were sealed inside their houses
```
82
What occurred due to the religious conflict between Henry 8th and the Catholic Church?
The King closed down Catholic monasteries.
83
What happened to hospitals in the early 18th Century?
They had better care and wards unlike before when patients had to share beds.
84
How did the King help hospitals?
He gave money to help start them (eg St Bartholomew's and St Thomas').
85
What was the treatment of patients in the 18th Century still based upon?
The 4 Humours.
86
Where did a doctors main income come from?
Private patients.
87
What happened in the 18th Century surrounding Child Mortality rates?
They became more widely recognised.
88
By 1800, how many people were London's hospitals handling a year?
20,000.
89
How many patients could a hospital in the 1400s hold?
10.
90
What was small pox?
A highly infectious virus that was communicable, killing 30% of those who caught it.
91
Give some symptoms of small pox.
Headache
Fever
Rash
Pus filled blisters
92
In Medieval Asia, what had been used to prevent small pox?
The basic method of inoculation.
93
What is inoculation?
Scratching the pus or scabs from victims onto healthy people.
94
In 1721, who was inoculation demanded by?
Lady Montagu.
95
What were the problems with inoculation?
Strong religious believers were against the process
Germs and infections were still not fully understood
Sometimes a strong dose of small pox was given - which could kill
Any inoculated person could still pass on small pox
Poor people could not afford inoculation
96
Who was Edward Jenner?
An apprentice to a country surgeon.
97
What did Jenner publish?
A book on vaccination.
98
When was Jenner appointed physician to King George 4th?
1821.
99
Who did Jenner test his cow pox - small pox theory on?
An 8year old boy.
100
Why did Jenner call his cow pox inoculation technique vaccination?
The Latin word for cow is vacca.
101
How many times did Jenner test his theory?
16 times.
102
When did Jenner publish his vaccination findings?
1798.
103
Why did some people find Jenner's theory hard to believe/ trust?
He could not explain it.
104
When did Jenner receive £10,000 from the government for his research?
1807.
105
When did the British government make small pox vaccination compulsory?
1853.
106
What was Thomas Sydenham's nickname?
The 'English Hippocrates'.
107
What did Sydenham do?
Advanced theories of Galen and Hippocrates.
108
What were the the three things always considered in medicine and surgery?
Bleeding, infection and pain.
109
When was nitrous oxide used as an anaesthetic?
1795.
110
When was ether used as an anaesthetic?
1842.
111
When was chloroform used as an anaesthetic?
1847.
112
What is nitrous oxide used for?
Relaxation.
113
Who discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide?
Beddos and Davy.
114
Who discovered ether?
Clark.
115
What did Clark use ether for?
A tooth extraction.
116
Give three problems of ether.
Difficult to inhale
Casuses vomiting
Highly flammable
117
Who discovered chloroform?
Simpson.
118
Who used chloroform in childbirth?
Queen Victoria.
119
What was a problem of chloroform?
It was easily overdosed.
120
Give an example of who overdosed on chloroform.
Hannah Greener.
121
What did and didn't the discovery of anaesthetic mean?
Surgery was not suddenly successful and safe, but it did advance it in a way that a source of pain relief had been found.
122
What did Louis Pasteur prove?
That germs are all around and some of them could cause disease.
123
What was Pasteur?
A chemist - not a doctor.
124
What was Pasteur unable to do?
nk his germ theory to humans.
125
What did Pasteur go against?
Miasma and spontaneous illness.
126
In the Middle Ages, what did people believe caused disease?
Lepors.
127
When was the first microscope invented?
1677.
128
What did Francesco Redi say?
By boiling a liquid, microbes would not appear.
129
Why did John Needham believe he had disproved Redi's findings?
He had contaminated equipment.
130
What did many believe about illness in the 1700s?
It was spontaneous.
131
What does specificity mean?
The belief that not all microbes are the same and the certain ones (bacteria/ germs) actually cause specific diseases.
132
What did anti-contagonists say in the 1800s?
Cleaning up the environment would stop epidemics.
133
What did Thomas Wells say in 1864?
Infection wa spread through contact with an infected person or bacteria.
134
What did surgeons have to do by the end of the 1800s?
Be well-scrubbed
Wearing gowns
Wear gloves (new, flexible)
Sterilize their equipment
135
What had Bastian written many articles on?
Spontaneous generation.
136
Who defended Pasteur's Germ Theory?
Tyndall.
137
What occurred due to Prince Albert's death?
A raised awareness of Typhoid fever.
138
Give Robert Koch's method of identifying specific diseases.
```
Bacteria are taken from a dead animal
Bacteria are grown in a pure culture
Bacteria are identified
Bacteria are injected into a healthy animal
The disease affects the second animal
Bacteria are taken from this animal
Disease-causing bacteria are grown in a pure culture
Identical bacteria are identified
```
139
What did Robert Koch discover?
How to stain and grow bacteria in a Petri dish.
140
Give the factors which advanced the Germ Theory.
```
Luck
Teamwork
War
Individuals
Communication
Government & finance
War
```
141
Why did public health dramatically decline in the 19th Century in British towns?
Britain had a major population explosion. All over the country people flocked to cities for work.
142
What was the population in London in 1801 compared to 1851?
957,000 - 2,362,000.
143
When was the first noted outbreak of Cholera in Britain and where did it come from?
1831, from India.
144
How many people were killed due to the outbreak of cholera in 1831?
50,000.
145
Give some symptoms of cholera.
Violent vomiting
Painful diarrhoea
Black skin
Comas
146
Who was Edwin Chadwick and what did he believe caused the cholera outbreak?
A lawyer who believed in the theory of miasma.
147
Who was John Snow and what did he believe caused the cholera outbreak?
A doctor who believed it was spread via water.
148
Why were the people scared about cholera?
They didn't know what caused it and had never experienced something with such devastating effects.
149
Give two points from Chadwick's report.
To better public health
| "More people killed by filth and bad ventilation than wars."
150
What did many people believe about politicians?
That they had in right to meddle in private lives.
151
When was the Public Health Act introduced and what did it say?
1848, an improvement would be made to public health.
152
How did Snow prove that cholera was not carried through the air?
Snow found that all victims in a small area got their water from the Broad Street Water Pump
He asked permission to remove the handle
People were forced to use another
There were no more deaths in the street
153
What happened in the summer of 1858?
A heat wave caused a filthy River Thames to smell worse than ever.
154
What's the Sanitary Ac in 1866?
It made local councils responsible for sewers, water and streets cleaning; each town must've a health inspector.
155
What was the Artisans Dwelling Act in 1875?
This made house owners responsible for keeping properties clean; councils were to demolish slums.
156
What was the Second Public Health Act in 1875?
Local councils were forced to appoint Medical officers, keep streets clean, provide lighting and fresh water.
157
What was the Sale of Food and Drugs Act in 1875?
Guidlines for the the quality of foods and medicines was introduced.
158
What is penicillin?
The first man made antibiotic.
159
What happened before penicillin?
Many died fro bacterial infections that are no longer considered dangerous today.
160
What is penicillin made from?
A mould called penicillium.
161
When was penicillin first discovered and who by?
In the 19th Century by John Sanderson.
162
In the 1880s, what did Joseph Lister plan to test penicillin on?
Infected wounds.
163
What did Lister do?
He successfully treated a nurses wound but took no notes and stopped his research.
164
When was Fleming born?
1881.
165
Where did Fleming study bacteriology?
London University.
166
What did Florey and Chain do?
Brought about the success of penicillin during WW2.
167
What did Florey do 3days after WW2 broke out?
He asked the British government for research money.
168
How many allied soldiers are estimated to have died without penicillin?
12-15%.
169
What did penicillin do for soldiers in the war?
Roughly halved the average time an allied soldier spent in hospital.
170
What did penicillin have the ability to kill?
Staphylococcus.
171
Who made huge strides in discovering the Germ Theory?
Pasteur and Koch.
172
Who discovered 'magic bullets'?
Ehrlich.
173
What were magic bullets?
A chemical cure for specific bacteria, eg. syphilis.
174
What was there no magic bullet for?
Staphylococcus.
175
When did the two researchers look further into Fleming's discovery?
1930s.
176
How much in funds did Florey and Chain receive from the British government?
£25.
177
Why did a policeman with a blood infection die even after being treated by Florey and Chain?
They had poor equipment and ran out of penicillin (as it is very hard to grow).
178
What was a massive factor in the massive production of penicillin?
WW2.
179
Give some developments made in the 20th Century.
British army began the routine use of blood transfusions in the treatment of soldiers
US army doctors realised the use of stockpiling blood
1917, first blood bank was established on Western Front
180
What was used to prevent blood from coagulating and becoming unusable?
Sodium Citrate.
181
What were some problems with blood banks?
Blood could not be stored for long
When blood is taken it clots easily
Blood types need to match
Lack of sterilisation leads to infection
182
How was x-ray discovered?
Through luck.
183
Who discovered x-ray and when was it discovered?
By Rontgen in 1895.
184
Why was it named 'x-ray'?
It was not fully understood and it was dubbed x for its unexplainable nature.
185
When was DNA discovered?
1953.
186
What did the discovery of DNA offer?
An explanations for illnesses such as Down's syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis.
187
What can TB and Septicaemia be treated with?
Antibiotics.
188
Give example of vaccinations.
Polio
Measles
Mumps
189
Why are the use of antibiotics becoming a problem?
Strains of bacteria are becoming resistant, eg. MRSA.
190
What are the two biggest killers in the UK?
cancer and circulatory diseases.
191
When was keyhole surgery first done?
1901.
192
What was good about keyhole surgery?
```
Hygienic
Fast
Less anaesthetic
Cheap
Precise
Less scaring
```
193
Give examples of technological improvements in medicine.
Fibre optics
Lasers
Synthetic fabric
194
How was surgery improved by WW1?
```
Blood transfusions
Shell shock
X-rays
Plastic surgery
Infection treatments
Broken bones
```
195
How was surgery improved by WW2?
```
Heart surgery
NHS
Hygiene and disease
Drug development
Poverty
Diet
```
196
What did the Victorians achieve?
Children went to school
Slum clearance schemes
Most houses had piped water and lavatories connected to a sewage system
Work hours reduced and conditions improved
197
When was the Boer war?
1899.
198
How many men were unfit to be soldiers in the Boer war?
40%.
199
What was Booth's report?
Discovered that 30% of condoners were so poor they didn't have enough money to eat properly despite having full time jobs. Linked poverty and high death rate.
200
What was Rowntree's report?
28% did not have the minimum amount of money to live at some time in their lives. Fuelled fears that the unhealthy state of Britain's workers could lead to the decline of industrial power.
201
When was the School Meals Act introduced to Britain?
1906.
202
By 1914, how many school children had free meals?
158,000.
203
What was introduced to schools in 1907?
School medical service.
204
What was introduced in 1908?
'The Children's and Long Person's Act' - children could go into protective care if neglected.
205
Give examples of what a welfare state provides for children.
```
Clinics
Cheap or free food
School dinners
Free dental care
Free spectacles
```
206
Give examples of what a welfare state provides for adults.
```
Free doctors and hospitals
Cheap medicines
Sick pay
Unemployment pay
Maternity grants
```
207
Give examples of what a welfare state provides for the elderly.
Retirement pensions
Special homes
Financial help for funeral costs
208
Define the term 'welfare state'.
A system which the government aims to help those in need.
209
Who provided healthcare in the 1900s?
Charities and the Church.
210
What was the Beverage report about and when was it published?
The State of Britain, 1942.
211
What were the 'five giants' from Beverage's report?
```
Disease
Want
Ignorance
Idleness
Squalor
```
212
Who was the founder of the NHS?
Aneurin Bevan.
213
How was England described before 1066?
Sophisticated.
214
What was the population of England before 1066?
2million.
215
What was the religion of England before 1066?
Catholic Christian.
216
Who ruled England from 1042?
Edward the Confessor.
217
Define the term 'earl'.
A man of great influence who ran his own area of the country (earldom).
218
When was Godwin an earl?
1001-1053.
219
Where was earl Godwin born?
Sussex.
220
Who was Earl Godwin married to?
A Danish Princess.
221
How was earl Godwin and King Edwards relationship described?
Complex.
222
When was Godwin's major dispute with Edward and what did it result in?
1052, Exile from England.
223
What did Godwin do to be reinstated and have his land and power back?
Publicly apologise to the King.
224
What happens when Edward dies?
Godwinson crowns himself.
225
What was the battle of Stamford Bridge?
A long and bloody battle between Godwinson and Hadrada. Results in Hadrada and Tostig's death.
226
How long was it before William invaded?
3days.
227
With the decision to rest his army or head straight into battle with William, what did Godwinson do?
Immediately left to confront the Norman.
228
How many soldiers did both the Normans and Anglo-Saxons have?
7000.
229
What weapons did the Anglos have?
Double handed axes
Pikes
Circular shields
230
What weapons did the Normans have?
Bows
Tear shaped shields
Pikes
231
What was the English battle style?
Shield wall.
232
What was the Norman battle style?
Infantry on foot, archers, flags to communicate and lights on horseback.
233
Where was Harold during the battle of Hastings?
In the centre of the shied wall on foot.
234
Where was William during the battle of Hastings?
On a horse.
235
Where were the English positioned during the battle of Hastings?
At the top of Senlac Hill.
236
Where were the Normans positioned during the battle of Hastings?
The base of the hill on marshy land.
237
What was Harold's experience prior to the battle of Hastings?
He was general and successfully fought against the Welsh and Vikings.
238
What was William's experience prior to the battle of Hastings?
He had conquered many areas around Normandy and as far as Sicily.
239
What was the state of Harold's army at the battle of Hastings?
He had just marched his army north in four days to face Hadrada; then south to face William.
240
What was the state of William's army at the battle of Hastings?
They had arrived at Hastings with several days to rest and prepare.
241
What extra support did the Anglo-Saxons have?
Harold was popular among the Saxons and had support of the Witan.
242
What extra support did the Normans have?
The Duke had the support of the young King Philip of France and the Pope.
243
When was William prepared to launch his invasion?
August 11th, 1066.
244
What delayed William's set off?
The weather.
245
When did William arrive at Pevensey and King Harold marched his army south?
September 28th, 1066.
246
When did Harold and the remnants of his army real London?
October 6th, 1066.
247
When did King Harold leave London - choosing no to wait for 30,000 reinforcements?
October 11th, 1066.
248
When did Harold reach South Downs?
October 13th, 1066.
249
How did William provoke Harold on his way to the battle site?
He attacks and burned villages as he went.
250
When did the battle of Hastings begin?
9am.
251
What did the Normans do at the start of the battle?
They walked up Senlac hill and fired a volley of arrows.
252
Why did the first set of arrows fail?
The Normans were too close so the arrows flew over the heads of Anglo-Saxons.
253
When the Norman infantry charge up the hill why did they not to make it very far?
They were blocked by the house columns.
254
What was the Anglo-Saxons main form of defence?
The shield wall.
255
What's happened after the first failed Norman attack?
A section of the Norman army ran away from the Norman line.
256
When the members of the fyrd ran after them, why did they realise this was a bad idea?
They quickly became stuck in the marshy land and was soon slaughtered by the Normans.
257
What did the tactic of Normans running away become known as?
Feigned retreat.
258
What happened around midday?
A break was called for both sides to remove their dead and wounded.
259
What did William do to change after this?
His archers moved behind the infantry and arrows hit Anglo-Saxons straight on.
260
What lead to heavy casualties on both sides?
William's order of cavalry to charge.
261
What did the Normans do to get Harold soldiers out of formation?
They deployed their feigned retreat.
262
What had happened to the Anglo-Saxons shield wall by 4 PM?
It was beginning to disintegrate and the Normans began to get through the sides.
263
What did the remaining house carls do to defend Harold?
They got into defensive positions around him.
264
What made the fyrd break ranks and flee?
Harold's death.
265
Define the term 'fyrd'.
Saxon volunteer/ amateur soldiers - mainly farmers and peasants.
266
Define the term 'house carls'.
Saxon professional (paid) trained soldiers.
267
Define the term 'cavalry'.
Soldiers on horseback.
268
Define the term 'infantry'.
Soldiers on foot.
269
Define the term 'mercenary'.
Paid soldiers who will fight for anyone.
270
Give some reasons for William's win.
```
Army makeup
Preparations
Tactics
Luck
Harold's bad luck
Anglo-Saxon's fatigue
```
271
How do we know about the battle of Hastings?
The Bayeux Tapestry
Writings
The actual site
272
What did rebellions most likely not have?
Support from the King, Queen or government.
273
What is the Civil War?
Civilians of the same country fighting.
274
Who did the first rebellion against the new King from?
Edwin and Morcar.
275
Who were Edwin and Morcar?
Two of the most powerful remaining Saxons in London.
276
What was guaranteed if William killed Edwin and Morcar?
Murder.
277
Define the term 'Ad Hoc'.
Dealing with something as it occurs.
278
What was William's plan?
To build castles, religion and good system.
279
Give some causes of the Harrying.
North Englishman's hate of William
Edgar attacking York
Danish Vikings invading
280
What were the events of the Harrying?
William salted and burned land
Northern land was taken
Over 80% of Yorkshire became unpopulated
281
What was the significance of the Harrying?
William made a statement and showed his ruthlessness
The value of the North was made clear
It was one of the last times Vikings invaded England
It became known in the Domesday book
282
Why was Hereward the Wake's rebellion significant?
It was the last full-scale rebellion against William
William had changed his tactics and was flexible in this situation
Vikings interfered with British politics
283
What were Knights supposed to do?
Fight for William.
284
How would Knights get out of their duty?
They could pay a fee called scutage.
285
How was land in England divided during Williams reign?
25% of the land was given to the church
| 50% of the land was given to tenants
286
Who were the highest in all of society?
Earls.
287
Give examples of earldoms.
Mercia
Northumbria
Wessex
East Anglia
288
Give examples of smaller earldoms.
Chester
Hereford
Norfolk
289
When William gave land to people what was it called?
Patronage.
290
Who did earls give subsections of land to?
Barons.
291
Who did barons give subsections of land to?
Knights.
292
Who did knights control on their land?
Peasants.
293
Give an example of a Churchmen who was powerful and a land owner.
Odo.
294
Who did William use to control the Welsh borders?
William Fitzosbern.
295
What was Williams realisation?
Knowledge is Power.
296
What did English think William was working with God on?
The Domesday book.
297
How did William control the land?
Building castles
Giving land to the church
The Domesday book
298
Why did William want to make the Domesday book?
He wanted to know who could fight for him and how much he could tax.
299
What was a time?
A 10% payment made to the church.
300
What did the Domesday book not include?
Scotland and Wales
A lot of the North; commissioners were scared
No women
London and Winchester
301
What happened if someone that gave false information to the people making the Domesday book?
They would be punished either with a fine all by being whipped.
302
What was the common view about the Domesday book during the Norman era?
It was disliked.
303
When was the Domesday book written?
From 1085 to 1086.
304
How was the Domesday book written?
Commissioners, guards and scribes visited towns to ask questions and note the answers.
305
What sort of questions were asked for the domesday book?
How much land is owned
What type of land is this
How many animals do you keep
306
Why is the Domesday book useful to us?
It is a primary source of information from that time.
It estimates the size of the population
Gives information about before William and after William
307
Why is the Domesday book not useful to us?
It has limited use and is hard to read
It misses out areas of the country
It does not include women
308
Who did Walter Tirel purposely/ accidentally kill?
William the second.
309
What else could explain William the second death?
Anonymous assassination
| Accidental shot
310
Why may Walter Tyrell have killed William the second?
To become King
His Norman background
William's behaviour towards him
311
Before the Normans invaded England how was England divided?
Into shires.
312
How often did the shires meet before the Normans invaded England?
Twice a year.
313
What did meetings of the shires discussed before the Normans?
Cases involving the land disputes, crime, taxes and rebellions.
314
How was England divided after the Norman invasion?
Earldoms were placed with smaller Norman earldoms and castles were built.
315
How was inheritance handled before the Normans invaded England?
It was common to divide land amongst families.
316
How was inheritance handled after the Normans invaded England?
Normans introduced the feudal system vital earldoms remained intact and not split after a father's death.
317
What were people made to value before the Normans invaded England?
People's words or promises, especially the alliance known as the 'common oath'.
318
If a family member committed a crime in England before the Normans invaded what would happen as a punishment?
The whole family would suffer e.g. Exile for the criminal and family.
319
What did Norman's introduce after they invaded England?
Murdrum fines.
320
Give an example of murdrum fine.
If any Norman Earl were to be murdered the whole area around where criminal lived would be heavily fined.
321
What did the murdrum fine also extend to?
Any Norman who was attacked or injured by an Anglo-Saxon.
322
Why was the fine extended to this?
New Norman earls with vulnerable to attack by local Anglo-Saxons.
323
What do changes in inheritance laws and introduction of fines in comparison to brutal punishment show?
A modern approach.
324
Instead of criminals paying compensations to the families of victims, who were they to pay?
The government.
325
Why were laws written rather than oral?
They were easier to enforce.
326
What language was spoken after the Norman conquest?
Latin.
327
What declined after 1066?
English writing.
328
What was trial by ordeal based upon?
Judgement by God.
329
If someone who was going through the ordeal was innocent, what would happen?
They would be saved by God.
330
Anglo Saxons had ordeal by water and fire. What ordeal did the Normans introduce?
Ordeal by combat.
331
Briefly describe ordeal by fire.
Arm is put into a cauldron of boiling water
Walk three paces
Bandage
If it's starting to heal after three days they were innocent
If no healing occurred after three days they were guilty
332
Briefly describe ordeal by water.
Charged is strapped into a chair and thrown into a lake
If they sank they were innocent
If they floated they were guilty and executed
Accused would die in either case by drowning or execution
333
Briefly describe ordeal by combat.
Noblemen accused would fight attacker
Winner was correct
Loser was wrong unusually dead by the end
334
William was an avid hunter and therefore did not accept what?
The population hunting on his land.
335
Where did the peasants live?
In cottages.
336
What did peasants grow on strips of land?
Crops.
337
Where did peasants graze their animals?
On common land
338
How did the rich live in Norman times?
They lived off of rent paid by tenants and to produce grown by peasants
Knights spent time to perfect military skills
They had a bad diet and ate lots of meat
339
How did the poor live in Norman times?
```
They have strips of land to farm
Did handwork
Ate porridge and soup
The only sweet food was fruit
They have small gardens
```
340
What difficulties did peasants face?
Lack of food/ famine
Bad weather
Illness
341
Give advantages of living in a Norman town.
Entertainment
Access
Education
Social life
342
Give the disadvantages of living in a Norman town?
Waste
| Illness
343
Give examples of towns.
York
Chester
Winchester
344
Why did William like towns?
Had to pay in cash.
345
What did the church have influence over?
Politics
Education
Law
346
How do we know William the first was very religious?
He had a papal banner at the Battle of Hastings.
347
Why do some believe William was a bad Christian?
He was brutal, violent and bad tempered.
348
What did William do to alter religion?
He built more churches
He built more cathedrals
He replaced bishops with the more supportive ones(Normans)
349
Give the advantages of Pevensey's moat.
Deters enemies
| Slows them down
350
Give the advantages of the D shaped walls.
They cannot be dug under
They are strong
They are hard to climb
351
What did Norman's use castles as?
A control.
352
What did Norman castles represent/ symbolise?
Their suppression of Anglo-Saxons.
353
Why were castles deliberately tall?
To purposely intimidate.
354
Where was Pevensey built?
On sites of strategic importance
| On the coast to protect against invasion
355
Approximately how many motte and Bailey castles were built by the Normans?
500.
356
When was Pevensey first built?
209 A.D.
357
What was the Roman name for this area?
Andreida.
358
What was the Saxon Shore?
The 9 forts along the coastline which faced attack from Saxon pirates.
359
What may the Romans have done at Pevensey?
Corresponded with castles over in France and possibly had small navies attached.
360
After the Romans left Pevensey what did its walls continue to provide?
Shelter for the British.
361
What was Britain prone to?
Invasion.
362
Why was Britain easy to invade?
It is an Island and has lots of rivers.
363
Why would Britain want to be invaded?
It was seen as rich.
364
Why was William's arrival at Pevensey a good thing?
It had a natural harbour to disembark his troops on
It had a shallow beach
It was a defensible site
365
What did William do when he arrived at pevensey?
Immediate fortification
Ordered a ditch to be cut across peninsula
Soldiers to burn villages and steal animals
366
Define the term 'rape'.
A section of land.
367
Why was Pevensey a good site?
```
It was on the coast
It had good farmland
It was near connecting areas of land
It was opposite Normandy
If a rebellion occurred William could escape
```
368
What was Pevensey the first example of?
William using castles to control.
369
What did castle dominate?
English towns.
370
Why would these castles not provide a permanent advantage?
They were made out of local materials
No specialist skills were required to build them
They were easy to burn down
They rot quickly
371
How did William make it harder for other foreign invaders to repeat the Normans successful invasion?
They will now faced with fortified towns, residents and large castles.
372
Briefly describe the siege story.
In 1088 rebellion occurred against the new King William
Barons were not happy to have two Kings as they owned land in both Normandy and England
English barons wanted Robert to rule both
William Rufus faced rebellion in England
He marched troops to Pevensey Castle
He besieges Pevensey by land and sea for six weeks
Eventually Robert Morton who owns pevensey runs out of supplies and surrenders to William Rufus
Robert does not invade
William allows Robert Mortain to keep Pevensey
In 1100 William Rufus dies Henry the first takes England and hold control of Pevensey.
373
Define the term 'investiture'.
To give someone something and they swear an oath for you.
374
A conflict between the Pope and other European leaders happened over what?
Whether the monarchy had the right to appoint clergy their officials.
375
When was a compromise met?
1107.
376
What was the compromise?
The Pope was allowed to appoint the churchmen but had to swear loyalty to the king.
377
Define the term 'monasticism'.
Having monks and nuns in your country.
378
Define the term 'abbey'.
A large church where monks and nuns go.
379
What did William do to show penance?
Built Battle Abbey.
380
Most monks in England were Benedictine, what did this mean?
No meat
No speaking
Two meals a day
Eight services a day from 2 AM to 6 PM
381
Who did William replace Saxon priors and abbots with?
Normans.
382
What changes did William make?
Stricter rules
Norman leaders
New order
383
Who were one of the few groups of people that could read and write in Norman times?
Monks and clergymen.
384
What's language was written in?
Latin.
385
Which language was spoken/ taught in schools?
Latin and Anglo-French.
