paper 2 2021 Flashcards
Define the term ‘probability value’. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* A numerical value that gives an indication of the likelihood that results
are due to a real difference/correlation and not due to chance factors. (2
marks)
* A value that represents the likelihood of a given event. (1 marks)
* Any other appropriate content.
Explain why a psychologist would use 0.05 rather than 0.01 as their probability
value. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* We would use 0.05 as this suggests that there is a 5% chance of our
results being due to chance, whereas using 0.01 would lower this to a
1% chance which may be too strict. (2 marks)
* By using 0.01, instead of 0.05, we may increase the risk of incurring a
type II error and incorrectly accept the null hypothesis. (2 marks)
* May be too small and they may make a mistake when choosing their
hypothesis. (1 mark)
* Any other appropriate content.
Define the following terms:
(a) Sampling frame. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* A group/population that is identified when it is unrealistic to study the
whole target population e.g. people in London. (2 marks)
* A sampling frame is a list of all the items in your population. It’s a
complete list of everyone or everything you want to study. The sampling
frame is more specific than the target population. (2 marks)
* A list of people who could be in the research. (1 mark)
* Any other appropriate content.
Define the following terms: Aim of the research. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* A broad statement of the purpose of the research, it is not as specific as
a hypothesis. (2 marks)
* A statement as to why research is being done. (1 mark)
* Any other appropriate content.
Define the following terms: Confounding variables. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* Variables in a study that are not being measured or manipulated by the
researcher, that affect SOME participants’ behaviours but not others,
having negative consequences for validity. (2 marks)
* Any other appropriate content.
Define the following terms: Extraneous variables. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* Variables in a study that are not being measured or manipulated by the
researcher but affect the results (DV) of ALL participants’ behaviour
equally. (2 marks)
* Any other appropriate content.
Explain the format for reporting psychological investigations. (6)
Credit could be given for:
* Investigations normally being published in a journal (print and/or on-line)
* Identification and description of typical content of various key elements in a
psychological investigation such as Title; Abstract; Introduction;
Methods/Procedures; Results; Discussion/Conclusions; References.
* Abstract: brief summary of the research.
* Introduction: brief summary of relevant literature.
* Methodology: design chosen.
* Procedure: steps that were taken by the researcher.
* Findings/result: data gathered and analysed.
* Discussion of results and conclusion.
* Any other appropriate content.
Explain what is meant by ‘on-line research’. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* Where data is collected from the participant via a website, app or other
social media device. Participants normally complete questionnaires or
are asked their opinions on stimulus materials. [2 marks]
* When the data in the research is collected on-line, rather than face to
face. [1 mark]
* Research that is done on-line. [0 marks]
* Any other appropriate content.
Critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of conducting research in a
laboratory environment. (6)
Credit could be given for:
Strengths of research in a laboratory environment:
* Allows the researcher to more easily control confounding or extraneous
variables.
* Allows the researcher to more easily use equipment, such as an MRI
scanner.
Weaknesses of research in a laboratory environment:
* Participants are in an artificial environment and so may behave
artificially.
* Some research can’t be done in a laboratory, because of the nature of
the behaviour e.g. studying primates in their natural habitats.
* Any other appropriate content.
Evaluate the use of quantitative data in psychology. (4)
Credit could be given for:
Strengths:
* Data is easy to analyse using statistics.
* Easier to collect from a large group of participants.
Weaknesses:
* Tends to lose the ‘human’ level of behaviour.
* Tends to offer a very shallow view of behaviour.
* Any other appropriate content.
Evaluate the use of qualitative data in psychology. (4)
Credit could be given for:
Strengths:
* Can offer a more individualised, ‘human’ view of behaviour.
* Provides in-depth, detailed data.
Weaknesses:
* Can be difficult to analyse collected data.
* Data tends to come from limited range of people.
* Any other appropriate content.
Explain two ways in which Kohlberg’s (1968) research ‘The child as a moral
philosopher’ could be improved. (3+3)
Credit could be given for:
* Change to the interviewer/use of a naïve confederate.
* Changes to the sampling technique used.
* Changes to the moral dilemmas used.
* Any other appropriate content.
Explain two ways in which Milgram’s (1963) research ‘Behavioural study of
Obedience’ could be improved. (3+3)
Credit could be given for:
* Changes to the nature of obedience task.
* Changes to the sampling technique used.
* Changes to the ways in which the ethical issues were dealt with.
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021) A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. The sports psychologist found that the mean time taken to complete the 200m
race with a crowd was 24.57 seconds.
Showing your workings, calculate the mean time taken to complete the 200m
race without a crowd. (2)
Credit given for appropriate answer and calculations:
24.31+24.63+25.09+26.87+24.21+27.58+24.29+25.63+23.66+25.23=251.5
251.5/10 = 25.15
Candidates may round up or round down the final answer and so 25.2 or 25 are
also acceptable as the correct mean. Candidates who round up incorrectly (e.g.
26) can gain the calculations mark only.
N.B. Candidates do not receive credit if they have shown the formula or method
used to calculate a mean score but have not actually calculated the mean score
using the data from this scenario.
(p2 2021)A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. Suggest an appropriate operationalised null hypothesis for this research. (2)
Exemplar answers:
* Any difference in the time taken in seconds to complete a 200m race
with a crowd and without a crowd will be due to chance factors. (2
marks)
* There will be no significant difference in the time taken (seconds) to
complete a 200m race with a crowd and without a crowd. (2 marks)
* There will be no difference in the time taken to run 200m in front of a
crowd and not in front of a crowd. (1 mark)
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021)A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. Explain one confounding variable that could have influenced the results of
this research. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Confounding variables, such as:
* Some athletes may not want to try to be as fast as they can for risk of
injury as the race set up by the researcher isn’t counting towards
anything apart from the research.
* Different athletes may respond differently to the crowd; some may find
a crowd motivating, others may find it a distraction.
* The athletes were matched based on their personal best times from the
previous season, some participants may have had more effective
training regimes since then.
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021)A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. Identify the level of measurement of the data collected in this research. (1)
ratio
(p2 2021)A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. The sports psychologist found that, after analysing the data with a Wilcoxon
test, the observed (calculated value) was 8. The critical value for p=0.05
(N=10 and a two tailed test) is also 8.
(i) State whether the sports psychologist should accept or reject the null
hypothesis. (1)
- Reject.
- Reject the null hypothesis.
(p2 2021)A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. Explain why the sports psychologist should accept or reject the null
hypothesis. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* As the observed value (8) is equal to the critical value (8) then
the result is significant at 0.05 and therefore the null hypothesis
can be rejected, and the experimental hypothesis accepted. (2
marks)
* As the calculated value is equal to the critical value the null
hypothesis can be rejected. (1 mark)
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021)A sports psychologist was interested in the effect a crowd may have on athletes’
performance. She decided to investigate by comparing the time taken to run 200m with
and without a crowd. She put 20 athletes into pairs by matching them based on their
personal best time over 200m from the previous season. She then assigned one athlete
from the pair to run 200m in a stadium in front of a crowd and the other athlete from the
pair to run in the same stadium when there was no crowd. She measured the time it took
for all athletes to complete a 200m race. Explain why the ethical issue of ‘risk of stress, anxiety, humiliation or pain’
may arise in this research and explain how it could be managed. (2+2)
Credit could be given for:
One mark for explaining the ethical issue.
One mark for linking the ethical issue to the novel scenario.
One mark for explaining an appropriate way of managing the risk posed by
ethical issue identified.
One mark for linking the appropriate way of managing the risk posed by
ethical issue to the novel scenario.
Example answer:
Some of the athletes might feel humiliated if the time they take to run the
200m race is a lot more than the time taken by their partner that they were
matched with. To manage this the sports psychologist could keep the
timings from all athletes’ races confidential and if she published her
research, she could use mean scores for the time taken to run with or
without crowds, so no individual timings would be published. (4 marks)
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021)A worker at a local dog rescue shelter was asked by her boss to investigate the best
way to raise money for the shelter. She decided to post a questionnaire on-line in
order to find out which strategies for fund raising were the most appealing to people
who visit the dog rescue shelter’s website.
In one of the questions she asked the participants:
12. Please tick the fundraising event you are most likely to take part in:
Raffle
Charity Fete
Sponsored Dog Walk
She found that:
* 15 participants would most likely take part in a Raffle;
* 10 participants would mostly take part in a Charity Fete;
* 20 participants would mostly likely take part a Sponsored Dog Walk. Explain whether the data collected from question 12 above, would produce
quantitative or qualitative data. (2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* Question 12 would produce quantitative data as the data can only be
put into categories, raffle, fete, dog walk, and the question is closed. (2
marks)
* Question 12 would produce quantitative data because it offers only a
limited range of choices, it is not an open question. (1 mark)
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021)A worker at a local dog rescue shelter was asked by her boss to investigate the best
way to raise money for the shelter. She decided to post a questionnaire on-line in
order to find out which strategies for fund raising were the most appealing to people
who visit the dog rescue shelter’s website.
In one of the questions she asked the participants:
12. Please tick the fundraising event you are most likely to take part in:
Raffle
Charity Fete
Sponsored Dog Walk
She found that:
* 15 participants would most likely take part in a Raffle;
* 10 participants would mostly take part in a Charity Fete;
* 20 participants would mostly likely take part a Sponsored Dog Walk. Explain one strength of the worker conducting this research on-line. (2)
Credit could be given for:
* Access to a potentially more geographically diverse sample.
* More economical and quicker to collate responses from participants
than traditional methods.
* Use of software that helps analyse and display results.
* Any other appropriate content.
(p2 2021)A worker at a local dog rescue shelter was asked by her boss to investigate the best
way to raise money for the shelter. She decided to post a questionnaire on-line in
order to find out which strategies for fund raising were the most appealing to people
who visit the dog rescue shelter’s website.
In one of the questions she asked the participants:
12. Please tick the fundraising event you are most likely to take part in:
Raffle
Charity Fete
Sponsored Dog Walk
She found that:
* 15 participants would most likely take part in a Raffle;
* 10 participants would mostly take part in a Charity Fete;
* 20 participants would mostly likely take part a Sponsored Dog Walk. Complete the following bar chart by:
(i) Accurately plotting the data. (1)
(ii) Labelling both of the axes. (1)
1 mark for accurately plotting all three categories.
1 mark for labelling both axes.
(p2 2021)A worker at a local dog rescue shelter was asked by her boss to investigate the best
way to raise money for the shelter. She decided to post a questionnaire on-line in
order to find out which strategies for fund raising were the most appealing to people
who visit the dog rescue shelter’s website.
In one of the questions she asked the participants:
12. Please tick the fundraising event you are most likely to take part in:
Raffle
Charity Fete
Sponsored Dog Walk
She found that:
* 15 participants would most likely take part in a Raffle;
* 10 participants would mostly take part in a Charity Fete;
* 20 participants would mostly likely take part a Sponsored Dog Walk. Explain two ways in which you could improve this research (2+2)
Credit could be given for:
Exemplar answers:
* Conduct the research face to face using a semi-structured interview, so
the participants can ask for clarification of the fund-raising options if
required e.g. they may not know what a ‘fete’ is. Also, I would conduct
the research on the high street and not just ask people visiting the
website as the sample on the high street might be more varied than the
type of people who visited the dog shelter website. (4 marks)
* I would conduct the research face to face to make it more valid. I would
also use an interview rather than a questionnaire. (2 marks)
* Any other appropriate content.
