PAPER 2 Flashcards
What did people in the Middle Ages believe about the body?
It was made up of 4 Humours.
What are the 4 Humours?
Blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm.
When was Hippocrates alive?
460BC-370BC
When was Galen alive?
130AD -216AD
What did Hippocrates believe?
If you are healthy the humours are balanced; if you are ill you have imbalanced humours.
Give an example of Hippocrates belief about nosebleeds.
You have too much blood and to cure this you need to get rid of it or produce more of the imbalanced humours.
What did Galen do?
He developed the 4 Humours by investigation the “Theory of Opposites”.
What is a clinical observation?
A Ancient Greek method which Medieval doctors followed. It is the observation of a patient, to produce the diagnosis of a disease.
What two things did Medieval doctors tend to concentrate on?
A pulse and note the colour, smell and taste of ones urine.
How many years at University could it take for a Medieval doctor to qualify?
At least 7 years.
How were surgeons trained in the Medieval period?
As apprentices.
How did doctors learn in the Medieval period?
By listening to lectures and debating about what they have read in books.
What did wise women offer?
Traditional remedies for illnesses.
How were wis women paid in comparison to doctors in the Medieval period?
In goods her than expenses.
Give an example remedy that a wise woman may offer.
A willow leaf - as they have natural pain killers.
What was one of the earliest remedy books?
The Leech book of Bald.
Give ways in which Christianity held back medicine in the Middle Ages.
The Church encouraged prayer and superstition
The Church mostly banned direction of human corpses
The Church encouraged the belief that illness was a punishment from God
Give ways in which Christianity progressed medicine in the Middle Ages.
The Church encouraged people to go on Crusades - when travelling to the Middle East they came in contact with Muslim doctors.
What had major influence in the Middle Ages?
The Church and religion.
Why did the Church and Religion have such big impacts in the Middle Ages?
Many people could not read nor write.
What was Medieval society?
More religious than scientific.
What was all education controlled by?
The Church.
Give four Medieval beliefs about the cause of illness/ disease.
Miasma Theory
4 Humours
Religion
Astrology
What did Christians do when in the presence of someone sick?
They would look after them but not treat/ attempt to cure them as it would be going against God.
Give two sites of Medieval hospitals & asylums.
London and Bedlam.
What did Monasteries have that could provide treatment to the sick and poor?
Infirmaries.
Give an example of a large hospital during the middle Ages.
St Leonard’s in York.
When was Al Razi alive?
865-925BC
What did Al Razi do?
He stressed the importance of careful observation of patients and distinguished the difference between measles and smallpox for the first time.
How many books did Al Razi write?
Over 150.
Give the controversial title of one of Al Razi’s books.
Doubts about Galen.
Why was Baghdad important to medicine?
It became the centre of translation for Greek manuscripts into the language of Islamic Arabic.
What did Prophet Muhammad inspire people to do?
“Seek learning even as far as China” and said “For every disease Allah has given a cure”.
What did Baghdad do in the Middle Ages?
Treat patients, not simply care for them
Provide medical care for EVERYONE
Doctors were permanently present
Looked for cures
What did Christians do in the Middle Ages?
Cared for patients - no treatment
Only provided medical care for certain people
Doctors were not always present.
Give two Muslim doctors who were influential in Western Medicine.
Al Razi and Ibn Sina.
What did Padua and Bologna in Italy soon become?
The best places to study medicine in Europe.
How did medical ideas reach England?
Through trade, as merchants brought new equipment, books and drugs.
Who practiced sugary in the Middle Ages?
Barber surgeons and their apprentices.
What four operations were most common in the Middle Ages?
Amputation
Blood letting
Trepanning
Eye- couching
In what three ways did doctors in the Middle Ages deal with problems of pain and blood-loss?
Cauterising
Alcohol
Calming tea
Why were towns in the Medieval period unhealthy places to live?
People lived close together
Few regulations about waste disposal
Clean water was in short supply
Butchers bout live animals into the town to slaughter
How did monasteries help?
They knew the dangers of filth and dirt
Carefully extracted drinking water from upstream rivers and streams
They had physic gardens where treatments were grown
Give the attempt at solution for: towns built near rivers - threat of waterborne diseases.
Councils tried to stop river pollution.
Give the attempt at solution for: pipes made of lead.
THEY DID NOT KNOW LEAD WAS POISONOUS
Give the attempt at solution for: pipes made of wood.
THEY DID NOT KNOW WET WOOD WAS A BREEDING GROUND FOR BACTERIA
Give the attempt at solution for: waster removed via streams - where people collected their drinking water.
People left money in their wills to build and maintain privies.
Give the attempt at solution for: drains clogged with waste and often overflown.
Rich people had servants sweep the streets.
Give the attempt at solution for: leather tanners which used dangerous chemicals & butchers dumping blood and guts in rivers.
Local craft guides tried to restrict skilled workers activities.
Give two key health problems present in the Middle Ages.
Getting clean water and disposal of personal business/ waste.
Define the term ‘laissez-faire’.
A policy of minimal government involvement.
Give some facts about monasteries in the Middle Ages.
Built from brick - insulation
In the countryside - isolated
Strictly organised
Wealth was astronomical
Give symptoms of the Black Death.
Spasms/ fits Tremors Dark bruises Headache Vomiting Buboes
How would someone have gotten the Black Death in the Medieval period?
Rats carried infected fleas
Fleas bite the lower half of humans
Disease infects the blood
Blood circulates round the body
When did the Black Death lay dormant in England?
The 1340s.
When did the Black Death mutate and Become the Great Plague (making it airborne)?
The 1600s.
What is the scientific name for the strand of bacteria that caused the plague?
Yersiniz Pestis.
What were the impacts of the Renaissance in England?
The printing press became a huge method of transferring knowledge
Travel improved
Anatomy knowledge and art work helped teaching and discoveries in English Universities
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
A Belgian medical student who believed said everything that Galen had said.
What did Vesalius discover as a professor?
A text highlighting many of Galen’s mistakes.
What did Vesalius receive after the release of his book?
Heavy criticism.
Why did Vesalius receive heavy criticism for his book?
He had overturned centuries of belief that Galen had covered.
What did Abroise Pare become?
The most famous surgeon in Europe.
What did Pare publish?
Many books with illustrations.
What did Pare promote?
The use of ligatures and amputations.
What did Pare believe about cauterising?
It was cruel.
What did Pare design?
False limbs.
Who did Pare admire and what did he do?
Vesalius and copied his work from Latin to French.
Where did William Harvey study?
Cambridge University.
What theory did Harvey come up with?
The theory that the heart pumps the blood around the body and in a continuous circle.
Why did Harvey wait to publish his theory?
Due to high belief and trust in Galen.
What did Harvey prove?
Blood could only flow one way.
How long did it take for Harvey’s ideas to be taught at universities?
50 years.
What did the mnemonic plague affect?
The lungs.
What did the bubonic plague affect?
The glands.
When did the Great Plague break out in London?
Spring 1665.
When did the Great Plague in England most likely come from and why?
Holland as there hd been a plague there a few yers prior.
Why did the disease spread quickly?
The summer of 1665 was extremely hot.
When was the Great fire of London?
1666.
What did the plague show?
Medicine hadn’t massively improved
Knowledge surrounding the causes of disease had not improved
The King and government started to take responsibility for public health
What did people in the Middle Ages do in attempt to stop the plague?
Public meetings were banned Streets were swept Cats were killed Religious people prayed (and fasted) Diets changed Tobacco was smoked to ward off miasma Plague victims were sealed inside their houses
What occurred due to the religious conflict between Henry 8th and the Catholic Church?
The King closed down Catholic monasteries.
What happened to hospitals in the early 18th Century?
They had better care and wards unlike before when patients had to share beds.
How did the King help hospitals?
He gave money to help start them (eg St Bartholomew’s and St Thomas’).
What was the treatment of patients in the 18th Century still based upon?
The 4 Humours.
Where did a doctors main income come from?
Private patients.
What happened in the 18th Century surrounding Child Mortality rates?
They became more widely recognised.
By 1800, how many people were London’s hospitals handling a year?
20,000.
How many patients could a hospital in the 1400s hold?
10.
What was small pox?
A highly infectious virus that was communicable, killing 30% of those who caught it.
Give some symptoms of small pox.
Headache
Fever
Rash
Pus filled blisters
In Medieval Asia, what had been used to prevent small pox?
The basic method of inoculation.
What is inoculation?
Scratching the pus or scabs from victims onto healthy people.
In 1721, who was inoculation demanded by?
Lady Montagu.
What were the problems with inoculation?
Strong religious believers were against the process
Germs and infections were still not fully understood
Sometimes a strong dose of small pox was given - which could kill
Any inoculated person could still pass on small pox
Poor people could not afford inoculation
Who was Edward Jenner?
An apprentice to a country surgeon.
What did Jenner publish?
A book on vaccination.
When was Jenner appointed physician to King George 4th?
1821.
Who did Jenner test his cow pox - small pox theory on?
An 8year old boy.
Why did Jenner call his cow pox inoculation technique vaccination?
The Latin word for cow is vacca.
How many times did Jenner test his theory?
16 times.
When did Jenner publish his vaccination findings?
1798.
Why did some people find Jenner’s theory hard to believe/ trust?
He could not explain it.
When did Jenner receive £10,000 from the government for his research?
1807.
When did the British government make small pox vaccination compulsory?
1853.
What was Thomas Sydenham’s nickname?
The ‘English Hippocrates’.
What did Sydenham do?
Advanced theories of Galen and Hippocrates.
What were the the three things always considered in medicine and surgery?
Bleeding, infection and pain.
When was nitrous oxide used as an anaesthetic?
1795.
When was ether used as an anaesthetic?
1842.
When was chloroform used as an anaesthetic?
1847.
What is nitrous oxide used for?
Relaxation.
Who discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide?
Beddos and Davy.
Who discovered ether?
Clark.
What did Clark use ether for?
A tooth extraction.
Give three problems of ether.
Difficult to inhale
Casuses vomiting
Highly flammable
Who discovered chloroform?
Simpson.
Who used chloroform in childbirth?
Queen Victoria.
What was a problem of chloroform?
It was easily overdosed.
Give an example of who overdosed on chloroform.
Hannah Greener.
What did and didn’t the discovery of anaesthetic mean?
Surgery was not suddenly successful and safe, but it did advance it in a way that a source of pain relief had been found.
What did Louis Pasteur prove?
That germs are all around and some of them could cause disease.
What was Pasteur?
A chemist - not a doctor.
What was Pasteur unable to do?
nk his germ theory to humans.
What did Pasteur go against?
Miasma and spontaneous illness.
In the Middle Ages, what did people believe caused disease?
Lepors.
When was the first microscope invented?
1677.
What did Francesco Redi say?
By boiling a liquid, microbes would not appear.
Why did John Needham believe he had disproved Redi’s findings?
He had contaminated equipment.
What did many believe about illness in the 1700s?
It was spontaneous.
What does specificity mean?
The belief that not all microbes are the same and the certain ones (bacteria/ germs) actually cause specific diseases.
What did anti-contagonists say in the 1800s?
Cleaning up the environment would stop epidemics.
What did Thomas Wells say in 1864?
Infection wa spread through contact with an infected person or bacteria.
What did surgeons have to do by the end of the 1800s?
Be well-scrubbed
Wearing gowns
Wear gloves (new, flexible)
Sterilize their equipment
What had Bastian written many articles on?
Spontaneous generation.
Who defended Pasteur’s Germ Theory?
Tyndall.
What occurred due to Prince Albert’s death?
A raised awareness of Typhoid fever.
Give Robert Koch’s method of identifying specific diseases.
Bacteria are taken from a dead animal Bacteria are grown in a pure culture Bacteria are identified Bacteria are injected into a healthy animal The disease affects the second animal Bacteria are taken from this animal Disease-causing bacteria are grown in a pure culture Identical bacteria are identified
What did Robert Koch discover?
How to stain and grow bacteria in a Petri dish.
Give the factors which advanced the Germ Theory.
Luck Teamwork War Individuals Communication Government & finance War
Why did public health dramatically decline in the 19th Century in British towns?
Britain had a major population explosion. All over the country people flocked to cities for work.
What was the population in London in 1801 compared to 1851?
957,000 - 2,362,000.
When was the first noted outbreak of Cholera in Britain and where did it come from?
1831, from India.
How many people were killed due to the outbreak of cholera in 1831?
50,000.
Give some symptoms of cholera.
Violent vomiting
Painful diarrhoea
Black skin
Comas
Who was Edwin Chadwick and what did he believe caused the cholera outbreak?
A lawyer who believed in the theory of miasma.
Who was John Snow and what did he believe caused the cholera outbreak?
A doctor who believed it was spread via water.
Why were the people scared about cholera?
They didn’t know what caused it and had never experienced something with such devastating effects.
Give two points from Chadwick’s report.
To better public health
“More people killed by filth and bad ventilation than wars.”
What did many people believe about politicians?
That they had in right to meddle in private lives.
When was the Public Health Act introduced and what did it say?
1848, an improvement would be made to public health.
How did Snow prove that cholera was not carried through the air?
Snow found that all victims in a small area got their water from the Broad Street Water Pump
He asked permission to remove the handle
People were forced to use another
There were no more deaths in the street
What happened in the summer of 1858?
A heat wave caused a filthy River Thames to smell worse than ever.
What’s the Sanitary Ac in 1866?
It made local councils responsible for sewers, water and streets cleaning; each town must’ve a health inspector.
What was the Artisans Dwelling Act in 1875?
This made house owners responsible for keeping properties clean; councils were to demolish slums.
What was the Second Public Health Act in 1875?
Local councils were forced to appoint Medical officers, keep streets clean, provide lighting and fresh water.
What was the Sale of Food and Drugs Act in 1875?
Guidlines for the the quality of foods and medicines was introduced.
What is penicillin?
The first man made antibiotic.
What happened before penicillin?
Many died fro bacterial infections that are no longer considered dangerous today.
What is penicillin made from?
A mould called penicillium.
When was penicillin first discovered and who by?
In the 19th Century by John Sanderson.
In the 1880s, what did Joseph Lister plan to test penicillin on?
Infected wounds.
What did Lister do?
He successfully treated a nurses wound but took no notes and stopped his research.
When was Fleming born?
1881.
Where did Fleming study bacteriology?
London University.
What did Florey and Chain do?
Brought about the success of penicillin during WW2.
What did Florey do 3days after WW2 broke out?
He asked the British government for research money.
How many allied soldiers are estimated to have died without penicillin?
12-15%.
What did penicillin do for soldiers in the war?
Roughly halved the average time an allied soldier spent in hospital.
What did penicillin have the ability to kill?
Staphylococcus.
Who made huge strides in discovering the Germ Theory?
Pasteur and Koch.
Who discovered ‘magic bullets’?
Ehrlich.
What were magic bullets?
A chemical cure for specific bacteria, eg. syphilis.
What was there no magic bullet for?
Staphylococcus.
When did the two researchers look further into Fleming’s discovery?
1930s.
How much in funds did Florey and Chain receive from the British government?
£25.
Why did a policeman with a blood infection die even after being treated by Florey and Chain?
They had poor equipment and ran out of penicillin (as it is very hard to grow).
What was a massive factor in the massive production of penicillin?
WW2.
Give some developments made in the 20th Century.
British army began the routine use of blood transfusions in the treatment of soldiers
US army doctors realised the use of stockpiling blood
1917, first blood bank was established on Western Front
What was used to prevent blood from coagulating and becoming unusable?
Sodium Citrate.
What were some problems with blood banks?
Blood could not be stored for long
When blood is taken it clots easily
Blood types need to match
Lack of sterilisation leads to infection
How was x-ray discovered?
Through luck.
Who discovered x-ray and when was it discovered?
By Rontgen in 1895.
Why was it named ‘x-ray’?
It was not fully understood and it was dubbed x for its unexplainable nature.
When was DNA discovered?
1953.
What did the discovery of DNA offer?
An explanations for illnesses such as Down’s syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis.
What can TB and Septicaemia be treated with?
Antibiotics.
Give example of vaccinations.
Polio
Measles
Mumps
Why are the use of antibiotics becoming a problem?
Strains of bacteria are becoming resistant, eg. MRSA.
What are the two biggest killers in the UK?
cancer and circulatory diseases.
When was keyhole surgery first done?
1901.
What was good about keyhole surgery?
Hygienic Fast Less anaesthetic Cheap Precise Less scaring
Give examples of technological improvements in medicine.
Fibre optics
Lasers
Synthetic fabric
How was surgery improved by WW1?
Blood transfusions Shell shock X-rays Plastic surgery Infection treatments Broken bones
How was surgery improved by WW2?
Heart surgery NHS Hygiene and disease Drug development Poverty Diet
What did the Victorians achieve?
Children went to school
Slum clearance schemes
Most houses had piped water and lavatories connected to a sewage system
Work hours reduced and conditions improved
When was the Boer war?
1899.
How many men were unfit to be soldiers in the Boer war?
40%.
What was Booth’s report?
Discovered that 30% of condoners were so poor they didn’t have enough money to eat properly despite having full time jobs. Linked poverty and high death rate.
What was Rowntree’s report?
28% did not have the minimum amount of money to live at some time in their lives. Fuelled fears that the unhealthy state of Britain’s workers could lead to the decline of industrial power.
When was the School Meals Act introduced to Britain?
1906.
By 1914, how many school children had free meals?
158,000.
What was introduced to schools in 1907?
School medical service.
What was introduced in 1908?
‘The Children’s and Long Person’s Act’ - children could go into protective care if neglected.
Give examples of what a welfare state provides for children.
Clinics Cheap or free food School dinners Free dental care Free spectacles
Give examples of what a welfare state provides for adults.
Free doctors and hospitals Cheap medicines Sick pay Unemployment pay Maternity grants
Give examples of what a welfare state provides for the elderly.
Retirement pensions
Special homes
Financial help for funeral costs
Define the term ‘welfare state’.
A system which the government aims to help those in need.
Who provided healthcare in the 1900s?
Charities and the Church.
What was the Beverage report about and when was it published?
The State of Britain, 1942.
What were the ‘five giants’ from Beverage’s report?
Disease Want Ignorance Idleness Squalor
Who was the founder of the NHS?
Aneurin Bevan.
How was England described before 1066?
Sophisticated.
What was the population of England before 1066?
2million.
What was the religion of England before 1066?
Catholic Christian.
Who ruled England from 1042?
Edward the Confessor.
Define the term ‘earl’.
A man of great influence who ran his own area of the country (earldom).
When was Godwin an earl?
1001-1053.
Where was earl Godwin born?
Sussex.
Who was Earl Godwin married to?
A Danish Princess.
How was earl Godwin and King Edwards relationship described?
Complex.
When was Godwin’s major dispute with Edward and what did it result in?
1052, Exile from England.
What did Godwin do to be reinstated and have his land and power back?
Publicly apologise to the King.
What happens when Edward dies?
Godwinson crowns himself.
What was the battle of Stamford Bridge?
A long and bloody battle between Godwinson and Hadrada. Results in Hadrada and Tostig’s death.
How long was it before William invaded?
3days.
With the decision to rest his army or head straight into battle with William, what did Godwinson do?
Immediately left to confront the Norman.
How many soldiers did both the Normans and Anglo-Saxons have?
7000.
What weapons did the Anglos have?
Double handed axes
Pikes
Circular shields
What weapons did the Normans have?
Bows
Tear shaped shields
Pikes
What was the English battle style?
Shield wall.
What was the Norman battle style?
Infantry on foot, archers, flags to communicate and lights on horseback.
Where was Harold during the battle of Hastings?
In the centre of the shied wall on foot.
Where was William during the battle of Hastings?
On a horse.
Where were the English positioned during the battle of Hastings?
At the top of Senlac Hill.
Where were the Normans positioned during the battle of Hastings?
The base of the hill on marshy land.
What was Harold’s experience prior to the battle of Hastings?
He was general and successfully fought against the Welsh and Vikings.
What was William’s experience prior to the battle of Hastings?
He had conquered many areas around Normandy and as far as Sicily.
What was the state of Harold’s army at the battle of Hastings?
He had just marched his army north in four days to face Hadrada; then south to face William.
What was the state of William’s army at the battle of Hastings?
They had arrived at Hastings with several days to rest and prepare.
What extra support did the Anglo-Saxons have?
Harold was popular among the Saxons and had support of the Witan.
What extra support did the Normans have?
The Duke had the support of the young King Philip of France and the Pope.
When was William prepared to launch his invasion?
August 11th, 1066.
What delayed William’s set off?
The weather.
When did William arrive at Pevensey and King Harold marched his army south?
September 28th, 1066.
When did Harold and the remnants of his army real London?
October 6th, 1066.
When did King Harold leave London - choosing no to wait for 30,000 reinforcements?
October 11th, 1066.
When did Harold reach South Downs?
October 13th, 1066.
How did William provoke Harold on his way to the battle site?
He attacks and burned villages as he went.
When did the battle of Hastings begin?
9am.
What did the Normans do at the start of the battle?
They walked up Senlac hill and fired a volley of arrows.
Why did the first set of arrows fail?
The Normans were too close so the arrows flew over the heads of Anglo-Saxons.
When the Norman infantry charge up the hill why did they not to make it very far?
They were blocked by the house columns.
What was the Anglo-Saxons main form of defence?
The shield wall.
What’s happened after the first failed Norman attack?
A section of the Norman army ran away from the Norman line.
When the members of the fyrd ran after them, why did they realise this was a bad idea?
They quickly became stuck in the marshy land and was soon slaughtered by the Normans.
What did the tactic of Normans running away become known as?
Feigned retreat.
What happened around midday?
A break was called for both sides to remove their dead and wounded.
What did William do to change after this?
His archers moved behind the infantry and arrows hit Anglo-Saxons straight on.
What lead to heavy casualties on both sides?
William’s order of cavalry to charge.
What did the Normans do to get Harold soldiers out of formation?
They deployed their feigned retreat.
What had happened to the Anglo-Saxons shield wall by 4 PM?
It was beginning to disintegrate and the Normans began to get through the sides.
What did the remaining house carls do to defend Harold?
They got into defensive positions around him.
What made the fyrd break ranks and flee?
Harold’s death.
Define the term ‘fyrd’.
Saxon volunteer/ amateur soldiers - mainly farmers and peasants.
Define the term ‘house carls’.
Saxon professional (paid) trained soldiers.
Define the term ‘cavalry’.
Soldiers on horseback.
Define the term ‘infantry’.
Soldiers on foot.
Define the term ‘mercenary’.
Paid soldiers who will fight for anyone.
Give some reasons for William’s win.
Army makeup Preparations Tactics Luck Harold's bad luck Anglo-Saxon's fatigue
How do we know about the battle of Hastings?
The Bayeux Tapestry
Writings
The actual site
What did rebellions most likely not have?
Support from the King, Queen or government.
What is the Civil War?
Civilians of the same country fighting.
Who did the first rebellion against the new King from?
Edwin and Morcar.
Who were Edwin and Morcar?
Two of the most powerful remaining Saxons in London.
What was guaranteed if William killed Edwin and Morcar?
Murder.
Define the term ‘Ad Hoc’.
Dealing with something as it occurs.
What was William’s plan?
To build castles, religion and good system.
Give some causes of the Harrying.
North Englishman’s hate of William
Edgar attacking York
Danish Vikings invading
What were the events of the Harrying?
William salted and burned land
Northern land was taken
Over 80% of Yorkshire became unpopulated
What was the significance of the Harrying?
William made a statement and showed his ruthlessness
The value of the North was made clear
It was one of the last times Vikings invaded England
It became known in the Domesday book
Why was Hereward the Wake’s rebellion significant?
It was the last full-scale rebellion against William
William had changed his tactics and was flexible in this situation
Vikings interfered with British politics
What were Knights supposed to do?
Fight for William.
How would Knights get out of their duty?
They could pay a fee called scutage.
How was land in England divided during Williams reign?
25% of the land was given to the church
50% of the land was given to tenants
Who were the highest in all of society?
Earls.
Give examples of earldoms.
Mercia
Northumbria
Wessex
East Anglia
Give examples of smaller earldoms.
Chester
Hereford
Norfolk
When William gave land to people what was it called?
Patronage.
Who did earls give subsections of land to?
Barons.
Who did barons give subsections of land to?
Knights.
Who did knights control on their land?
Peasants.
Give an example of a Churchmen who was powerful and a land owner.
Odo.
Who did William use to control the Welsh borders?
William Fitzosbern.
What was Williams realisation?
Knowledge is Power.
What did English think William was working with God on?
The Domesday book.
How did William control the land?
Building castles
Giving land to the church
The Domesday book
Why did William want to make the Domesday book?
He wanted to know who could fight for him and how much he could tax.
What was a time?
A 10% payment made to the church.
What did the Domesday book not include?
Scotland and Wales
A lot of the North; commissioners were scared
No women
London and Winchester
What happened if someone that gave false information to the people making the Domesday book?
They would be punished either with a fine all by being whipped.
What was the common view about the Domesday book during the Norman era?
It was disliked.
When was the Domesday book written?
From 1085 to 1086.
How was the Domesday book written?
Commissioners, guards and scribes visited towns to ask questions and note the answers.
What sort of questions were asked for the domesday book?
How much land is owned
What type of land is this
How many animals do you keep
Why is the Domesday book useful to us?
It is a primary source of information from that time.
It estimates the size of the population
Gives information about before William and after William
Why is the Domesday book not useful to us?
It has limited use and is hard to read
It misses out areas of the country
It does not include women
Who did Walter Tirel purposely/ accidentally kill?
William the second.
What else could explain William the second death?
Anonymous assassination
Accidental shot
Why may Walter Tyrell have killed William the second?
To become King
His Norman background
William’s behaviour towards him
Before the Normans invaded England how was England divided?
Into shires.
How often did the shires meet before the Normans invaded England?
Twice a year.
What did meetings of the shires discussed before the Normans?
Cases involving the land disputes, crime, taxes and rebellions.
How was England divided after the Norman invasion?
Earldoms were placed with smaller Norman earldoms and castles were built.
How was inheritance handled before the Normans invaded England?
It was common to divide land amongst families.
How was inheritance handled after the Normans invaded England?
Normans introduced the feudal system vital earldoms remained intact and not split after a father’s death.
What were people made to value before the Normans invaded England?
People’s words or promises, especially the alliance known as the ‘common oath’.
If a family member committed a crime in England before the Normans invaded what would happen as a punishment?
The whole family would suffer e.g. Exile for the criminal and family.
What did Norman’s introduce after they invaded England?
Murdrum fines.
Give an example of murdrum fine.
If any Norman Earl were to be murdered the whole area around where criminal lived would be heavily fined.
What did the murdrum fine also extend to?
Any Norman who was attacked or injured by an Anglo-Saxon.
Why was the fine extended to this?
New Norman earls with vulnerable to attack by local Anglo-Saxons.
What do changes in inheritance laws and introduction of fines in comparison to brutal punishment show?
A modern approach.
Instead of criminals paying compensations to the families of victims, who were they to pay?
The government.
Why were laws written rather than oral?
They were easier to enforce.
What language was spoken after the Norman conquest?
Latin.
What declined after 1066?
English writing.
What was trial by ordeal based upon?
Judgement by God.
If someone who was going through the ordeal was innocent, what would happen?
They would be saved by God.
Anglo Saxons had ordeal by water and fire. What ordeal did the Normans introduce?
Ordeal by combat.
Briefly describe ordeal by fire.
Arm is put into a cauldron of boiling water
Walk three paces
Bandage
If it’s starting to heal after three days they were innocent
If no healing occurred after three days they were guilty
Briefly describe ordeal by water.
Charged is strapped into a chair and thrown into a lake
If they sank they were innocent
If they floated they were guilty and executed
Accused would die in either case by drowning or execution
Briefly describe ordeal by combat.
Noblemen accused would fight attacker
Winner was correct
Loser was wrong unusually dead by the end
William was an avid hunter and therefore did not accept what?
The population hunting on his land.
Where did the peasants live?
In cottages.
What did peasants grow on strips of land?
Crops.
Where did peasants graze their animals?
On common land
How did the rich live in Norman times?
They lived off of rent paid by tenants and to produce grown by peasants
Knights spent time to perfect military skills
They had a bad diet and ate lots of meat
How did the poor live in Norman times?
They have strips of land to farm Did handwork Ate porridge and soup The only sweet food was fruit They have small gardens
What difficulties did peasants face?
Lack of food/ famine
Bad weather
Illness
Give advantages of living in a Norman town.
Entertainment
Access
Education
Social life
Give the disadvantages of living in a Norman town?
Waste
Illness
Give examples of towns.
York
Chester
Winchester
Why did William like towns?
Had to pay in cash.
What did the church have influence over?
Politics
Education
Law
How do we know William the first was very religious?
He had a papal banner at the Battle of Hastings.
Why do some believe William was a bad Christian?
He was brutal, violent and bad tempered.
What did William do to alter religion?
He built more churches
He built more cathedrals
He replaced bishops with the more supportive ones(Normans)
Give the advantages of Pevensey’s moat.
Deters enemies
Slows them down
Give the advantages of the D shaped walls.
They cannot be dug under
They are strong
They are hard to climb
What did Norman’s use castles as?
A control.
What did Norman castles represent/ symbolise?
Their suppression of Anglo-Saxons.
Why were castles deliberately tall?
To purposely intimidate.
Where was Pevensey built?
On sites of strategic importance
On the coast to protect against invasion
Approximately how many motte and Bailey castles were built by the Normans?
500.
When was Pevensey first built?
209 A.D.
What was the Roman name for this area?
Andreida.
What was the Saxon Shore?
The 9 forts along the coastline which faced attack from Saxon pirates.
What may the Romans have done at Pevensey?
Corresponded with castles over in France and possibly had small navies attached.
After the Romans left Pevensey what did its walls continue to provide?
Shelter for the British.
What was Britain prone to?
Invasion.
Why was Britain easy to invade?
It is an Island and has lots of rivers.
Why would Britain want to be invaded?
It was seen as rich.
Why was William’s arrival at Pevensey a good thing?
It had a natural harbour to disembark his troops on
It had a shallow beach
It was a defensible site
What did William do when he arrived at pevensey?
Immediate fortification
Ordered a ditch to be cut across peninsula
Soldiers to burn villages and steal animals
Define the term ‘rape’.
A section of land.
Why was Pevensey a good site?
It was on the coast It had good farmland It was near connecting areas of land It was opposite Normandy If a rebellion occurred William could escape
What was Pevensey the first example of?
William using castles to control.
What did castle dominate?
English towns.
Why would these castles not provide a permanent advantage?
They were made out of local materials
No specialist skills were required to build them
They were easy to burn down
They rot quickly
How did William make it harder for other foreign invaders to repeat the Normans successful invasion?
They will now faced with fortified towns, residents and large castles.
Briefly describe the siege story.
In 1088 rebellion occurred against the new King William
Barons were not happy to have two Kings as they owned land in both Normandy and England
English barons wanted Robert to rule both
William Rufus faced rebellion in England
He marched troops to Pevensey Castle
He besieges Pevensey by land and sea for six weeks
Eventually Robert Morton who owns pevensey runs out of supplies and surrenders to William Rufus
Robert does not invade
William allows Robert Mortain to keep Pevensey
In 1100 William Rufus dies Henry the first takes England and hold control of Pevensey.
Define the term ‘investiture’.
To give someone something and they swear an oath for you.
A conflict between the Pope and other European leaders happened over what?
Whether the monarchy had the right to appoint clergy their officials.
When was a compromise met?
1107.
What was the compromise?
The Pope was allowed to appoint the churchmen but had to swear loyalty to the king.
Define the term ‘monasticism’.
Having monks and nuns in your country.
Define the term ‘abbey’.
A large church where monks and nuns go.
What did William do to show penance?
Built Battle Abbey.
Most monks in England were Benedictine, what did this mean?
No meat
No speaking
Two meals a day
Eight services a day from 2 AM to 6 PM
Who did William replace Saxon priors and abbots with?
Normans.
What changes did William make?
Stricter rules
Norman leaders
New order
Who were one of the few groups of people that could read and write in Norman times?
Monks and clergymen.
What’s language was written in?
Latin.
Which language was spoken/ taught in schools?
Latin and Anglo-French.
