Paper 2 Flashcards by Jordon Marks

What is the Giant Impact Hypothesis supported?

Moon lacks substances and that easily evaporate
Small iron core
Material of Earth and Moon are similar

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Capture Theory what is it and how is it not supported?

Moon and Earth formed in different places, Moon became captured by Earths gravitational force

Earth and the Moons materials are to similar
Unclear how the Moon would have slowed down when captured

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Co accretion theory and how it’s not supported?

Doesn’t explain why the Moon has a smaller iron core
Doesn’t explain the inclined orbit of the moon or the elliptical orbit of the Earth

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What does an H-alpha filter do?

Blocks all wavelengths of light except one

Adv:
Reduces light intensity to safe level
Reveals more detail on the structure of the Sun
Dis:
Cost

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Structure of sunspot

Center - Umbra - 4000K
Surrounding area - Penumbra - 5600K

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Rotation of the Sun

Equator - 24 days
Poles - 36 days

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Temp of each structure of the sun

Core: 15,000,000K - 7,000,000K
Radiative Zone - 7,000,000K - 2,000,000K
Convective Zone - 2,000,000K - 5,800K
Photosphere - 5,800K

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Solar Wind?

Stream of charged protons and electrons from the sun

Can cause:
Geomagnetic storms
Damage to satillites
Aurorae

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Van Allen Belts?

Giant regions of magnetically trapped, highly energetic charged particles that surround Earth
Inner - Protons
Outer - Electrons

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Messier catalogue contains?

Nebulae, Galaxies, Clusters

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What does NGC contain?

Galaxies
Star clusters
Nebulae

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Order of stellar evolution

Nebula - Gravity pulls inward to form protostar
Protostar - Heats up to 15,000,000K forming a main sequence star
Main Sequence - When core runs out of hydrogen it forms a red giant
Red Giant - Runs out of helium forming a planetary Nebula
Planetary Nebula
White dwarf - Gravity pushes inwards and electron pressure outwards forming black dwarf
Black dwarf

Nebula
Protostar
Main Sequence
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Black Hole
Or
Neutron Star

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Chandresekar limit

1.4

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Evidence for Black Hole

X-ray sources in space
Gravitational Lensing
Actual Imagery

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Difference between Absorption and Emission

Emission - Glows, Heated by bright stars
Absorption - Dark, Cold, Blocking light

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Who published the Caldwell Catalogue

Sir Patrick Moore

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Averted Vision

Looking slightly to the side of a faint extended object so that light falls the rods of the eyes retina.

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Kuiper Belt

Contains short period comets
Explored by new horizons
35 AU to 50 AU then thinning out as a scattered disc thought to extend to between 100 to 1000 AU.
Pluto resides here

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Oort Cloud

Billions of icy objects
Contains long period comets
Spherical region at between 10,000 to 20,000 AU
Consists of comets

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Long period comets

Very inclined to ecliptic
Very eccentric orbits
Less than 200 years orbit period

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Different stages of a meteorite

Meteoroid- In space
Meteor - In atmosphere
Meteorite - On Earth

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Types of Meteorite

Stony meteorites - Mostly silicon and oxygen
Iron meteorites - Iron and nickel
Stony and Iron

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Refracting Telescopes

Objective lens(convex)
Captures and focuses light
Eye piece lens
Magnified image

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Reflecting Telescope

Uses mirror and lenses
Objective mirrors(concave)
Eyepiece lens

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The longer the focal length

The greater the magnification

The larger the aperture

The better the resolution The light grasp is directly proportional to it - Can see fainter objects

Example of fly by

New Horizons - Outer Solar system

Example of orbiter

Dawn - Vesta and Ceres

Example of impactor

Deep Impact - Comet Tempel 1

Example of lander

Philae - Comet 67P

Tidal gravitational forces

Occurs when force of an object is not constant

Internal Heating

Slows moons rotation until its synchronous

Roche Limit

Minimum distance an object can approach a planet without being torn apart

Frost line

Separates small and giant planets Within the frost line rocks and metals condense and hydrogen compounds remain gaseous Beyond the frost line rocks, metals and hydrogen compounds condense

Short period comets

Less than 20 year orbit period Orbit less eccentric Less inclined to ecliptic

How dense is the visible surface of the Sun?

1/10,000th the density of air

The first spacecraft to take pictures of the far side of the moon?

Luna 3 - 1959

Earths escape velocity

11.3 km/s

Why do rockets NOT fly in a straight line to the Moon?

The Rocket's path is curved by gravitational forces

How big is the Earth's core as a percentage of the Earth's diameter?

50%

How big is the Moon's core as a percentage of its diameter?

20%

Stages of proton-proton chain

1st: Proton + proton (goes to) deuterium nucleus + positron + neutrino 2nd: Deuterium + proton (goes to) helium-3 nucleus + gamma-ray 3rd/Final: Two helium-3 nuclei fuse to make a helium-4 nucleus + 2 protons

Scientists believe that there is some invisible matter that cannot be directly observed that can make up over 90% of the matter in galaxies.

Dark Energy

Evidence which supports the Big Bang Theory include?

Hubble Deep Field Image Detection of the CMB Radiation Quasars Expanding Universe

Which colour has the longest wavelength?

Blue

The most abundant elements in the Universe

Hydrogen and Helium

The expansion of the Universe since the Big Bang should have slowed down the rate of movement between galaxies. The opposite is happening, however; the rate of movement is increasing. Scientists believe an invisible force called

Dark matter

Current estimates indicate that the universe is about?

13.8 billion years old

The theory that states that the density of the universe does not change and has no beginning or end

Steady State Theory

Which missions measured and mapped the CMB radiation?

COBE 1993 WMAP 2003 Planck 2013

Apollo Missions

Apollo 1 - Caught fire on launch pad (3 astronauts dead) Apollo 8 - First manned flight around the Moon (first humans to see far side live) Apollo 11 - 20th July 1969 - Human walked on another world for the first time in history in Sea of Tranquillity Apollo 12,14,15,16,17 - Deployed experiment equipment Apollo 13 - Failed Moon Landing

Different types of telescopes

Galilean Refractor - Convex objective, Concave eyepiece Keplerian Refractor - Convex objective, Convex eyepiece Cassegrain Reflector - Convex mirror, Convex eyepiece, Concave mirror Newtonian Reflector - Convex eyepiece, plane mirror, concave mirror

What is the approximate thickness of the Milky Way's disc?

1,500 light years

Goldilocks Zones

Areas that can have water Not far away to freeze, Not to close to burn

What is 1 degree equal to?

60 arcmins

What forms the ion tail of a comet?

Charged particles in the solar wind

Structure of a comet

Nucleus - Centre Coma - Surrounding the nucleus Dust tail Ion tail - Solar wind directs the ion tail

Examples of dwarf planets

Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea & Makemake

Examples Small Solar System Objects (SSSOs)

asteroids, meteoroids and comets

Asteroid belt

Between Mars and Jupiter Contains many solid irregularly shaped bodies of varying sizes

Heliosphere

80 to 100 AU distance Created by the solar wind

Composition of gas giants

Jupiter and Saturn - Outer core of liquid metallic hydrogen then an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Neptune and Uranus - outer core of icy water hydrogen and ammonia then an atmosphere of hydrogen helium and methane gas

Comet Delivery Theory

Earth is heavily bombarded by comets and other body in its earlier evolution