Paper 2 Flashcards
What is the Giant Impact Hypothesis supported?
Moon lacks substances and that easily evaporate
Small iron core
Material of Earth and Moon are similar
Capture Theory what is it and how is it not supported?
Moon and Earth formed in different places, Moon became captured by Earths gravitational force
Earth and the Moons materials are to similar
Unclear how the Moon would have slowed down when captured
Co accretion theory and how it’s not supported?
Doesn’t explain why the Moon has a smaller iron core
Doesn’t explain the inclined orbit of the moon or the elliptical orbit of the Earth
What does an H-alpha filter do?
Blocks all wavelengths of light except one
Adv:
Reduces light intensity to safe level
Reveals more detail on the structure of the Sun
Dis:
Cost
Structure of sunspot
Center - Umbra - 4000K
Surrounding area - Penumbra - 5600K
Rotation of the Sun
Equator - 24 days
Poles - 36 days
Temp of each structure of the sun
Core: 15,000,000K - 7,000,000K
Radiative Zone - 7,000,000K - 2,000,000K
Convective Zone - 2,000,000K - 5,800K
Photosphere - 5,800K
Solar Wind?
Stream of charged protons and electrons from the sun
Can cause:
Geomagnetic storms
Damage to satillites
Aurorae
Van Allen Belts?
Giant regions of magnetically trapped, highly energetic charged particles that surround Earth
Inner - Protons
Outer - Electrons
Messier catalogue contains?
Nebulae, Galaxies, Clusters
What does NGC contain?
Galaxies
Star clusters
Nebulae
Order of stellar evolution
Nebula - Gravity pulls inward to form protostar
Protostar - Heats up to 15,000,000K forming a main sequence star
Main Sequence - When core runs out of hydrogen it forms a red giant
Red Giant - Runs out of helium forming a planetary Nebula
Planetary Nebula
White dwarf - Gravity pushes inwards and electron pressure outwards forming black dwarf
Black dwarf
OR
Nebula
Protostar
Main Sequence
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Black Hole
Or
Neutron Star
Chandresekar limit
1.4
Evidence for Black Hole
X-ray sources in space
Gravitational Lensing
Actual Imagery
Difference between Absorption and Emission
Emission - Glows, Heated by bright stars
Absorption - Dark, Cold, Blocking light
Who published the Caldwell Catalogue
Sir Patrick Moore
Averted Vision
Looking slightly to the side of a faint extended object so that light falls the rods of the eyes retina.
Kuiper Belt
Contains short period comets
Explored by new horizons
35 AU to 50 AU then thinning out as a scattered disc thought to extend to between 100 to 1000 AU.
Pluto resides here
Oort Cloud
Billions of icy objects
Contains long period comets
Spherical region at between 10,000 to 20,000 AU
Consists of comets
Long period comets
Very inclined to ecliptic
Very eccentric orbits
Less than 200 years orbit period
Different stages of a meteorite
Meteoroid- In space
Meteor - In atmosphere
Meteorite - On Earth
Types of Meteorite
Stony meteorites - Mostly silicon and oxygen
Iron meteorites - Iron and nickel
Stony and Iron
Refracting Telescopes
Objective lens(convex)
Captures and focuses light
Eye piece lens
Magnified image
Reflecting Telescope
Uses mirror and lenses
Objective mirrors(concave)
Eyepiece lens
The longer the focal length
The greater the magnification
The larger the aperture
The better the resolution
The light grasp is directly proportional to it - Can see fainter objects
Example of fly by
New Horizons - Outer Solar system
Example of orbiter
Dawn - Vesta and Ceres
Example of impactor
Deep Impact - Comet Tempel 1
Example of lander
Philae - Comet 67P
Tidal gravitational forces
Occurs when force of an object is not constant
Internal Heating
Slows moons rotation until its synchronous
Roche Limit
Minimum distance an object can approach a planet without being torn apart
Frost line
Separates small and giant planets
Within the frost line rocks and metals condense and hydrogen compounds remain gaseous
Beyond the frost line rocks, metals and hydrogen compounds condense
Short period comets
Less than 20 year orbit period
Orbit less eccentric
Less inclined to ecliptic
How dense is the visible surface of the Sun?
1/10,000th the density of air
The first spacecraft to take pictures of the far side of the moon?
Luna 3 - 1959
Earths escape velocity
11.3 km/s
Why do rockets NOT fly in a straight line to the Moon?
The Rocket’s path is curved by gravitational forces
How big is the Earth’s core as a percentage of the Earth’s diameter?
50%
How big is the Moon’s core as a percentage of its diameter?
20%
Stages of proton-proton chain
1st: Proton + proton (goes to) deuterium nucleus + positron + neutrino
2nd: Deuterium + proton (goes to) helium-3 nucleus + gamma-ray
3rd/Final: Two helium-3 nuclei fuse to make a helium-4 nucleus + 2 protons
Scientists believe that there is some invisible matter that cannot be directly observed that can make up over 90% of the matter in galaxies.
Dark Energy
Evidence which supports the Big Bang Theory include?
Hubble Deep Field Image
Detection of the CMB Radiation
Quasars
Expanding Universe
Which colour has the longest wavelength?
Blue
The most abundant elements in the Universe
Hydrogen and Helium
The expansion of the Universe since the Big Bang should have slowed down the rate of movement between galaxies. The opposite is happening, however; the rate of movement is increasing. Scientists believe an invisible force called
Dark matter
Current estimates indicate that the universe is about?
13.8 billion years old
The theory that states that the density of the universe does not change and has no beginning or end
Steady State Theory
Which missions measured and mapped the CMB radiation?
COBE 1993
WMAP 2003
Planck 2013
Apollo Missions
Apollo 1 - Caught fire on launch pad (3 astronauts dead)
Apollo 8 - First manned flight around the Moon (first humans to see far side live)
Apollo 11 - 20th July 1969 - Human walked on another world for the first time in history in Sea of Tranquillity
Apollo 12,14,15,16,17 - Deployed experiment equipment
Apollo 13 - Failed Moon Landing
Different types of telescopes
Galilean Refractor - Convex objective, Concave eyepiece
Keplerian Refractor - Convex objective, Convex eyepiece
Cassegrain Reflector - Convex mirror, Convex eyepiece, Concave mirror
Newtonian Reflector - Convex eyepiece, plane mirror, concave mirror
What is the approximate thickness of the Milky Way’s disc?
1,500 light years
Goldilocks Zones
Areas that can have water
Not far away to freeze, Not to close to burn
What is 1 degree equal to?
60 arcmins
What forms the ion tail of a comet?
Charged particles in the solar wind
Structure of a comet
Nucleus - Centre
Coma - Surrounding the nucleus
Dust tail
Ion tail - Solar wind directs the ion tail
Examples of dwarf planets
Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea &
Makemake
Examples Small Solar System Objects (SSSOs)
asteroids, meteoroids
and comets
Asteroid belt
Between Mars and Jupiter
Contains many solid irregularly shaped bodies of varying sizes
Heliosphere
80 to 100 AU distance
Created by the solar wind
Composition of gas giants
Jupiter and Saturn - Outer core of liquid metallic hydrogen then an atmosphere of hydrogen gas.
Neptune and Uranus - outer core of icy water hydrogen and ammonia then an atmosphere of hydrogen helium and methane gas
Comet Delivery Theory
Earth is heavily bombarded by comets and other body in its earlier evolution
