PAPER 1 Flashcards
When did WW1 begin?
August, 1914.
Who were the Germans and Austrians against in WW1?
Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Belgium.
What did young patriotic Germans believe about WW1?
That it would end quickly.
By 1918, what was Germany close to?
Collapse.
Who told German politicians that they could never win WW1?
General Ludendorff.
Give two qualities of General Ludendorff.
He was a leading German army general and a war hero.
Give two lacks caused by WW1 in Germany.
Lack of food and fuel.
What percentage of total trade was organised illegally on the Black Market?
35%.
What was the main British public view due to the events of WW1?
Anti-German.
What was one of Lloyd-George’s main concerns?
“Disease from the East” - communism.
What did Lloyd-George realise in private?
Britain needed Germany to recover as she was an important trading partner.
What three things did France want from the Treaty?
Security, Revenge and Reparations.
What did Clemenceau aim to make sure of?
That Germany could not invade France in the future.
Give WW1 death stats for Germany, France, Britain and the USA.
Germany: 1,750,00
France: 1,500,000
Britain: 900,000
USA; 114,000
What did the Treaty of Versailles say?
How Germany, Hungary and Austria would be punished.
Who were the ‘Big Four’?
Woodrow Wilson - USA
David Lloyd-George - Britain
Georges Clemenceau - France
Vittorio Orlando - Italy
What were Wilson’s three principles covered in his fourteen points?
Democracy, self determination and reduced armaments.
What did Wilson want the TOV to be based upon?
His 14 points.
What did Wilson wish to set up?
An international organisation to be known as the League of Nations - to settle disputes.
What did America want from the Treaty?
Germany to be punished but not so harshly that it would be left feeling resentful.
Why did the American public not support Wilson’s ‘LON’?
They were fed up with involvement in European affairs.
What were the contents of the TOV? (LAMB)
Land
Army
Money
Blame
Give some factual points from the TOV.
> Army reduced to 100,000 - no tanks & no airforce > Rhineland was demilitarised > No submarines or large-battle ships > Loss of all overseas colonies >Alsace-Lorraine given back to France
What was Article 231?
The war guilt clause.
How did Germans refer to the people who signed Article 231?
The November Criminals.
What were German reparations originally set at?
£6.6billion.
What did the Germans think of the Treaty?
It was a ‘diktat’ - dictated peace.
What did many Germans believe about the War Guilt Clause?
It was unjustified.
What two losses were most Germans angry over?
Loss of territory and population.
When was the TOV signed?
28th June 1919.
Give German stats of loss from WW1.
10% of coal
12% of people
13% of land
48% of iron
Roughly how many German speaking people were placed under Polish control as a result of WW1?
1.5million.
What two reasons angered Germans the most about their army reduction?
It was their pride and defence system used to keep order.
What did the Allies want Czechoslovakia to be?
A strong independent country to keep Germany weak.
Give three strengths of the new Czechoslovakia.
It had good economy, industry and a mixed population.
Give the main difference between aims of Clemenceau and Lloyd-George.
One looked for a harsh peace and the other a compromised.
What were the four main aims of the LON?
To act as a ‘world parliament’
Improve peoples social lives
Encourage countries to disarm
Encourages self-deermination
When Wilson arrived back home to America, who refused to join the League?
The American Senate.
What was the American policy from the 1920s-1930s?
Isolationism - to not become involved in other countries
Which three main countries were not in the LON?
USA, Russia and Germany.
What four powers did the League possess? (SACC)
Covenant - promise of peace
Condemnation - telling others of wrongdoing
Attribution - could offer advise/ decisions
Sanctions - prohibiting trade
Give a brief description of the dispute of Corfu in 1923.
An Italian General was killed whilst doing work for the League in Greece. Mussolini became angry with the Greeks and invaded the Greek island of Corfu.
What did the League do in reaction to Corfu?
The council met and condemned Mussolini - telling him to leave Corfu. They then ordered Greeks to give money to the League.
What actually happened in response to the League’s orders? (Corfu)
Mussolini refused the decision. The League re-evaluated the situation and finally told Greece to apologise and give money to Italy. Mussolini was satisfied and left Corfu.
Were the League successful at the events in Corfu?
In long term, yes. However, they allowed Mussolini to bully them into an unfair decision.
Give a brief description of the events in Bulgaria in 1925.
Some Greek soldiers were killed in a small fight on the border between Greece and Bulgaria - the Greeks were angry. They invaded Bulgaria - who then asked the League for assistance.
What did the LON do in reaction the Bulgaria?
The council met and condemned the Greeks and ordered them to leave Bulgaria.
What actually happened in response to the League’s orders? (Bulgaria)
The Bulgarian government sent orders to its army to not fight back. The Greeks did as the League said and left Bulgaria.
In what ways did the lack of America weaken the LON? (FITNES)
Image was damaged due to idea originating from an American
Many did not trust Britain and France to act with honour without America to hold them back
Finance was not provided
Naval power not provided
Power of economic sanction meant nothing as many countries received goods from America
What were the two impacts of Britain and France being present in the LON?
Both wished to protect their economies meaning no expensive decisions were made
Both had revenge/ protection agendas after WW1 which impacted decisions
Give three main achievements of the League.
Freed 427,000 of 500,000 prisoners of war
200,000 slaves freed form Sierra Leone - slavery there later abolished
77 countries agreed to set up minimum wage
Give a brief description of when Poland took Vilna in 1920.
Countries that had been in Austria-Hungary’s empire were given independence and Vilna was to become the capital of Lithuania. Many living in Vilna wished to be Polish. A Polish army invaded and asked the League for help who later refused and asked the Polish to leave.
What the League do in response to the Poland and Vilna incident?
This was the first time the League was asked to settle dispute yet they did nothing.
Was the League successful with the dispute between the people of Poland and Vilna?
No.
Give a brief description of when Sweden and Finland wanted control over the Aland Island.
Both Sweden and Finland claimed the Aland Island and threatened war on one another. The League investigated and ended up giving it to Finland so long as they did not use it for bases to harm Sweden - who agreed to the terms.
Was the League successful with the fight over the Aland Island?
Yes, they avoided war.
Give a brief description of when Germany and Poland wanted Upper Silesia.
Both Germans and Poles lived in the Upper Silesia and both countries wanted full claim of the area. They had a vote coming to 60%;40% in favour of the Germans. The Polish complained to the LON who split the land in two.
Why were the Polish unhappy with the League’s response in 1921-25?
They received roughly half of the population but only a third of the land.
Why were the Germans unhappy with the League’s response in 1921-25?
They lost 3/4 of coal mines owned prior to the settlement.
Was the League successful with the events between Poland and Germany over the Upper Silesia?
Both Germany and Poland agreed to the conditions but in the end the retaliation between the two worsened. The LON were not successful.
Who invited the French Foreign Minister to have a meeting with and sign a treaty which would help improve relations?
The German Foreign Minister, Gustav Stresemann.
How many treaties were signed in in Locarno, Switzerland?
7.
Who signed the Locarno Treaty?
Britain, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France and Germany.
Why was the Locarno Treaty significant?
It made countries agree that they would not go to war with each other.
What is a bad factor concerning the signing of the Locarno Treaty?
It was organised independently and not by the League of Nations - as it should have been.
When was the Locarno Treaty signed?
1925.
When and where was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?
1928 in Paris.
What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact make the 65 countries promise?
Not to use war as a way of solving disputes.
Which two countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, making it significant for the wrong reasons?
Germany and the USA, both countries not in the League - meaning it was organised outside of it.
What caused The Great Depression?
The Wall Street Crash in the USA, which led to high unemployment as businesses and people went bankrupt.
What impacts did the Great Depression have on the LON?
Reduced it’s powers and effectiveness
Governments became much more focused on their own economies
They became less likely to apply trading sanctions
When did The Wall Street Crash take place?
From the 1920s-30s.
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
The Wall Street Crash destroyed Japan’s rice and silk trades. Manchuria was rich in raw materials and had access to greater trading opportunities. Invading would therefore give Japan access to the resources she needed to help recover her economy.
Who asked the LON to investigate Japan’s sudden control over the new “Manchukou”?
China.
Why did the League have a very lacked response to the concern over Manchuria?
They could not place trading sanctions upon Japan as it’s main trading partner was America - who were not in the League, and refused to stop trading with Japan after the WSC.
They did not send peacekeeping soldiers as the League did not have its own army.
Japan said they were only defending themselves against Chinese aggression and therefore the League felt justified to not intervene.
When was the Japanese Prime Minister assassinated?
May 1932.
When did the League of Nations finally publish the Lytton report?
February 1933.
What did the publishing of the Lytton report cause Japan to do?
Leave the LON, stay in Manchuria and invade mainland China.
How did the invasion of Manchuria weaken the image of the League and discourage trust in it?
It proved that countries who were persistent with aggressive acts couldn’t be stopped.
What were the effects of Manchuria?
Japan left the League - Asia was no longer represented, Japan may also look for other allies
A ‘message’ was sent that if a country does not agree with the League they should just leave
Confidence in the League was lost
Britain and France were shown as self absorbed and not willing to act for countries further away
Give reasons as to why Italy would invade Abyssinia.
Italy had been defeated in 1896 and wanted revenge
Italy had expected to receive more after WW1
Italy’s population needed more space to live
Italy wanted to be seen as other countries - good colonies
Abyssinia offered resources and new materials
Abyssinia was one of few place yet to be colonised
Acted as a distraction to the Italian population from the current domestic problems it faced (eg. poverty).
Briefly describe the events at Abyssinia.
December 1934 - minor conflict between the two, loss of life
Dispute raised to the League - made clear Mussolini meant war
Peace Ballot of 1935 in Britain showed that people believed the League could keep peace
British Foreign Secretary made a statement saying Britain would support the idea of collective security in an act of aggression
Italian forces invaded Abyssinia, October 1935
Mussolini claimed he was brining civilisation
How did the Italian’s invade Abyssinia?
From surrounding territories.
Why was the Abyssinian army at a disadvantage?
Even though they had more soldiers, the Italian were better equipped and trained.
How many soldiers did De Bono have in comparison to the Italian?
100,000:25,000.
After how long was Adowa taken?
2 Days.
How many Italian casualties were there after the two days?
One.
What weapons did the Italians have?
Tanks, aeroplanes, flame throwers and most controversially, gas.
When was the key Abyssinian leader, Afework, killed?
November 1935.
In December 1935, Italians broke international law by using what in order to gain victory at the battle of Dolo?
Mustard gas.
What did the Geneva protocol state and when was it signed by the Italians?
Gas must never be used - 1925.
When did the Italians use mustard gas again?
In the battle of Tembien in January 1936 and against Red Cross workers.
How many soldiers did Emperor Selassie have in his Abyssinian army?
Around 500,000
What were most of Selassie’s soldiers armed with?
Nothing more than bows and spears. A few had modern weapons including old rifles, but many of these were from before 1900 - and were outdated.
Who did Emperor Selassie ask for help from?
The League of Nations.
What did the LON do in response to Selassie’s ask for help?
The League placed economic sanctions upon Italy and banned the sale of weapons to the country. No country was to buy goods from or trade with/ land money to Italy.
Who ignored the sanctions put against Italy?
USA, Hungary, Russia, Austria and Switzerland.
What was however, allowed to be traded with Italy?
Coal and oil.
Which canal were Italy still allowed to use, despite it being a main supply route to Abyssinia?
Suez Canal.
Who had ownership over Suez Canal?
The British.
Who did the majority of the British public support in the Abyssinia and Italy dispute?
Many favoured the behalf of Abyssinia and wished for actions to be taken.
Who did both the British and French population support during the Abyssinia and Italy dispute?
The League of Nations.
What did Britain and France take into account when deciding how to act to the Abyssinia crisis?
They wished to keep Italy an ally and therefore did not want to upset her over Abyssinia.
What were Britain and France in danger of if they punished Italy to harshly over the Abyssinia crisis?
Mussolini may join forces with other European dictators such as Germany.
What were neither Britain nor France prepared to use in the Abyssinian situation?
Force against Mussolini.
Order these : Italy , Abyssinia , British Public
into who Britain would least want to upset.
Italy
British Public
Abyssinia
What did Hoare and Laval do in attempt to resolve the crisis between Abyssinia and Italy?
They met in Paris - 1935- and secretly agreed to a plan to end the Italo-Abyssinian war with terms strongly favouring Italy.
What did Hoare and Laval’s plan suggest?
Italy were to have a ‘slice’ of northern and southeast Abyssinia with half the country handed to them for future exploitation and settlement. Selassie would get the poor, mountainous land. Abyssinia’s compensation would be only an outlet to the sea.
Why were Hoare and Laval eventually forced to resign?
Their plan was leaked to the newspapers. This showed that both Britain and France had put their interests over the League’s.
What did the Hoare-Laval plan allow the Italians to do?
Push ahead with their invasion.
When did Italy capture the capital city of Abyssinia?
May 1936.
What did Selassie do in June 1936?
He went to the League and asked them to reconsider their ‘terrible precedent’ of giving way to force.
What did the League lose after their failure to tackle the Italian invasion of Abyssinia?
All credibility.
What did Hitler do after seeing the League’s inability to act?
He invaded the Rhineland in breach of the Treaty of Versailles - nothing was done to stop him.
Give reasons for the League’s ‘destined’ failure. (GAAASOSS)
It had no army
Some of it’s original plans were too ambitious
The League only met once a year, decisions were anonymous and the council could veto decisions
There were not enough people in the League to carry out jobs
America refused to join
Germany and Austria were not allowed to join
Most countries were not scared of them
Trade/ economic sanctions had no effect without America
The League acted very slowly
When was Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor?
January 1933.
What were three of Hitler’s aims?
To break the TOV
Reunite German speaking people
To rearm Germany and make it great again
Define the term ‘Lebensraum’.
Living space.
Define the term ‘Volksdeutsche’.
People of German race.
Define the term ‘Anschluss’.
Uniting Germany and Austria.
Define the term ‘Bolshevism’.
Another name for communism - a system of governments in which everyone follows.
How did Britain react to Hitlers recent appointment?
They wished to appease him.
How did France react to Hitlers recent appointment?
They were wary of him but did not possess the money needed to stop him. They also had many problems more important, redirecting their focus.
How did the USSR react to Hitlers recent appointment?
They were concerned of Hitler but also the USA, Britain and France. Stalin decided that it was worth cooperating with capitalist states.
How did the USA react to Hitlers recent appointment?
They simply wished to keep out of European affairs.
When did Hitler draw Germany from the League?
1933.
Why may Hitler drawing Germany from the LON seem a little threatening to others?
He had no reason to do so - at least no reason that was made aware of in the public eye.
When did Hitler draw Germany from the Disarmament agreement?
1933.
Why may Hitler drawing Germany from the disarmament agreement appear threatening?
He claims to use it for ‘protection’, but why would one require protection against a mass of countries who do not have/ use weapons.
When did Hitler begin to rearm Germany?
1935.
When did Hitler sign the 10year non-agression pact?
1934.
How would signing the 10year non-aggression pact make Hitler seem?
Hitler would seem non-threatening as it seems as though he also wished for some kind of peace.
When did the failed Anschluss occur?
1934.
When did Germany sign the Anglo-German Naval agreement and rearmament?
1935.
Why did Germany leave the LON?
Hitler realised that it had no benefit to Germany whatsoever and many key members were already breaking the rules.
Why did Hitler leave the disarmament conference?
He realised that France was increasing its army and he was scared. He did however, state that he was prepared to disarm if other countries also agreed.
What were two key factors of the 10year non-aggression agreement?
It guaranteed the boundaries of Germany and Poland
Poles felt safe and satisfied that Hitler would not take the Polish Corridor.
Briefly outline the events of the failed Anschluss.
Hitler managed to encourage the Austrian Nazi Party to rebel
Austrian Chancellor was murdered
Seemed as though the Anschluss would succeed
All was prevented by Mussolini
Austrian independence was guaranteed
Hitler realised he wasn’t strong enough and backed down - later to deny involvement
Give some key details of the Anglo-German Naval agreement.
Hitler’s willingness to sign
Britain agreed to Germany rearming
Germany army reached around 800,000, 47 U-boats and over 2,000 aircraft by 1938.
When did Germany celebrate the Saar Plebiscite?
1938.
Up to 1936, what key successes did Hitler see to his foreign policy aims?
Leaving the LON, leaving the disarmament conference, beginning to rearm Germany and the Anglo-German Naval agreement.
What were Hitler’s foreign policy aims based upon?
His want for a strong and powerful Germany - and to eventually dominate Europe.
How did Hitler set out his foreign policy aims?
In a book he wrote in prison (1924) titled ‘Mein Kampf’ (My Struggle).
What tactics did Hitler use?
The treat of violence and often taking advantage of events for his own benefit.
Why were many British politicians concerned of Hitler’s actions to take back the Rhineland?
They were more focused on the Italo-Abyssinia war and also felt the TOV had been too harsh anyway.
What percentage of the vote held in 1936 agreed with hitler’s policies?
99%.
Define the term ‘appeasement’.
The exercise of friendliness and understanding to clear up all differences through discussion without armed conflict.
Give reasons as to why the British and many others appeased Hitler.
Britain hoped that a strong Germany would help prevent the growth of communism
Many felt that. the events in Europe were not Britains concern
Many wished for peace
Many agreed that the TOV was too harsh
Some had saw no wrong in Hitlers actions
Why did some people agree with Chamberlain’s method of appeasement?
Many saw that Germany’s problems could be solved peacefully
British wanted to avoid war at all costs - Spanish Civil war acted as a constant reminder
Britain could not afford to stop him
The LON failed at their methods to keep peace, Chamberlain felt his could
Why did some people disagree with Chamberlain’s method of appeasement?
Hitler had been breaking promises since early the 1930s
It made Britain appear weak
TOV was meant to protect European countries and appeasement was letting them down
Hitler was given time to increase his strength and power
In 1938 roughly how man German speakers were there in the Sudetenland?
3million.
When was Czechoslovakia created?
1919.
Give a brief description of the events concerning the Sudetenland.
Chamberlain wished to avoid war outbreak over Czechoslovakia
He met with Hitler at Berchtesgaden
Hitler told Chamberlain that he wanted control over the German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia
Chamberlain and France forced the Czech President to accept and potentially give up the Sudetenland
Chamberlain returned to Germany to inform Hitler that France and Britain supported the idea of the plebiscite
Hitler surprised, then demanded the area without a plebiscite
Chamberlain returned home to prepare to war
He was then invited to Munich
When was it agreed that the Sudetenland would be returned to Germany?
September 30th, 1938.
Why was the agreement in Munich (1938) so significant?
Germany had gained population and resources
Hitler got the Sudetenland without fighting
Rearmament in Britain was sped up
Chamberlain had kept peace
Czechoslovakia now more vulnerable to invasion
USSR annoyed from being left out
How did Hitler take over the rest of Czechoslovakia?
Czechoslovakia was left defenceless due to losing almost all of its big industry and best defensive frontier
Both Poland and Hungary had gained pieces of Czechoslovakia
In 1939, Czech Nazis began to press for independence
Czech president was forced to hand over the rest of Czechoslovakia
Hitler marched in and established German rule - Britain and France did nothing
Give some impacts caused by the takeover of Czechoslovakia.
Appeasement proved ineffective
Conscription was introduced into Britain
Hitler and Mussolini signed a pact of steel
Lithuania was forced to give Memel to Germany
Britain and France signed an agreement stating that they would help Poland if ever invaded
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
The open agreement between Russia and Germany in which they agreed not to go to war with each other and in secret agreed to invade Poland and get half each.
Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important?
It prevented Germany the danger of war from two fronts and Britain wouldn’t oppose his attack on Poland. Britain and France also lost a possible ally which helped Hitler.
When was the Nazi-Soviet Pact signed?
August 1939.
Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact a surprise?
There was a large difference between Russian and German political beliefs.
When did the France-Prussian war end and what was formed as a result?
In 1871, Germany was formed.
Give four tribes present at the time.
Goths
Vandals
Saxons
Angles
In the early 1800s, Germany was split into various kingdoms. What was the name of the biggest and most powerful?
Prussia.
Define the term ‘militarism’.
The belief that a country should have strong armed forces - which was very important to Prussia.
What did the King of Prussia become?
The new German Emperor (Kaiser).
What did the Kaiser rule over?
All states of Germany.
Define the term ‘Bundesrat’.
The collective group of representatives sent from states of Germany to consult the Kaiser over new laws.
Define the term ‘Reichstag’.
German equivalent to the House of Commons.
What was a problem faced by the Kaiser’s government?
He could choose to ignore their advise and make all the decisions he wanted to on his own.
What was the the Germany also known as?
The Second Reich.
Give advantages of the German Unification in 1871.
Pool money, military and resources Access to coasts for states in the middle Bigger population Allies More able to attack/ defend
Give disadvantages of the German Unification in 1871.
Lost sense of identity/ culture
Might be perceived as a threat by other countries
Bigger country - more problems
When Wilhelm became Kaiser, what was significant about Britain?
It was the world’s most powerful country; it had the largest Empire, dominated world trade and had a navy twice the size of it’s two closest rivals.
What was the motive behind Wilhelm’s wish to build up the German industry?
He wanted Germany to be as great as Britain.
By when was Germany producing more iron and steel and as much coal as Britain?
1913.
In what industries were German companies domination Europe?
Electrical goods and chemicals.
Define the term ‘socialisms’.
A set of writings.
What do you not believe in if you are a socialist?
There should be no King or Queen to rule over the land.
What is usually to come of a socialist country?
A dictator.
Who was Karl Marx?
A German writer who developed the ideas of communism. He believed that only violent revolution would improve the lives of workers.
Who were the socialists represented by in the Reichstag?
The Social Democratic Party.
What did Kaiser Wilhelm believe in?
The idea of authoritarianism, where people should know their place and they should do as they’ve been told.
Authoritarianism was the main believe in German society at which time?
1890.
What changed as Germany became more industrialised?
The population moved from working on the land to working in factories located in the city.
Who’s ideas was Kaiser Wilhelm most obedient to?
His father’s - which made his beliefs very behind the time during his reign.
What was the population in Germany in 1871 in comparison to 1914?
40million - 68million.
Define the term ‘dichotomy’.
Wanting things that don’t match.
When was Old Age Pension for workers introduced?
1888.
When was sickness and accident insurance for workers available to 14million Germans?
1911.
How did Wilhelm try to increase the appeal of the monarch?
Stirring up Nationalist feelings by increasing Germany’s armed forces and building up the Empire for Germany around the globe.
What were Germans more concerned over in comparison to the Kaiser’s idea of a powerful Germany?
The difficulty of their day to day lives.
Define the term ‘trade union’.
A group of people doing the same thing/ from the same field of work.
Why were trade unions a threat to the Kaiser?
They got together and spoke about their problems, their big numbers could easily take him down.
In 1912 what cause a problem for the Kaiser?
A strike.
What did the Social Democrats believe in?
Improving working condition.
Give two impacts of the war on Germany by 1918.
Germany was virtually bankrupt
The war had divided German society
Germany had become more politically unstable
In what ways did many Germans suffer during WW1?
Shortages of food
Shortages of medicine
What caused certain shortages in Germany during the First World War?
The British Naval Blockade.
When did Wilhelm abdicate?
November 9th, 1918.
Who took over running Germany on a temporary basis?
Ebert.
Define the term ‘constitution’.
A set of rules on how a country should run.
How were seat numbers in the Weimar Republic determined by the number of votes?
Percentage of vote = percentage of seats.
Give an advantage of proportional representation in the Weimar Republic.
Voters feel it is a fair system and that their vote has meaning.
Give a disadvantage of proportional representation in the Weimar Republic.
Too many coalitions are formed - things take too long and are always compromised.
Give faults of the Weimar Republic.
Article 48 - emergency legislation
Parties are not defined in constitution
No strict regulations on how to join parliament
Financial crisis
What did Ebert promise in his temporary reign?
Freedom of speech and freedom of religion.
Who were the Spartacists?
A left-wing, communist party who believed that everyone is equal and there is no private property and everyone is to live a simple life and share all they have.
Who were the free-corps?
A group of ex-soldiers who hd recently come home from the First World War. Ever asked them o attack the Spartacists.
Define the term ‘hyperinflation’.
A person of rapidly accelerating inflation where the price of goods rises continuously and dramatically.
What was the Ruhr?
An industrial area of Germany.
Why did France invade the Ruhr?
Germany stopped paying the reparations demanded in the TOV.
What occurs due to hyperinflation?
Money loses it’s value and goods become more widely expensive.
Give the price of a loaf of bread in Germany 1914 and 1923.
0.6 marks - 201,000,000,000 marks.
Briefly describe the events in which France invaded the Ruhr and Germany fell into hyperinflation.
French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr in response to the German government’s failure to pay reparations
German workers ordered to go on strike but were still paid
German government printed lots of money to do so
Workers spent this money
Shops increased their prices in response to new money
German government had to print more money for workers to be able to afford necessities
Shops raised prices again
Soon prices inflated so fast that it became known as hyperinflation
What did the Kaiser do in order to pay for the effects of WW1?
He borrowed money in massive amounts instead of raising taxes.
With Germany suffering in ruins and allies taking control of their industry, what extremely difficult for Germans to obtain?
Goods.
Who was Ernst Roehm?
The German man in charge of the Freicor.
Who was Anton Drexler?
The key founder of the Nazi party.
Describe how the Munich Putsch came to be.
November 8th, 1923, Hitler interrupted a meeting in a beer hall in Munich
Hitler fired a bullet and announced the takeover of Bavaria
He planned to march over to the German capital and the over the country
Kahr and companions locked away
General Ludendorff entered and announced his support
Around Munich, Hitler’s troops took control of the government’s buildings and arrested officials
Morning after did not go to plan
Kahr promised to help but after being released he went straight to the police
When Hitler and his 2000 supporters began to march through Munich they were met by the armed forces
Short gun battle led to 3police deaths and 16 Nazi
Hitler was wounded with a dislocated shoulder
Hitler and Ludendorff arrested and taken to prison
The Munich Putsch, as it became known, was over, and Hitler went on trial for treason
How did Hitler use the courtroom of his trial to his advantage?
He used it as an opportunity for propaganda. He spoke forcefully and played on the rightwing sympathies of the judges.
What was Hitler sentenced to as a consequence of the Munich Putsch?
5years in Landsberg Castle.
What happened to Hitler in Landsberg Castle?
He was treated well, with his own room and allowance of as many visitors as he wished. He was released after 9months.
What were some of Hitler’s main political beliefs?
German’s are the superior race
Dictatorship is essential to build up strength of Germany
Communism must be destroyed
The German people need more living space
Germany’s natural allies are Britain and Italy
What was the most important decision Hitler took whilst in prison?
The use of force to seize power.
What was the Dawes plan?
A provision of a large capital influx to German industry, which continued to rebuild and expand. It enabled Germany to better repay the reparations set out for them.
How was the Dawes plan set out to work?
America pays $2.5billion in loans to Germany
Germany pays $2billion in reparation payments to allies
Allies pay $2.6billion in war debt payments to America
How did Stresemann solve the problem of France and Belgium’s invasion of the Ruhr?
Stresemann met Charles Dawes and borrowed 800million gold marks. Germany was then able to start paying back reparations which in turn caused the French and Belgians to leave the Ruhr.
What was the Young Plan?
In 1929, this was the reduction of reparations Germany owed, from £6.6billion to £1.8million.
Was the Young Plan a success?
Yes.
How did Stresemann help to improve Germany’s image?
He wanted gain allies in Europe and signed the Locarno Treaty in 1925 and the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928. Stresemann also gained a place in the LON for Germany in 1926.
List things present in Germany’s ‘Golden Era’.
Cinema
Art & Design
Literature
Give factors that helped increase Hitler’s power.
Performance as a speaker
SA & SS
Give reasons for the Nazi’s low support levels by 1930.
Disastrous Putsch Disruption of meetings Lack of support from the police and army Most industrial workers were left-wing Nazi aims were irrelevant to most Germans
Give some effects of the Great Depression.
Poverty & unemployment
Rise in popularity of extremist groups
People blamed governments
Relations with other countries became insignificant - allies became isolationist
Why would farmers vote for the Nazis?
They were promised more money for crops.
Why would Nazi’s want farmers support?
By offering more money, more crops will be produced. More crops = better fed population - more babies born under Nazi ruling. Farmers were roughly 30% of the population at the time.
Why would the Middle-Class vote for the Nazis?
They share the view of hatred towards communism.
Why would Nazi’s want Middle-Class support?
They would have no communist workers and no strikes.
Why would women vote for the Nazis?
They were promised that their children would grow up in a good society.
Why would Nazi’s want the women’s support?
More babies under Nazi ruling.
Why would the Working-Class vote for the Nazis?
Jobs army related were promised - wanted to be part of a bright future.
Why would Nazi’s want the working-class’ support?
They can grow their army.
Why would the Upper-Class support the Nazis?
They were promised strong leadership and success in their investments.
Why would Nazi’s want the upper-class support?
Can offer financial support in times of need.
What factors allowed the Nazis to rise to power?
German public were unhappy with their Weimar government and blamed their current leaders
Hitler’s speeches appealed to thousands
Unemployment meant communism became popular - others were afraid of this and turned to the Nazis
Nazi party was well structured, looked good and had great propaganda
Define the term ‘political rally’.
A gathering of people in a venue to listen to speeches - the rallies are usually high energy events as their aim is to boost support for the political party.
How does a Chancellor differ from a Dictator?
A Chancellor is wanted/ voted for, whereas a dictator takes power and uses force in forms such as violence and threats.
Hitler would not have become Chancellor if what didn’t happen?
The actions of Franz Von Papen
Hindenburg changeling his mind
Hitler’s change in mindset over coalitions
1930 depression hit how many people?
3million.
TADUR - impacts of WW1 on Germany.
Territorial loses (overseas colonies) Army reduction (100,000 men, 6 battleships) Demilitarised (western Germany) Unite (forbidden with Austria) Reparations (& Guilt Clause)
Who suffered the most during the hyperinflation crisis in Germany?
Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings.
Who gained from the hyperinflation crisis in Germany?
People with mortgages and loans needing to be paid.
List the Chancellors of Hindenburg.
Von Papen x2
Von Schleicher
Hitler
DPPDSPWO - don’t put poop down sewers save water otters > how Hitler became Chancellor.
Depression - Hitler annoyed with government, offered food and work
Long Term impacts of the Putsch - realisation of legal way
Personality - strong and determined
Democratic System - poor, lots of coalitions
Publicity - Goebbels and rallies
Wall Street Crash
Lack of Opposition
What happened in February 1933?
Hitler organised an election, made more popular and remains Chancellor. Propaganda is used well and scared opponents.
What happened on February 27th, 1933?
The Reichstag fire. A young unstable Dutch communist was accused of setting the fire. He was tortured and pled guilty- he is executed. Hitler makes a statement about communist plots.
What happened on February 28th, 1933?
Hitler asked Hindenburg to pass an emergency Protection Law. He persuaded Hindenburg there was a communist plot to take over the government. Hindenburg agrees.
What happened in March 1933?
A new law for the “protection of people and state” bans communists from standing in elections. 4000 communists are jailed. There was another election where Nazis got more seats - but still not a majority.
What happened on March 23rd, 1933?
The Centre Party joins the Nazis Hitler now has a majority. He passes the Enabling law which meant he could make laws on his own.
What happened in April 1933?
Hitler used his powers to place Nazis in charge of the local government in Germany. The Secret Police formed (Gestapo). The first concentration camp is opened for political prisoners in Dachu.
What happened on March 2nd, 1933?
Trade unions were banned.
What happened on July 14th, 1933?
Hitler bans all political parties except the Nazis.
How did Hitler get the enabling act to be passed?
He used the SA and Nazis to bully others into voting for the act to be passed.
What did Hitler show after the Enabling Act hd been passed?
No loyalty to those who had previously supported it as he had their parties banned one by one.
What did the law against the formation of parties make Germany?
A one party state.
What were trade unions replaced by?
Nazi DAF (German Labour Front).
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
June 30th, 1934.
What happened on the Night of the Long Knives?
Hitler literally back stabber Rohm as well as many other SA officials.
Roughly how many were killed on the Night of the Long Knives?
400.
Why did Hitler carry out Rohm’s assassination?
He was nervous that Rohm he wished to join the SA to the army - which he would then have full control over. This aisles alarmed many other remain army leaders as this merge would make Rohm extremely powerful. There were some rumours of Rohm’’s overtaking of Hitler to seize power.
Give some impacts of the Night of the Long Knives.
SS emerged as a group now responsible for Hitler’s security
Hitler practically go away with murder
Many leading Nazi officials were dead
Who was Schacht?
A respected German banker, appointed as the Minister of economics.
What did Schacht do after realising that Hitler’s plan to built more weapons would cost a lot?
Deals were signed with other countries to receive raw materials.
How well did Schacht’s plan work?
In the short term, it was vey effective - weapon production increased and unemployment fell.
What was the fault in Schacht’s plan?
Germany now relied quite heavily on other countries.
What happened when Hitler became aware of Germany’s dependence on others?
He sacked Schacht and hired Goering.
What did Goering do?
He helped organise the Four Year Plan - set in place to prepare Germany for war.
What was the economy’s main priority under Goering?
To increase military production.
How was Goering successful?
Employment stats increased as jobs were created and high targets were set and achieved.
Why was Goering not successful?
Germany was still dependent on other countries and some targets were not met (eg. oil production).
How would Germany become self sufficient?
The trading between them and other countries would need to stop and Germany would need to rely solely on their own resources.
To be self sufficient, what would Germany need to do if certain materials could not be found?
They would need to find alternatives or develop artificial substitutes.
Give three hardships faced on the home front.
Rationing, bombing and severe labour shortages.
How did Hitler describe the new type of human he wished for?
“Young men and women can suffer pain. They must be as fast as a greyhound, as tough as leather and as hard as steel.”
During 1922, when did youth clubs tend to meet?
Only after school - to speak about Nazi beliefs and ideas.
What were boys taught?
Military skills.
What were girls taught?
How to be good wives and mothers.
When did Hitler ban all other youth clubs?
1933.
What occurred due to Hitler’s ban on all other youth groups?
Many young joined the Hitler youth.
In 1936, what did the Law for the Incorporation of German Youth give Hitler Youth?
The same status’ to schools and homes.
What were Hitler Youth encouraged to do?
Report parents or teachers if they criticised Hitler or told jokes about the Nazis.
What were the German Boys groups called?
Little Fellows
Young Folk
Hitler Youth
What were the German Girls groups called?
Young girls
League of German Girls
In 1933 what was the membership of Hitler Youth in comparison to 1939?
30% - 82% of German children aged 10-18.
Did all young people support the Hitler Youth?
Not all liked and supported the Nazi life and others refused to join.
What became of the young who did not support the Hitler Youth and what were these collectively known as?
Formation of gangs and the Swing Youth.
Give some examples o Swing youth gangs.
Edelweiss Pirates and The Roving Dudes.
What did some gangs do?
Physically attacked Hitler Youth groups.
Why did some Christians support the Nazis?
The Nazis said they believed in the importance of marriage
Christians also feared communism
Hitler promised to respect the Catholic Church
When did Hitler and the Pope sign an agreement stating that they would not interfere with each other?
1933.
Why did Hitler break the agreement he made with the Pope?
He felt that German Christians listened to the Pope more than him.
What did Hitler do to break the agreement he made hit the Pope?
He arrested priests and harassed the Catholic Church.
Why did some Protestants admire Hitler?
He had similar view to them.
What did the Protestant Germans often say?
“The swastika on out chests and the cross in our hearts.”
Why did some Protestants not support the Nazis?
They felt core Nazi beliefs completely opposed those of Christianity.
What was the name of the new Protestant group that was formed?
‘The Confessional Church’.
What did people in the Confessional Church do?
Openly criticise Hitler and the Nazis.
How did the Nazis strike back at the Confessional Church?
They arrested around 800pastors, sending the leader to a concentration camp and banning the Confessional Church.
What fraction of Jehovah Witnesses were killed in concentration camps?
1/3.
Why were Jehovah Witnesses killed?
They are pacifist and do not believe in the use of violence - therefore they refused to fight.
Who did the Nazi’s tend to persecute?
Anyone who did not put Nazism and Hitler at the core of their beliefs.
When were women banned from professional occupations (eg. teachers).
1933.
When had 360,000 women given up work in Germany?
1934.
When were no women allowed to work as judges or serve on injuries?
1936.
What were young girls now taught in schools? (1936)
How to be a good mother and wife rather than how to work in the workplace.
Why did the Nazis change what girls learned in school?
They wanted them to focus on the three k’s - Kinder, Kuche, Kirche (children, kitchen and church).
When were female grammar schools banned in Germany?
1937.
When were there only 6000 remaining women in higher education in Germany?
1938.
What was ‘Hitler’s Hitlist’?
A hate list of people Hitler was racially against and who he was determined to persecute.
Who was one Hitler’s Hitlist?
Black people
Communists
The disabled
What did Hitler also believe in?
Darwinism - that some races were more evolved and superior.
What two things did Hitler make prominent in Main Camp?
Germany had not been beaten by the Allies in the war, she was rather betrayed by Jews and Communists who must therefore be utterly destroyed
Te Germans were the master race of the world; they must all be united under one leader and given whatever territory was needed for this.
What did Hitler argue that Germans could do?
Dominate ‘inferior’ races such as Jews, gypsies, Russians and black people (sub-humans).
When were all Jewish lawyers and judges sacked in Germany?
March 1933.
When were Jews banned from any sports clubs and teachers sacked in Germany?
April 1933.
When were ‘race studies’ introduced into German schools?
September 1933.
When were all Jewish shops marked with the yellow star of David or the word Judan, and German soldiers were to stand outside to turn people away?
January 1934.
When did Jews become unable to vote in Germany, and non-Jew - Jew marriages become illegal?
September 1935.
When were no Jews allowed to own any electrical equipment in Germany (including bikes, cameras or typewrites)?
January 1936.
When were all Jewish doctors sacked in Germany?
July 1938.
When were all male Jews made to add the name ‘Israel’ to their first name and women to do the same with ‘Sara’?
August 1938.
When were Jewish children banned from German schools?
November 1938.
When did Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues fall under attack all over Germany and Austria?
November 1938.
When were 100 Jews killed and around 20,000 sent to camps?
November 1938.
When were Jewish and non-Jewish children forbidden to play with each other, and Jews banned from using swimming pools in Germany?
December 1938.
When were Jews allowed to be evicted from their homes for no reason in Germany?
April 1939.
When were Jews given a curfew?
September 1939.
What was there a great escalation of in Germany in the 1930s?
Prosecution.
What has been common in Europe for many centuries?
Anti-semitism.
What have Jews previously been blamed for?
The death of Jesus Christ and the outbreak of the Black Death in the 1300s.
Why may some often become jealous of Jewish members if society?
They value education very highly and commonly work in well paid positions.
How many Jews did the Nazis kill?
6million.
What were the stages of persecution?
Laws were passed for Jews
Forced to leave the country/ live in Ghettos
Jews were removed from cities to ‘cleanse towns’/ worked to death/ poisoned/ shot.
What did Hitler blame Jews for?
Germany’s loss in the First World War. He also though Jews had started the revolution in Germany that lead to the Kaiser leaving and finally the singing of the TOV.
What did King Edward1 do?
He expelled all Jews from England and they were banned from returning for 350years.
What were non-Jewish Germans bombarded with?
Newspaper articles, speeches and even films showing how evil and selfish the Jews were to the German nation.
What happened on the ‘Kristallnacht’? (The Night of the Broken Glass)
10,000 Jewish shops had their shop windows broken
100 Jews were killed
20,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps
200 synagogs were burned down
After Jews fled Germany, how did they still find themselves trapped under Nazi rule?
Hitler invaded surrounding countries during WW2 and occupied them.
How many Jews were killed from Poland?
3million.
How many Jews were killed from Russia?
2.7million.
How many Jews were killed from France, Denmark, Norway and Balkans combined?
1million.
What did the Nazis discuss at the Wannsee Conference in 1942?
The Final Solution.
What were six major death camps built to do?
Work Jews to death or by killing them in poison gas chambers.
Who went to concentration camps (not including Jews)?
Gypsies, political opponents, disabled, homosexuals and any other groups whom the Nazis considered unfit to live (undesirables).
How were prisoners in camps dehumanised?
Their heads were shaved and they were given the same clothes and diet.
How did disease spread in the concentration camps?
People were packed tightly into wooden buildings - with were freezing in winter and hot in summer.
What became the main means of murder in the concentration camps?
The gas chambers.
What gas was dropped from above in the chambers?
Zyklon B.
How many people were crammed into one chamber?
Up to 2000.
How long (on average) would it take for all the people in the chamber to die?
Around 20minutes.
How many bodies could Auschwitz ‘process’ in one day?
Up to 12,000.
What were the specially selected Jews who were used to remove gold fillings and hair of people who had been gassed, known as?
Sonderkommando.
What happened to resistance groups, formed of escapee Jews?
They were hunted down ruthlessly.
How long did the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 last?
43days.
What happened in Treblinka in 1943?
One of the prisoners got into the weapons store where he handed out guns and grenades. Some 150 prisoners escaped after sitting the camp on fire and killing 15 guards.
What did the Nazis do in retaliation to those who escaped at Treblinka?
They were killed along with 550 other prisoners in revenge.
Who else helped with the Final Solution?
Ordinary Germans including railway workers who loaded Jews onto trains, office clerks and typists.
How many German companies used Auschwitz prisoners as slaves to build their goods?
150.
What did other firms compete for?
The contract to design and build the gas chambers and ovens in which people were murdered and burned.
What do most historians today agree about concentration camps and the death of Jews?
That America and Britain had some idea of the terrible things that were happening but not the scale of it.
Define the term ‘police state’.
A state in which the government used the police to control the people.
Define the term ‘Gleichaltung’.
Bringing people into the identical way of thinking and behaving.
Define the term ‘Gestapo’.
Secret state police.
Define the term ‘sanction’.
Penalties for disobeying a law or regulation.
Give a brief background of Himmler.
He had been a chicken farmer in Germany
He became head of the SS in 1934
Himmler was 100% loyal to Hitler
He had the primary role of eliminating opposition to the Nazis and carrying out Nazi racial policies
In May 1945 he was captured but committed suicide before his trial
What did Himmler use?
Terror.
What did Goebbels use?
Propaganda.
What did Hitler strongly believe?
If people didn’t accept Nazi ideas and beliefs willingly then they would be forced to.
When was the SS established?
1925.
Who were originally Hitler’s personal bodyguards?
The black shirted SS.
What did the SS eventually become?
The most feared organisation in the country.
What were some qualities of SS members?
Strong, athletic, tall and totally loyal to Hitler.
Who else was under Nazi control in Germany?
The Law Courts and judges.
What did new laws mean?
The death penalty could be given for, among other things, telling an anti-Hitler joke, having sex with a Jew and listening to a foreign radio station.
What didn’t the Gestapo wear?
Set uniforms?
What did the Gestapo do?
They spied on people via tapping phone calls and opening mail.
What powers did the Gestapo have?
They could imprison without trial and torture anyone.
Define the term ‘propaganda’.
The use of media and arts to display only one point of view.
Why did the Nazis use propaganda?
To persuade and influence German lives.
Who did Hitler employ to persuade large numbers of Germans to think and believe what he wanted them to?
Joseph Goebbels.
What methods did the Nazis use to present their propaganda?
They controlled the press - to be pro Nazi and anti-Jewish
Controlled music, books, movies, radio
Organised pro-Nazi rallies (eg. Nuremburg)
Why did Goebbels not fight in WW1?
He had a disability in his foot.
How did Goebbels explain his limp after the war?
He claimed to have been wounded at war.
Define the term ‘censorship’.
Controlling what is seen and not seen.
What was Nazi Germany?
A strong country.
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates made up of?
Working class teenagers; disenchanted youth.
What did the Edelweiss Pirates do?
The went camping and sang songs much like the Hitler Youth but changed the lyrics to mock him. They also helped shelter escaped prisoners in 1944 and killed the chief of the Gestapo.
How did the Nazi Party approach the Edelweiss Pirates?
With uncertainty.
How many assassination attempts did Operation Valkyrie carry out?
4.
What was Operation Valkyrie meant to do?
Give plotter control over the government and make peace.
Who was sentenced to death in Operation Valkyrie?
Stauffenberg.
Who were the White rose?
A non-violent, intellectual group in Nazi Germany.
Who were the main leaders in The White Rose?
Sophie and Hans Scholl.
What is The Site rose often recognised for?
Leafletting Munich University.
Give examples of ways people opposed Hitler.
Leaflets Songs Poetry Graffiti Assassination groups Jokes Passive resistance
Who was the Chancellor when the Depression hit?
Bruning.
In the 1930 election, how many seats did the Nazis get and what did this make them?
100seats, the second largest party.
Why was it hard for communist parties to campaign freely in 1930?
The SA beat up communists and disrupted meetings.
What occurred in 1932 due to party opposition?
Dozens of bomb plots, street fights and murders.
When did Bruning resign?
July 1932.
Who became Chancellor following Bruning?
Von Papen.
Von Papen was not popular so what was held?
Another election.
What happened when Hitler demanded to be Chancellor?
Hindenburg refused.
What did Hindenburg use his emergency powers to do after Hitler demanded Chancellorship?
Made Von Papen Chancellor again.
What happened when another election was called in November 1932?
The Nazi votes fell but they were still high.
Who did Hindenburg appoint Chancellor after Von Papen?
His friend Von Schleicher.
Why did Von Schleicher resign?
He had no support.
When Hitler finally became Chancellor, what did Hindenburg do to try and limit his power?
Appointed Von Papen as vice Chancellor and restricted the number of Nazis allowed in the cabinet.
What did Hitler do when he recognised his popularity?
Held huge rallies.
What did the Germans object to about the TOV?
Germany lost 72,500km of land between 6-7million people
Over 1.5million German speaking people had been put under the control of Poland
Germany had previously forced a ‘diktat’ with Russia
Annoyed because it was against the principle of self-determination
When was the Treaty of Neuilly signed and who did it involve?
1919 and Bulgaria.
Who did Bulgaria lose land to in the Treaty of Neuilly?
Greece.
What happened to Bulgaria’s armed forced in the Treaty of Neuilly?
Restricted to 20,000 men.
How much in reparations did Bulgaria have to pay in the Treaty of Neuilly?
£100million.
When was the Treaty of Sevres signed and who did it involve?
1920 and Turkey.
Where did Turkey lose land to in the Sevres Treaty?
Syria and Smyrna.
What else happened because of the Sevres Treaty?
Turkey effectively lost control of the straits running the Black Sea.
